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ILLINOIS 


State  Geological  Survey 


BULLETIN  NO.  8 


Year-Book  for  1 907 

H.  FOSTER  BAIN, 

DIRECTOR. 


URBANA 

University  of  Illinois 

19  0  7 


ILLINOIS 


State  Geological  Survey 


BULLETIN  NO.  8 


Year-Book  for  1 907 

H.  FOSTER  BAIN, 

DIRECTOR. 


URBANA 
University  of  Illinoi 
19  0  7 


SPRINGFIELD.    ILL. 
Phillips  Bros.,  State  Printers 

1908. 


STATE  GEOLOGICAL  COMMISSION. 


Governor  C.  S.  Deneen,  Chairman. 
Professor  T.  C.  Chamberlin,  V ice-Chairman. 
President  Edmund  J.  James,  Secretary. 


H.  Foster  Bain,  Director. 


CONTENTS. 


Page 

List  of  illustrations 7 

Letter    of    transmittal 9 

Administrative  report  for  1907,  by  H.  Foster  Bain 11 

Abstracts  of  reports  issued  in  1907 29 

Water  resources  of  tbe  East  St.   Louis  region  ;  by  Isaiab  Bowman  assisted 

by  Chester  Albert  Reeds 30 

The  Geological  Map  of  Illinois  ;  by  Stuart  Weller 41 

Physical  Geography  of  the  Evanston-Waukegan  Region ;  by  Wallace  W.  At- 

wood  and  James  W.  Goldthwait 48 

Stream  improvement  and  land  reclamation  in  Illinois  ;  by  H.  Foster  Bain 53 

Topographic  mapping  in  bottom  lands  ;  by  E.  Wi.  McCrary 64 

Drainage  about  Springfield  ;  by  J.  Claude  Jones 68 

Bed  rock  near  Wheaton  ;  by  Arthur  C.  Trowbridge 72 

Middle  portion  of  the  Illinois  Valley  ;  by  Harlan  H.  Barrows 77 

The  Salem  Limestone  ;  by   Stuart  Weller 81 

Lower  Paleozoic  Stratigraphy  of  Southwestern  Illinois  ;  by  T.  E.  Savage 103 

Notes  on  Shoal  Creek  limestone  ;  by  Jon  A.  Udden 117 

Cement  making  materials  in  the  vicinity  of  LaSalle  ;  by  Gilbert  H.  Cady 127 

Statistics  and  directory  of  the  Clay  Industries  of  Illinois;  by  Edwin  F.  Lines. .  .  135 

Experiments  on  the  Amorphus  Silica  of  Southern  Illinois  ;  bv  T.  R..  Ernest 147 

Contributions  to  the  study  of  coal — 

Introduction  ;  by  H.  Foster  Bain 151 

An  initial  coal  substance  having  a  constant  thermal  value ;  by  S.  W.  Parr 

and  W.  F.  Wheeler 154 

Alterations  of  the  composition  of  coal  during  ordinary  laboratory  laboratory 

storage ;  by  S-  W.  Parr  and  W.  F.  Wheeler 167 

Artificial  modification  of  the  composition  of  coal ;  by  S.  W.  Parr  and  C  K. 

Francis 176 

Weathering  of  coal ;  by  S.  W.  Parr  and  N.  D.  Hamilton 196 

Ash  in  coal  and  its  influence  on  the  value  of  fuel  ;  bv  A.  Bement 205 

Coal   investigations   in   the   Saline-Gallatin   field,    Illinois   and   the   adjoining 

area  ;  by  Frank  W.  DeWolf 211 

Coal  investigations  in   Saline  and  Williamson   counties,    Illinois ;   by   Frank 

W.    DeWolf 230 

Notes  on  the  Belleville-Breese  area;  by  J.  A.  Udden  and  Frank  W.  DeWolf. .  246 

Defects  in  coal  No.  5  at  Peoria  ;  by  J.  A.  Udden 255 

Report  on  field  work  done  in  190T ;  by  David  White 268 

Petroleum  fields  of  Illinois  in  1907  ;  by  H.  Foster  Bain 273 

Artesian  wells  in  Peoria  and  vicinity  ;  by  J.  A.  Udden 313 

Milbrig  sheet  of  the  lead  and  zinc  district  of  Northwestern   Illinois ;  by   U.    S. 

Grant  and   M.    J.    Perdue 335 

Concrete  materials  produced  in  the  Chicago  district;  by  Ernest  F.  Burchard.  ...  346 

The  mineral  industry  of  Illinois ;  by  H.  Foster  Bain 373 

Index    375 


LIST  OF  ILLUSTRATIONS. 


PLATES 

Page 

1.  Map  showing  progress  of  topographic  and  drainage  surveys 23 

2.  A.    A  terrace  in  the  valley  of  Farm  Creek 77 

B.     An  alluvial  fan  near  Henry 77 

3.  A  terrace  on  the  Illinois  river  north  of  Peoria 80 

4.  Map  showing  distribution  of  Shoal  Creek  limestone 120 

5.  Fucoidal  markings  in  black  slate  associated  with  the  Shoal  Creek  limestone  126 

6.  Map  showing  distribution  of  cement  plants  and  materials  near  LaSalie.  ...  128 

7.  Furnace  for  distillation  of  coal 180 

8.  Map  of  Saline-Gallatin  coal  field 212 

9.  Map  of  part  of  the  Eldorado  quadrangle 214 

10.  Representative  columnar  sections  of  the  Saline-Gallatin  coal  field •  232 

11.  Map  of  a  portion  of  the  Saline-Williamson  county  coal  field 230 

12.  Preliminary  map  of  Belleville-Breese  quadrangles 246 

13.  Plat  of  main  entry  and  sections  in  the  German  Coal  Company's  mine  near 

Peoria.  A.  Section  of  the  southeast  wall  of  the  main  entry.  B.  Sec- 
tion of  a  part  of  the  northeast  wall  of  the  same  entry  opposite  the  point 
g  in  section  A.  C.  Plat  of  a  part  of  the  main  entryv  "PI.  II,  III,  IV, 
V,   VI"   indicate  location   of  plates   14,   15,    16,    17   and   18,    respectively. 

Bearings  approximate,  scale  not  entirely  exact 256 

Roof  and  southwest  wall  of  entry  in  German  mine 258 

Sandstone  and  coal  along  fault  plane  at  f  in  German  mine 258 

Curved  fracture  at  junction  of  sandstone  and  coal 258 

Fault  plane  in  the  German  mine 258 

Sandstone  faulted  with  the  coal  at  the  German  mine 258 

Glacial  fractures  in  the  coal  measures  in  Lamarsh  creek 264 

Clay  vein  in  the  German  mine 266 

Map  showing  producing  oil  territory  of  southeastern  Illinois 276 

Deep  well  records  at  Peoria 324 

A     Model  of  ideal  landscape 342 

B.    Topographic  sketch  of  ideal  landscape 342 

FIGURES. 

Sketch  map   of  an  area   about  Springfield  showing  the   relation  of  present 

drainage   to  pre-glacial   topography 68 

Generalized  diagrammatic  section  across  the  Wheaton  quadrangle  from  east 

to  west  showing  the  glacial  drift  overlying  the  rock  beneath 73 

Diagram  showing  a  terrace  along  the  side  of  a  valley  and  its  relation  to  the 

flood  plain  below  and  the  upland  above 79 

"Lightning"  containers  for  coal   samples 168 

Apparatus  for  preparing  nitrogen 178 

Retort  used  in  distillation  of  coal 179 

Apparatus  for  oxidation  of  coal  and  temperature  measurements 190 

Decomposition  of  bituminous  coal,  powdered,  in  an  atmosphere  of  oxygen. .  191 

Decomposition    of   bituminous   coal,   buckwheat    size,    in    an    atmosphere   of 

oxygen 192 


10.  Decomposition  of  Pittsburg  gas  coal,  powdered,  in  an  atmosphere  of  oxygen. 

11.  Decomposition  of  anthracite  coal,  powdered,  in  an  atmosphere  of  oxygen... 

12.  Vermilion  county  ("No.  7")   coal,  nut  and  slack 

13.  Sangamon  county  ("Xo.  5")  coal,  washed  pea 

14.  Christian  county  ("No.  5")   coal,  nut  and  slack 

15.  Sangamon  county   ("No.  5")   coal,  lump  broken  to  nut  sizes 

16.  Perry  county  ("No.  6")   coal,  lump  broken  to  nut  sizes 

17.  Perry  county   ("No.  7")   coal,  nut  and  slack 

18.  Ratio  of  horse  power  and  efficiency  to  per  cent  of  ash  in  steam  generation.  . 

19.  Representative  columnar  section  of  the  Saline- Williamson  county  coal  field. . 

20.  Sketch,  from  memory,  of  the  faults  in  the  Pottstown  mine 

21*     Thrust  fractures  in  creek  bank  near  Pottstown  mine 

22.  Folds  in  shales  in  creek  bank  (Sec.  2,  T.  7  N.,  R.  7  E.) 

23.  Fractured  sandstone  in  creek  bank  (Sec.  4,  T.  25  N.,  R.  4  W.) 

24.  Plication  in  left  bank  of  a  stream  near  the  center  of  Sec.  27,  T.  8  X..  R. 

7   E 

25.  Plications  and  fractures   in  right  bank  of  main  stream   300  yeards   north- 

east of  those  shown  in  figure  24 

26.  Crumpling  of  coal  No.  7  on  Lick  creek 

27.  Inverted  block  of  coal  measures  on  Kickapoo  creek 

28.  Vertical  Assuring  and  lamination  in  the  till 

29.  Representative  columnar  section  of  the  coal  measures  in  southern  Illinois.  . 

30.  Sketch  map  showing  location  of  deep  wells  at  Peoria 

31.  Sketch  of  an   ideal   landscape 

32.  Map  of  main  portion  of  district  from  which  Chicago  derives  concrete  ma- 

terials      

MAPS— FOLDED  IN   POCKET. 

Topographic  and  geologic  map  of  the  Milbrig  area,  Jo  Daviess  county. 


LETTER  OF  TRANSMITTAL. 


State  Geological  Survey, 
University  of  Illinois,  April  22,  1908. 

Governor  C.  S.  Deneen,  Chairman  and  Members  of  the  Geological 
Commission: 

Gentlemen — I  submit  herewith  material  forming  the  year  book  of 
the  State  Survey  for  1907,  with  the  recommendation  that  it  be  printed 
as  Bulletin  No.  8.  It  includes  the  record  of  a  notably  successful  year's 
work  which  is  fully  reviewed  in  the  administrative  portion  of  the  re- 
port. The  accompanying  papers  present  in  abstract'  or  in  preliminary 
form  many  of  the  important  results  of  the  year's  surveys.  More  com- 
plete reports  are  being  prepared  and  will  be  submitted  for  publication 
as  rapidly  as  possible. 

The  large  amount  of  geological  work  accomplished  was  made  possi- 
ble by  the  cutting  down  of  the  topographic  allottment  consequent  on  a 
partial  failure  of  Congressional  appropriations.  It  is  to  be  hoped  that 
in  the  near  future  funds  may  be  available  for  at  least  an  equivalent 
amount  of  geological  work  and  no  less  of  topographic.  Both  classes 
of  surveys  are  in  great  demand  throughout  the  State  and  should  be 
pushed  as  rapidly  as  the  finances  of  the  State  will  permit. 

Very  respectfully, 

H.  Foster  Bain, 

Director. 


ADMINISTRATIVE  REPORT  FOR  1907. 

(By  H.  Poster  Bain,  Director.) 


Contents. 


Page 

Introduction    12 

Organization     12 

Personell      13 

Geological    surveys 15 

General    stratigraphy 15 

Coal    •  • 16 

Clay 18 

Cement •  • 19 

Quarry    products 19 

Oil  and  gas ■  • 20 

Water    resources 20 

Mineral    statistics 21 

Educational   bulletins .  21 

Bureau  of  information 21 

Topographic  surveys,  (by  W.  EL  Herron) , 23 

Drainage    surveys 24 

Publications    25 

Reports  printed 25 

Reports   in  preparation : ••....  26 

Expenditures     ' 27 


II 


12  YEAR  BOOK  FOR  I907.  [Bull.  No.  8 


Introduction. 


Organization — For  the  year  1907  the  Geological  Survey  was  organ- 
ganized  in  three  sections ;  a,  geologic ;  b,  topographic  and  c,  drainage. 
The  geologic  work  was  under  the  immediate  direction  of  the  director. 
The  topographic  surveys  were  carried  on  under  Mr.  W.  H.  Herron, 
Geographer  in  charge  of  the  central  section,  U.  S.  Geological  Survey. 
The  drainage  work  was  under  the  general  charge  of  the  director,  but 
Mr.  Herron  and  Mr.  E.  W.  McCrary  courteously  relieved  him  of  much 
of  the  direct  responsibility  for  the  work. 

The  work  of  the  year,  as  shown  in  detail  in  the  following  pages,  in- 
volved the  extension  of  the  topographic  surveys  to  cover  important 
portions  of  the  coal  fields,  oil  fields  and  lake  shore,  the  organization  of 
the  special  survey  of  bottom  lands  subject  to  overflow,  and  the  vigor- 
ous prosecution  of  the  general  investigation  of  the  mineral  resources 
of  the  State. 

As  heretofore  the  relations  between  the  State  Geological  Survey  and 
other  organizations  have  been  close.  With  the  U.  S.  Geological  Survey 
there  has  been  cooperation,  as  detailed  later,  in  the  topographic  surveys, 
the  drainage  surveys,  the  study  of  the  coal  fields,  the  clays  a»d  quarry 
products,  the  water  resources  of  the  State  and  the  collection  of  mineral 
statistics.  With  the  Internal  Improvement  Commission  and  the  U. 
S.  Department  of  Agriculture  special  cooperation  has  been  arranged 
covering  the  survey  and  study  of  the  rivers  of  the  State.  With  the 
Engineering  Experiment  Station,  the  graduate  school  and  the  depart- 
ment of  chemistry  of  the  University  of  Illinois,  special  chemical  studies 
of  coal  have  been  carried  on  throughout  the  year.  With  the  State 
Water  Survey  and  other  organizations,  as  detailed  in  the  administrative 
report  for  1906,  cooperative  studies  of  the  water  of  the  State  were 
carried  on  up  to  July  1st.  After  that  date  less  formal  but  very  helpful 
assistance  was  given  us  by  the  Water  Survey.  The  University  o\  Chi- 
cago, the  University  of  Illinois,  Northwestern  University  and  Augus- 
tana  College  authorities  have  also  been  extremely  helpful  in  arranging 
satisfactory  hours  or  leaves  of  absence  for  members  o\  their  instruc- 
tional forces  to  carry  on  survey  work.  Numerous  firms  and  individ- 
uals have  been  of  material  assistance  and  acknowledgment  will  be  made 
in  the  individual  reports  as  issued.  Mention  should;  however,  be  made 
especial^  of  the  Fuel  Engineering  Compan}  and  of  Mr.  A.  Bement 
of  Chicago  for  assistance  and  courtesies  received.  To  these  and  the 
many  others  who  have  assisted  the  officers  of  the  surve}  in  their  work 
our  besl  thanks  arc  offered. 


ADMINISTRATIVE  REPORT.  1 3 

Personell — In  the  course  of  the  year  there  were  numerous  changes 
in  the  working  force  of  the  survey.  In  June  Mr.  F.  B.  Van  Horn, 
Assistant  Geologist  in  general  charge  of  the  office,  resigned  to  accept 
an  important  position  with  the  U.  S.  Geological  Survey  at  Washington, 
D.  C.,  with  him  went  Mrs.  Sadie  A.  Van  Horn,  stenographer.  The 
office  work  was  temporarily  assumed  by  G.  R.  White  but  later  the 
places  were  filled  by  the  appointment  of  Samuel  Abrams,  stenographer 
and  G.  M.  Wood,  clerk.  On  July  ist,  Mr.  Frank  W.  DeWolf  assumed 
the  position  of  Assistant  State  Geologist,  being  detailed  by  courtesy  of 
the  director  of  the  U.  S.  Geological  Survey  for  duty  in  connection  with 
our  cooperative  studies  of  the  coal  fields.  Mr.  DeWolf  has  not  only 
had  charge  of  the  coal  surveys  but  has  handled  many  of  the  details  of 
the  regular  office  work  and  has  been  in  full  charge  during  temporary  ab- 
sences of  the  director.  Messrs.  Rolfe,  Grant  and  Salisbury  have  con- 
tinued to  serve  as  consulting  geologists  and  Messrs.  Parr  and  Bartow 
as  consulting  chemists  as  detailed  elsewhere.  Messrs.  Weller,  Savage 
and  J.  A.  Udden  have  served  various  parts  of  the  year  as  geologists, 
Messrs.  Jon  Udden,  G.  H.  Cady,  H.  H.  Barrows,  J.  C.  Carman,  J. 
W.  Goldtwait,  J.  C.  Jones,  N.  M.  Fenneman,  A.  C.  Trowbridge,  I.  J. 
Broman  and  A.  J.  Ellis,  have  served  as  field  assistants.  Mr.  R.  C. 
Purdy,  ceramist,  resigned  from  the  University  in  June  to  accept  a 
position  in  Ohio  State  University,  and  was  succeeded  by  A.  V.  Blein- 
inger.  Messrs.  J.  K.  Moore  and  H.  R.  Straight  served  a  short  time 
as  special  agents  in  the  collection  of  mineral  statistics.  Mr.  E.  F.  Lines 
Assistant  Geologist,  has  been  on  duty  half  the  year  in  connection  with 
certain  studies  of  clays  being  carried  on  in  cooperation  with  the  U.  S. 
Geological  Survey.  Mr.  E.  F.  Burchard,  also  of  the  U.  S.  Geological 
Survey,  spent  a  few  months  in  the  study  of  quarry  products  and  road 
materials  for  the  State  Geological  Survey  and  the  State  Highway 
Commission.  Mr.  David  White  of  the  U.  S.  Geological  Survey  spent 
a  short  season  in  the  State.  Messrs.  Carman,  Ellis,  Broman  and  Fen- 
neman have  completed  the  work  assigned  to  them.  The  other  field  as- 
sistants are  engaged  in  writing  up  their  reports. 

A  number  of  the  State  mine  inspectors  have,  as  heretofore,  assisted 
in  the  work  of  survey.  Messrs.  James  Taylor  and  Tom  Moses  in  par- 
ticular, have  devoted  time  to  mine  sampling  and  similar  work.  Mr. 
W.  F.  Wheeler  served  as  chemist  throughout  the  year.  In  the  cooper- 
ative coal  studies  and  in  certain  analytical  work  Messrs.  Justa  Lind- 
gren,  Perry  Barker,  C.  K.  Francis,  N.  D.  Hamilton,  Dean  Burns  and 
R.  F.  Hammer  were  also  employed  a  portion  of  their  time. 

In  the  topographic  work  the  men  employed  were  Mr.  W.  H.  Herron, 
geographer  in  charge,  Messrs.  J.  R.  Ellis,  W.  J.  Lloyd,  J.  F.  McBeth 
and  H.  L.  McDonald,  topographers;  Messrs.  E.  W.  McCrary,  Lee 
Morrison  and  W.  A.  Gelbach,  junior  topographers;  W.  H.  Snyder, 
recorder;  Messrs.  Henry  Bucher,  Donald  Wilhelm,  A.  J.  Hendley,  G. 
L.  Gross,  W.  L.  Harrison,  E.  L.  Hain  and  A.  C.  Wood,  levelmen  ; 
Messrs.  J.  W.  Lowell,  Jr.,  F.  W.  Crisp,  G.  R.  Hoffman,  J.  S.  Rohrer, 
R.  C.  O.Matheny  and  S.  K.  Atkinson,  traversmen.  In  addition  rod- 
men,  chainmen  and  laborers  were  temporarily  employed  as  needed. 


14  YEAR  BOOK  FOR   I907.  [Bull.  No.   8 

From  July  to  December  Mr.  Herron  made  his  headquarters  at  Ur- 
bana  to  the  very  great  advantage  of  the  State  work.  He  courteously 
undertook  in  addition  to  his  regular  work  the  organization  of  the 
special  drainage  surveys,  for  which  we  are  under  great  obligations  to 
him.  A  number  of  members  of  the  regular  topographic  force  was  em- 
ployed in  this  work.  In  addition  Messrs.  P.  E.  Fletcher,  John  Fletcher 
and  James  E.  Tichenor  with  usual  complement  of  rodmen  and  laborers 
were  employed. 

The  present  organization  of  the  survey  is  as  follows : 

Commissioners. 

Governor  C.  S.  Deneen,  Chairman. 
Professor  T.  C.  Chamberlin,  Vice  Chairman. 
President  E.  J.  James,  Secretary. 

Administrative  Work. 

H.  Foster  Bain,  Director. 
Samuel  Abrams,  Clerk. 

Geological  Section. 

F.  W.  DeWolf,  Assistant  State  Geologist. 

Professor  R.  D.  Salisbury,  Consulting  Geologist. 

Professor  U.  S.  Grant,  Consulting  Geologist. 

Professor  C.  W.  Rolfe,  Consulting  Geologist. 

Professor  S.  W.  Parr,  Consulting  Chemist. 

Dr.  Edward  Bartow,  Consulting  Chemist. 

Dr.  Stuart  Weller,  Geologist. 

Professor  T.  E.  Savage,  Geologist. 

Professor  J.  A.  Udden,  Geologist. 

Professor  A.  V.  Bleininger,  Ceramist. 

Mr.  E.  F.  Lines,  Assistant  Geologist. 

Mr.  W.  F.  Wheeler,  Chemist. 

Mr.  H.  H.  Barrows,  Field  Assistant. 

Dr.  J.  W.  Goldthwait,  Field  Assistant. 

Mr.  J.  C.  Jones,  Field  Assistant. 

Mr.  A.  C.  Trowbridge,  Field  Assistant. 

Mr.  G.  H.  Cady,  Field  Assistant. 

Mr.  Jon  Udden,  Field  Assistnt. 

Topographic  Section. 

W.  H.  Herron,  Geographer  in  Charge. 

W.  J.  Lloyd,  Topographer. 

J.  F.  McBeth,  Topographer. 

J.  R.  Ellis,  Topographer. 

H.  L.  McDonald,  Topographer. 

E.  W.  McCrary,  Junior  Topographer. 

Lee  Morrison,  Junior  Topographer. 

W.  A.  Gelbach,  Junior  Topographer. 

Drainage   SECTION. 

w.  n.  iTerron,  Geographer. 

ED.  W.  McCrary,  Assistant  Engineer. 

0,  M.  Wood,  Clerk. 

Kaskaskia  Biver  Survey: 

p    k.  Fletcher,  Resident  Engineer. 
.loim  Fletcher,  Levelman 


Bain.]  ADMINISTRATIVE   REPORT.  1 5 

Lee  Morrison,  Topographer. 
S.  K.  Atkinson,  Traversman. 
R.  C.  O.  Matheney,  Traversman. 

Big  Muddy  River  Survey: 

J.  S.  Rohrer,  Topographer. 
G.  D.  Gross,  Levelman. 

Emdarass  River  Survey: 
James  E.  Tichenor,  Topographer. 

Geological  Section. 

General  Stratigraphy — A  correct  knowledge  of  the  stratigraphy  of 
the  State  is  fundamental  to  any  study  of  its  mineral  resources. 
Whether  it  be  coal,  clay,  stone,  water,  oil,  gas  or  any  other  mineral, 
we  must  know  the  character,  thickness  and  relations  of  the  rocks  prior 
to  any  certain  determination  of  rock  content  or  structure.  For  this 
reason  a  considerable  portion  of  the  funds  of  the  survey  continue  to 
be  devoted  to  stratigraphic  studies.  These  are  under  the  general 
direction  of  Dr.  Stuart  Weller  of  the  University  of  Chicago  who  de- 
votes to  the  work  such  portion  of  his  time  as  can  be  spared  from  acad- 
emic duties.  He  is  mainly  assisted  by  Mr.  T.  E.  Savage  of  the  Univer- 
sity of  Illinois  and  by  Mr.  Jon  Udden,  though  all  the  field  men  con- 
tribute to  work. 

In  1907  Dr.  Weller' s  personal  work  involved  the  continuation  of  his 
studies  of  the  Mississippian  formation  of  southern  Illinois  and  a  pre- 
liminary statement  of  his  results  so  far  as  relates  to  the  Salem  lime- 
stone, appears  in  later  pages.  In  views  of  the  scientific  and  economic 
importance  of  the  Mississippian  rocks  it  is  planned  for  Dr.  Weller  to 
continue  these  studies  through  at  least  another  season.  In  the  mean- 
time he  has  found  time  to  visit  other  portions  of  the  State  in  company 
with  members  of  the  survey  and  has  contributed  notably  to  our  know- 
ledge of  these  areas. 

Mr.  T.  E.  Savage  devoted  his  field  season  to  a  study  of  the  pre-Mis- 
sissippian  rocks  of  southwestern  Illinois,  a  complex  and  little  studied 
stratigraphic  section.  His  laboratory  work  was  done  at  Yale  Uni- 
versity under  the  direction  of  Professor  Charles  Schuhert.  A  prelim- 
inary statement  of  his  results,  which  prove  to  be  of  unexpected  scien- 
tific importance,  appears  in  later  pages. 

In  connection  with  the  work  on  coal,  clay,  cement  materials,  etc., 
notes  of  large  value  form  a  stratigraphic  point  of  view  are  being  rap- 
idly accumulated.  The  detailed  structural  maps  by  Messrs.  DeWolf 
and  J.  A.  Udden  published  in  this  volume  are  believed  to  be  especially 
important  and  it  is  to  be  remembered  that  these  results  while  not  so 
striking  as  certain  others  are  even,  in  some  cases,  so  immediately  use- 
ful, are  in  the  end  of  the  highest  economic  importance  as  well  as  fit 
contributions  by  our  State  to  scientific  advancement. 

The  demand  for  Dr.  Weller's  bulletin  containing  a  preliminary  geo- 
logical map  of  the  State  (Bulletin  No.  i)  having  become  so  great 
that  but  a  few  copies  remained  available  for  distribution,  a  new  edi- 


1 6  YEAR   BOOK   FOR    I907.  [Bull.   No.   8 

tion  was  prepared  and  distributed.*  An  abstract  of  the  more  important 
changes  in  the  text  is  given  in  this  volume.  The  supply  available  for 
gratuitous  distribution  was  exhausted  within  a  month  of  its  publica- 
tion and  since  that  sales  have  been  steady.  This  perhaps  sufficiently  in- 
dicates the  interest  with  which  it  has  been  received. 

Coal — Since  July  ist  the  special  studies  of  the  coal  fields  have  been 
under  the  immediate  direction  of  Assistant  State  Geologist  DeWolf. 
These  studies  have  been  of  two  kinds:  (i)  Field  surveys;  (2)  Labor- 
atory investigation.  The  first  have  been  carried  out  in  close  coopera- 
tion with  the  U.  S.  Geological  Survey,  which  organization  has  borne 
one-half  the  expense  of  the  work.  The  second  has  been  under  the 
laboratory  direction  of  Professor  S.  W.  Parr,  consulting  chemist  and 
has  involved  cooperation  with  the  University  proper,  the  Engineering 
Experiment  Station  and  the  Fuel  Engineering  Company. 

The  field  surveys  of  the  year  have  included  the  extension  of  the  de- 
tailed work  in  the  southern  part  of  the  State  westward  from  the  Eldo- 
rado, across  the  Galatia  and  into  West  Frankfort  quadrangle,  with  pre- 
liminary work  to  and  including  Murphysboro.  This  work  was  carried 
out  by  Mr.  DeWolf  with  the  assistance  of  Mr.  A.  J.  Ellis.  A  prelim- 
inary statement  of  results  appears  in  later  pages  of  this  report. 

The  work  near  East  St.  Louis  has  been  written  up  by  Dr.  N.  M. 
Fenneman  and  a  report  is  nearly  ready  for  submission.  Dr.  J.  A. 
Udden,  assisted  by  Mr.  I.  J.  Broman,  has  carried  the  detailed  field 
work  eastward  across  the  Belleville  and  Breese  quadrangles.  A  pre- 
liminary report  on  this  area  is  submitted  with  this  and  a  fuller 
one  is  in  preparation.  In  the  Springfield  district  the  field  work  of  the 
past  season  was  directed  rather  to  a  study  of  the  surface  features,  by 
Mr.  J.  C.  Jones.  It  is  planned  in  1908  to  complete  the  underground 
stratigraphic  studies  as  far  as  present  data  will  allow  and  to_prepare 
a  report.  In  the  Peoria  district  additional  field  work  was  carried  on  by 
Dr.  J.  A.  Udden  and  a  very  complete  report  has  been  prepared  for 
publication.  Certain  interesting  portions  are  abstracted  for  immediate 
publication  in  this  year  book  and  appear  in  later  pag<  s. 

In  general  Mr.  DeWolf  has  made  reconnoissance  studies  over  a  con- 
siderable portion  of  the  field  outside  the  areas  now  being  surveyed  in 
detail,  and  Mr.  David  White  has  extended  his  very  valuable  researches 
upon  the  paleobotanic  horizons,  particularly  in  the  equivalents  of  the 
Pottsville  group  of  the  east.  The  work  of  Messrs.  G.  1 1.  Cady  and  Jon 
Udden,  noted  elsewhere,  in  tracing  out  certain  coal  measure  limestones 
has  also  measurably  advanced  our  knowledge  of  the  general  strati- 
graphy of  the  field,  h  is  expected  that  in  [908  these  general  studies 
in  particular,  will  be  rapidly  expanded  with  a  view  to  the  early  publi- 
cation of  a  general  preliminary  report  upon  the  coal  fields  o\   the  State. 

The  laboratory  work  of  the  Near  has  involved.  (  ])  the  chemical  an- 
alysis "I"  COals  mined  in  the  areas  being  Surveyed  in  detail  ami  (2) 
general    studies   of   the   Composition    of  OUr    COal    and    conditions    which 

affeel  its  heat  value.  A  number  of  analyses  are  published  in  the  de- 
tailed   reports   herewith    submitted.      Several    brief   papers   also   appear 


•State  Geo!  Survey,  Illinois,   null.  1;.    ['rice  45  rents. 


bai.v.]  ADMINISTRATIVE   REPORT.  1 7 

in  which  are  preliminary  statements  of  results  obtained  on  the  deter- 
ioration of  coals  in  the  laboratory  and  in  storage.  These  studies  are 
still  being  carried  on  and  the  results  here  given  are  of  preliminary  value 
only.  Later  results  will  be  based  on  much  fuller  and  more  accurate 
determinations.  It  is  believed  none  the  less  that  the  results  here 
announced  are  truly  significant  and  warrant  publication.  The  analyses 
except  where  otherwise  stated,  are  based  upon  mine  samples  collected 
by  Messrs.  DeWolf,  Wheeler  and  Moses,  or  car  samples  collected  at 
the  mine  or  university  by  Mr.  Wheeler,  Mr.  Lindgren  or  other  mem- 
bers of  the  Engineering  Experiment  Station  staff.  The  commercial 
samples  were  furnished  by  the  Fuel  Engineering  Company  of  Chicago 
and  are  in  all  cases  based  upon  actual  deliveries  in  large  quantity.  The 
figures  given  by  Mr.  Bement  are  based  upon  coal  passed  on  by  him  in 
the  course  of  a  large  private  practice. 

It  has  been  found  impracticable  at  the  present  time,  mainly  owing  to 
limitations  of  funds,  to  undertake  certain  highly  desirable  studies  of 
the  technology  of  the  mining  industry  and  of  the  geographical  distribu- 
tion of  markets  for  Illinois  coals.  It  is  believed  that  much  good  would 
result  from  investigations  along  these  lines  and  that  certain  portions 
of  the  work  are  well  within  the  proper  limits  of  the  State  Geological 
Survey.  It  is  now  well  known  that  there  is,  under  present  commercial 
conditions,  an  enormous  waste  in  the  mining  of  Illinois  coal.  In  indi- 
vidual districts  this  has  been  estimated  to  amount  to  as  much  as  60 
per  cent,  though  of  course  such  losses  are  not  general.  It  would,  how- 
ever, probably  be  safe  to  say  that  in  very  many  places  40  per  cent 
of  the  coal  in  the  ground  is  left  unmined  or  is  ruined  in  the  process 
of  mining.  In  addition,  the  methods  of  mining  introduced  in  recent 
years  have  greatly  increased  the  production  of  fine  sizes  and  have  also, 
seemingly,  increased  the  danger  to  life  and  property  in  the  mines.  The 
causes  for  all  these  losses  are  complex,  and  it  is  not  to  be  supposed 
that  either  operators  or  miners  willingly  submit  to  them.  Neither  is 
it  to  be  expected  that  the  losses  of  life  and  property  can  be  entirely 
done  away  with.  At  the  same  time  experience  has  abundantly  proven 
that  careful  and  impartial  investigations  of  such  conditions  will  point 
the  way  to  the  remedying  of  some  at  least  of  the  abuses,  and  in  view 
of  the  enormous  importance  of  the  subject  to  the  State  and  the  public 
at  large,  such  studies  are  believed  to  be  amply  warranted.  Fortunately 
it  now  seems  likely  that  the  United  States  government  will  take  up  a 
general  study  of  the  most  complex  of  the  problems — the  causes  and 
preventions  of  explosions  and  other  accidents  in  mines.  This  still 
leaves,  however,  many  important  local  problems  to  be  investigated ; 
problems  that  are  in  no  way  national,  and  it  is  hoped  that  the  State 
Survey  may  be  given  the  means  for  taking  them  up. 

The  expansion  of  markets  for  Illinois  coal  is  a  matter  of  vital  import- 
ance to  the  coal  industry  and  indirectly  to  the  people  of  the  entile 
State.  One  of  the  most  important  means  of  promoting  this  expansion 
is  by  removing  certain  misapprehensions  as  to  the  quality  of  the  coal 
and  the  pointing  out  of  better  means  of  burning,  so  as  to  increase  its 
efficiency  and  decrease  the  smoke  produced.    This  work  has  been  taken 

— 2  G  S 


l8  YEAR  BOOK  FOR  IOX)/.  LBull.  No.  8 

up  vigorously  by  the  Engineering  Experiment  Station,  which  has  pub- 
lished excellent  bulletins  on  "How  to  Burn  Illinois  Coal  Without 
Smoke"  and  other  similar  subjects.*  In  addition  to  this  valuable  work, 
there  should  be  investigations  of  the  actual  markets  for  the  different 
grades  of  coal  and  of  possible  enlargements  of  these  markets.  There 
are  large  areas  to  the  northwest  within  which  Illinois  washed  coals 
might  profitably  supplant  eastern  coals  now  being  sold.  There  are 
other  areas  to  the  south  and  west  where,  with  proper  organization  of 
transportation  agencies,  even  in  advance  of  improvement  of  the  rivers, 
trade  territory  could  be  gained.  Any  widening  of  the  market  would 
be  of  large  benefit  to  the  local  industry,  particularly  if  the  summer 
market  could  be  increased.  For  this  reason  the  studies  now  under  way 
relating  to  weathering  of  coal  and  coal  storage  are  especially 
important. 

Clay — As  heretofore,  the  laboratory  investigation  of  our  clays  has 
been  carried  on  in  cooperation  with  the  Department  of  Ceramics  of 
the  "University  of  Illinois,  with  Professor  C.  W.  Rolfe  as  consulting 
geologist.  On  July  I  Mr.  R.  C.  Purdy  was  succeeded  by  Mr.  A.  V. 
Bleininger  as  ceramist.  At  the  same  time  Mr.  E.  F.  Lines  of  the 
United  States  Geological  Survey  was  detailed  for  special  cooperative 
work  on  clays. 

The  laboratory  work  on  paving  brick  has  been  completed,  and  the 
report  has  been  undergoing  revision  by  Messrs.  Rolfe,  Purdy  and  Tal- 
bot.    It  is  now  essentially  ready  for  publication. 

The  report  includes  the  following  chapters: 

Geology  of  Clays;  by  C.  W.  Rolfe. 

Geological  Distribution  of  Paving  Brick  Clays  in  Illinois;  by  C.  W.  Rolfe. 

Qualities  of  Clays  suitable  for  making  Paving  Brick;  by  Ross  C.  Purdy. 

Qualities  of  High  Grade  Paving  Brick  and  the  Tests  used  in  Determining 
Them;  by  A.  N.  Talbot. 

Test  of  Paving  Brick  Clays. 

Clays  studied  which  are  suitable  for  making  Paving  Brick,  with  tables 
showing  their  properties. 

The  Construction  and  care  of  Brick  Pavements;  by  Ira  O.  Baker. 

Certain  of  these  chapters  have  been  given  advance  publication  and  it 
is  expected  that  the  whole  report  will  be  printed  very  shortly 

Mr.  Lines  has  devoted  his  time  mainly  to  a  study  of  the  Colchester 
fire  clay  of  the  western  part  of  the  State.  Mr.  David  White  has  shown 
that  this  is  the  stratigraphic  equivalent  of  the  famous  Cheltenham  clay 
of  St.  Louis,  Missouri.  This  opens  large  possibilities  for  an  important 
fire  clay  industry  in  western  Illinois,  and  further  studies  on  the  extent 
of  the  deposit  and  its  quality  from  point  to  point  are  now  under  way. 
Mr.  Lines  has  also  made  important  observations  on  the  shrinkage  of 
certain  clays  during  drying  and  lias  compiled  a  directory  of  the  clay 
industry  of  the  State,  which  is  published  in  this  volume. 

In  cooperation  with  Mr.  Burchard  of  the  Technological  Division  of 

the   U.  S.  Geological  Survey,   Mr.   Lines  collected   materials  and   notes 

on  the  bricks  and  brick  clays  (^'  the  Chicago  district.  These  collec- 
tions arc  now  being  tested. 


•For  copies  ol  bulletins,  olroulara,  etc.,  address  ECnirineerlnii  Kxperiment  StAtion,  orbann. 
[lllnoli 


bain.]  ADMINISTRATIVE   REPORT.  19 

Mr.  T.  R.  Ernest  has  taken  up  the  laboratory  study  of  the  silica 
deposits  of  the  southern  part  of  the  State  with  a  view  to  their  more 
complete  utilization.  Certain  interesting  preliminary  results  are  pub- 
lished in  this  year  book.  The  work  is,  however,  incomplete,  and  it 
must  be  left  to  a  later  time  to  present  an  adequate  study  of  the  whole 
subject. 

Cement  Materials — It  has  long  been  known  that  Illinois  contained 
large  supplies  of  unutilized  material  probably  valuable  for  the  manu- 
facture of  Portland  cement.  In  1907  a  special  effort  was  made  to 
locate,  sample  and  study  these  deposits.  The  organization  of  the  work 
was  placed  under  Dr.  U.  S.  Grant,  consulting  geologist,  who  after 
carefully  planning  it  and  starting  the  field  work  of  the  various  men, 
was  obliged  to  withdraw  to  take  up  other  studies.  The  actual  field 
work  was  therefore  carried  on  by  Messrs.-  G.  H.  Cady,  Jon  Udden, 
T.  E.  Savage,  Stuart  Weller,  F.  W.  DeWolf,  J.  A.  Udden  and  E.  F. 
Burchard.  Notes  and  samples  were  collected  from  seventy-five  locali- 
ties and  112  analyses  were  made  under  the  direction  of  Professor  Parr 
by  Messrs.  Lindgren,  Wheeler  and  Hammer. 

An  especial  effort  was  made  to  find  deposits  of  non-magnesian  lime- 
stone of  suitable  thickness  and  situation  as  regards  cover,  transporta- 
tion facilities,  etc.,  to  afford  the  calcareous  element  in  the  cement.  It 
was  felt  that  this  was  likely  to  be  the  limiting  factor  in  the  location 
of  any  new  plant.  The  analyses  made,  together  with  those  made  in 
1906  and  already  published,*  afford  fairly  satisfactory  data  on  these 
points.  These  analyses  and  accompanying  notes  are  being  studied  by 
Mr.  Bleininger  preliminary  to  similar  testing  of  the  nearest  available 
clay  deposits  and  the  preparation  of  a  preliminary  bulletin  on  the 
cement  materials  of  the  State.  In  the  meantime  in  succeeding  pages 
Messrs.  Cady  and  Jon  Udden  give  detailed  observations  upon  two 
important  districts  within  which  material  is  available,  and  it  may  be 
stated  that  the  preliminary  work  confirms  the  belief  that  great  quanti- 
ties of  suitable  rock  admirably  situated  as  regards  fuel  and  transpor- 
tation, are  to  be  found  within  the  State. 

Quarry  Products — Notes  on  the  location  of  quarries  and  quarry  sites, 
the  thickness  of  stone  and  stripping  and  the  general  character  and 
availability  of  the  material  are  being  kept  by  all  members  of  the  sur- 
vey. In  addition,  and  in  cooperation  with  the  State  Highway  Com- 
mission, Mr.  E.  F.  Burchard,  on  detail  from  the  U.  S.  Geological  Sur- 
vey, has  devoted  some  time  to  the  study  of  quarries  and  quarry  sites. 
Special  visits  were  made  to  and  detailed  observations  are  now  available 
on  twenty  sites.  It  is  hoped  to  extend  this  work  over  the  State  as 
rapidly  as  possible. 

In  connection  with  his  work  for  the  Technological  Division  of  the 
U.  S.  Geological  Survey,  Mr.  Burchard  has  also  made  a  study  of 
structural  materials  available  in  the  Chicago  district.  A  preliminary 
report  has  been  issued f  and  further  studies  are  now  under  way.  In 
the  latter  the  State  Survey,  through  Mr.  E.  F.  Lines,  has  been  cooper- 
ating. 


•Van  Horn,  F.  B.,  Limestones  for  Fertalizer,  State  Geol.  Survey,  Illinois.  Bull.  4,  pp.  177-183 
tU.  S.  Geological  Survey,  Bull.  340.    See  also  this  volume. 


20  YEAR   BOOK    FOR    I907.  [Bull.  No.  8 

In  connection  with  Dr.  Weller's  work  on  the  Mississippian,  numer- 
ous quarry  sites  have  been  studied.  Attention  is  especially  invited  to 
his  paper  in  this  volume  on  the  Salem  limestone,  because  this  is  the 
equivalent  of  the  famous  Bedford  stone  of  Indiana.  Dr.  Weller  finds 
the  formation  widespread  and  well  developed  in  certain  parts  of  the 
State.  With  regard  to  its  development  in  Monroe  county,  he  makes 
the  following  significant  statement: 

"At  some  points  certain  beds  of  limestone  might  be  satisfactorily  and  profit- 
ably developed  as  a  building  stone.  The  Iron  Mountain  Railroad,  running 
the  entire  length  of  the  county  between  the  bluffs  and  the  river,  would  furnish 
good  transportation  facilities.  The  locality  where  the  formation  seems  to  be 
most  favorably  situated  for  quarry  purposes  is  about  one  mile  above  the 
Randolph  county  line,  in  the  point  of  the  bluff  west  of  the  road,  which  runs 
in  a  northerly  direction  to  the  village  of  Renault.  At  this  point  the  rock 
occurs  in  more  than  usually  heavy  beds,  it  is  apparently  uniform  in  texture 
and  color  and  resists  the  action  of  weathering.  Furthermore,  it  is  not  cov- 
ered at  this  point  by  heavy  ledges  of  superjacent  St.  Louis  limestone  and  a 
large  quarry  might  be  opened  with  but  a  minimum  amount  of  stripping. 
Careful  tests  would  be  necessary  to  determine  whether  the  rock  at  this  point 
would  be  equal  for  purposes  of  construction  to  the  celebrated  'Bedford  stone' 
of  Indiana,  but  the  superficial  examination  of  the  locality  would  seem  to  in- 
dicate this  to  be  the  case." 

Oil  and  Gas — The  developments  of  1907  as  regards  these  important 
materials  are  fully  detailed  on  later  pages.  It  is  to  be  regretted  that 
the  absence  of  suitable  topographic  maps  and  the  pressure  of  other 
duties  has  prevented  as  thorough  study  as  the  importance  of  the  sub- 
ject demands.  To  remedy  the  first  defect,  topographic  mapping  was 
taken  up  in  the  Bridgeport  field  and  preliminary  level  lines  run  in 
adjacent  quadrangles.  Topographic  mapping  was  also  expanded  in 
the  western  and  southern  parts  of  the  State  in  areas  not  improbably 
of  ultimate  value  in  this  connection.  Such  drill  records  as  could  be 
obtained  were  collected  and  studied.  Much,  however,  remains  to  be 
done,  and  it  is  especially  important  that  better  means  be  devised  for 
collecting  and  preserving  deep  well  records.  These  are  so  important 
from  the  points  of  view  of  water  supplies,  coal  beds  and  general  under- 
ground stratigraphy,  as  well  as  of  oil  and  gas,  that  it  is  hoped  it  will 
shortly  prove  possible  to  detail  one  man  to  this  particular  work. 

Water  Resources — The  importance  of  further  geological  knowledge 
in  connection  with  the  study  of  the  water  resources  of  the  State  is 
fully  appreciated.  Within  the  year  a  special  report  on  the  water 
resources  of  the  East  St.  Louis  district  was  published.*  An  abstract 
of  this  report  is  published  in  succeeding  pages.  The  general  coopera- 
tive work  on  the  quality  of  water  in  the  streams  of  the  State,  entered 
into  in  i960  with  the  State  Water  Survey,  the  Engineering  Experi- 
ment Station  and  the  U.  S.  Geological  Survey,  f  was  carried  to  com- 
pletion and  the  results  are  now  undergoing  study,  [n  connection  with 
the  detailed  areal  work,  studies  of  underground  structure  and  waters 
were  made-  and  results  for  the   Peoria  district  are  published   elsewhere 


•Mull. ■tin  5,  si. lie  Geological  Survey, 
tStateGeol.  Survey,  Hull.  I,  pp.  17-21. 


*A*X>]  ADMINISTRATIVE    REPORT.  21 

in  this  volume.  Dr.  Edward  Bartow  continued  his  work  in  the  prep- 
aration of  a  bulletin  on  the  mineral  composition  of  the  underground 
waters  of  the  State  and  the  manuscript  of  the  report  is  now  nearly 
complete. 

Numerous  individual  analyses  and  tests  of  deep  waters  were  made 
for  the  survey  by  Dr.  Bartow.  The  most  interesting  result  was  the 
-discovery  in  southeastern  Illinois  of  a  brine  of  sufficient  strength  to 
be  of  possible  commercial  value.  This  suggests  the  advisability  of 
frequent  tests  of  the  salt  waters  found  in  the  oil  region,  with  the  hope 
of  reviving  the  formerly  important  salt  industry  of  the  State. 

Mineral  Statistics — The  collection  of  statistics  showing  output  and 
value  of  the  mineral  products  of  the  State  was  continued  in  cooperation 
with  the  Division  of  Mineral  Resources  of  the  U.  S.  Geological  Sur- 
vey. Mr.  F.  B.  Van  Horn  prepared  and  published  the  figures  for  the 
year  1906,*  which  showed  a  total  value  of  raw  materials  or  materials 
in  the  first  stage  of  manufacture,  of  $68,296,908.  The  corresponding 
figures  for  1907  are  $92,364,763.  If  to  this  be  added  the  pig  iron  and 
other  materials  produced  in  the  State  from  ores  mined  elsewhere,  the 
total  would  be  increased  to  $121,188,306  in  1906  and  $154,128,473  in 
1907. 

Educational  Bulletins — The  first  of  the  bulletins  designed  especially 
for  the  use  of  the  schools  was  sent  to  the  printer  within  the  yearf  and 
an  abstract  is  published  in  this  volume.  The  work  of  completing  similar 
reports  and  preparing  others  has  been  carried  forward  vigorously 
under  the  general  direction  of  Professor  R.  D.  Salisbury  of  the  Uni- 
versity of  Chicago.  The  following  bulletins  are  complete,  or  essen- 
tially complete,  and  will  shortly  be  ready  for  publication : 

The   Mississippi    valley   between    Savanna   and    Davenport,   by   J.    Ernest 
Carman.     Prepared  in  cooperation  with  the  Iowa  Geological  Survey. 
Physical  features  of  the  Desplaines  valley,  by  James  Walter  Goldthwait. 
Physical  geography  of  the  East  St.  Louis  district,  by  N.  M.  Fenneman. 

The  work  of  the  year  involved  in  addition  the  field  work  for  similar 
reports  on  the  Springfield  quadrangle  by  J.  C.  Jones,  the  Wheaton 
quadrangle  by  A.  C.  Trowbridge  and  the  middle  Illinois  valley  by 
H.  H.  Barrows.  Brief  preliminary  notes  from  these  bulletins  appear 
in  later  pages. 

Bureau  of  Information — As  heretofore,  a  large  amount  of  time  and 
effort  of  members  of  the  survey  has  gone  into  the  work  of  answering 
personal  or  written  inquiries  of  all  kinds  regarding  the  mineral 
resources  of  the  State.  These  come  from  land  owners,  investors,  rail- 
ways, cities  and  towns,  commercial  associations,  teachers  and  pupils 
and,  in  fact,  from  all  classes  of  people  both  within  and  without  the 
State.  The  aggregate  number  is  very  large  and  the  number  of  inquir- 
ies per  day  is  constantly  increasing.  This  work  is  believed  to  be  an 
important  function  of  the  survey,  though  it  necessarily  hampers  the 
larger  and  systematic  study  of  the  State's  resources. 

It  is  hoped  by  preparing  and  distributing  special  reports  to  gradually 
reduce  the  amount  of  time  which  need  be  devoted  to  each  inquiry,  but 

♦Circular  No.  2,  State  Geological  Survey.  Postage  2  cents. 

tPhysical  Geography  of  the  Evanston-Waukegan  Region;  by  W.  W.  Atwood  and  J.  W. 
•Goldthwaite,  Bull.  No.  7,  State  Geological  Survey. 


22  YEAR  BOOK  FOR  I907.  [Bull.  No.  8 

for  the  present  nearly  every  letter  presents  a  new  problem.  The  exist- 
ing literature  on  the  geology  of  Illinois  is  badly  scattered,  and  the  data 
now  accumulating  in  the  form  of  drill  records,  letters  and  note  books 
must  be  constantly  indexed  in  order  to  be  available.  This  is  particu- 
larly necessary  where  so  many  of  the  members  of  the  survey  devote 
but  a  portion  of  their  time  to  the  work  arid  do  not  make  headquarters 
at  the  main  office.  Index  cards  have  therefore  been  provided  and  an 
effort  is  being  made  to  keep  the  new  information  as  fully  indexed  as 
possible.  As  an  aid  to  this,  a  series  of  State  maps  are  being  prepared, 
upon  which  are  indicated  by  means  of  tacks  all  deposits  or  industries 
located  or  studied  by  the  members  of  the  survey. 

An  important  adjunct  to  this  would  be  a  complete  bibliography  of 
the  geology  of  the  State,  but  help  and  funds  for  this  work  have  not  so 
far  been  available.  Such  a  bulletin  was  undertaken  by  Mr.  Lewis  and 
later  carried  on  by  Mr.  Van  Horn,  but  since  they  left  the  survey  the 
work  has  remained  incomplete.  This  is  particularly  to  be  regretted, 
as  a  bibliography  would  be  of  large  general  service. 

The  survey  has  numerous  requests  for  analyses  and  tests  of  mate- 
rials of  real  or  supposed  value  from  all  parts  of  the  State.  In  many 
cases  it  is  not  necessary  to  make  an  analysis  in  order  to  determine  the 
value  of  the  material,  and  in  all  such  instances  the  results  of  a  physi- 
cal examination  are.  cheerfully  and  promptly  furnished  the  inquirer. 
In  other  instances  an  analysis  is  necessary ;  or,  in  the  case  of  clays 
particularly,  a  burning  test.  Such  laboratory  work  is  costly,  and  it  is 
desirable  not  to  incur  this  expense  except  on  samples  which  are  truly 
representative  of  a  commercially  important  amount  of  material.  Sam- 
pling and  field  concurrence  are  quite  as  important  as  the  results  of  the 
laboratory  test  and  call  for  just  as  special  knowledge.  For  these  rea- 
sons, together  with  the  fact  that  any  other  course  would  permit  the 
whole  appropriation  to  be  used  up  by  any  citizen  for  private  chemical 
work,  or  even  for  work  of  doubtful  value,  the  survey  has  been  forced 
to  decline  to  make  any  analyses  or  laboratory  tests  on  miscellaneous 
materials  sent  in  by  correspondents.  Wherever  the  material  submitted 
or  the  note  on  its  occurrence  indicates  something  of  probable  general 
value,  a  record  of  the  locality  is  made  and  the  first  time  any  of  the 
survey  men  can,  in  the  course  of  their  regular  work,  visit  and  sample 
the  deposit,  it  is  done.  While  this  occasionally  leads  to  individual  dis- 
appointment, it  seems  to  be  the  only  plan  consistent  with  the  general 
purpose  of  the  survey ;  a  systematic  study  of  the  mineral  resources  of 
the  State,  and  the  present  size  of  its  appropriations.  As  the  special 
reports  upon  the  individual  areas  and  subjects  are  completed  and  be- 
come available,  citizens  will  more  and  more  have  the  data  upon  which 
to  answer  their  own  inquiries.  In  the  meantime  the  survey  welcomes 
letters  of  inquiry  and  notes  on  the  occurrence  of  minerals  an  1  rocks 
and,  subject  to  the  restrictions  noted  above,  will  gladly  furnish  all 
information  available.  The  reports  already  issued  by  the  survey  are 
listed  elsewhere. 


State  Geological   Survey. 


Bulletin   No.   8,   PI.   1. 


m  :  1 1 »    bowing  progrepi  ol  Topographic  and  Drainage  Survej 


PERRON.] 


ADMINISTRATIVE    REPORT. 


23 


Topographic  Section. 

(By  W.  H.  Hbrron.) 


The  progress  of  the  cooperative  topographic  surveys  is  illustrated 
in  plate  1  and  in  the  following  table,  which  shows  the  localities  in 
which  work  in  Illinois  was  done  during  the  season  of  1907,  and  also 
gives  a  summary  of  results  for  the  year : 


Locality. 

Square 

miles  of 

topography. 

Primary 

traverse 

miles. 

Secondary 

traverse 

miles. 

Primary 
levels 
miles. 

Secondary 
levels 
miles. 

131 
235 
69 
93 

751 

189 
785 
926 
748 
909 
945 

53 

567 

West  Frankfort 

854 

69 

72 

40 

99 
66 
122 
97 

124 

Hardinville 

676 

New  Athens 

43 
53 

140 

77 
15 

620 

275 

Tallula 

Totals 

237 

5,253 

477 

2,636 

The  areas  surveyed  are  naturally  grouped  into  three  localities — that 
in  the  southeastern  portion  of  the  State,  under  the  general  direction 
of  Mr.  J.  F.  McBeth;  that  in  the  southern  part,  in  charge  of  Mr.  W. 
J.  Lloyd;  and  the  southwestern  part,  under  the  supervision  of  Mr. 

E.  W.  McCrary.  The  primary  control  party,  which  operated  in  all 
three  localities,  was  in  charge  of  Mr.  J.  R.  Ellis. 

The  following  is  the  personnel  of  the  organization  in  each  locality : 

Southeastern — J.  F.  McBeth,  topographer  in  charge;  H.  L.  McDonald,  topog- 
rapher; Henry  Bucher,  levelman;  Donald  Wilhelm,  levelman;  A.  J.  Hendley, 
levelman;  J.  W.  Lowell,  Jr.,  traversman;  B.  K.  Babbitt,  rodman;  Mack 
McCreery,  rodman;  W.  R.  Emmons,  rodman;  James  Stoltz,  rodman. 

Southern— W.  J.  Lloyd,  topographer  in  charge;  Henry  Bucher,  primary 
levelman;  A.  J.  Hendley,  secondary  levelman;  G.  L.  Gross,  secondary  level- 
man;  W.  L.  Harrison,  secondary  levelman;  F.  W.  Crisp,  traversman;  G.  R. 
Hoffman,  traversman;  J.  S.  Rohrer,  traversman;  B.  K.  Babbitt,  rodman; 
Percy  Kimmel,  rodman;  Donald  Wilhelm,  rodman;  C.  P.  Gross,  rodman; 
Sidney  Moore,  rodman. 

Southwestern — E.  W.  McCrary,  topographer  in  charge;  W.  A.  Gelbach,  junior 
topographer;  Lee  Morrison,  junior  topographer;  E.  L.  Hain,  levelman;  A.  C. 
wood,  levelman;  R.  C.  O.  Matheney,  traversman;  S.  K.  AtKinson,  traversman; 

F.  W.  Crisp,  Traversman;  G.  R.  Hoffman,  traversman;  J.  R.  Lowell,  rodman; 
W.  H.  Herron,  rodman;  Percy  Kimmel,  rodman;  Charles  Schulze,  rodman; 
Mack  McCreery,  roman;  J.  W.  Wilson,  rodman. 

Primary  Control — J.  R.  Ellis,  topographer;  W.  H.  Snyder,  recorder;  R.  H. 
Hawkins,  rodman;  G.  B.  McNair,  chainman;  C.  M.  McLean,  chainman;  E.  F. 
Reiss,  chainman;  J.  Boyd,  laborer. 

During  the  progress  of  the  work  on  the  Hardinville,  West  Frankfort 
and  Herrin  sheets,  about  thirty-four  square  miles  of  drainage  survey 
work  was  accomplished  under  the  direction  of  the  topographers  in 
charge,  this  work  being  divided  as  follows : 

Hardinville  quadrangle,  by  James  E.  Tichenor 7  sq.  miles 

West  Frankfort  quadrangle 24  sq.  miles 

By  J.  S.  Rohrer,  20  sq.  miles. 
By  G.  L.  Gross,  4  sq.  miles. 
Herrin  quadrangle,  by  G.  L.  Gross \  . . .     3  sq.  miles 


24  YEAR    BOOK    FOR    10,0/.  [Bull.  No.  8 

About  thirty-two  miles  of  precise  levels  were  run  to  complete  one  of 
the  circuits  in  the  eastern  part  of  the  State. 

The  following  table  shows  the  expenditures  during  the  season : 

Balance   January    1,    1907 $  2,411.63 

Appropriation  July  1,  1907 16,000.00 

Total  amount  available  for  1907 $18,411.63 

Expended  in  1907:    Office,  $  1,790.76; 

Field,     13,326.69 15,117.45 

Unexpended  balance  December  31,  1907 $  3,294.18 

The  office  expenditures  indicated  were  from  the  unexpended  balance 
of  last  year,  and  the  work  consisted  of  the  completion  in  the  office  of 
maps  of  the  previous  season.  It  will  be  noted  from  the  table  that  a 
large  proportion  of  the  funds  during  the  field  season  were  applied  to 
extension  of  control  preparatory  to  the  sketching  of  these  sheets  in 
1908. 

The  Tallula  and  West  Frankfort  were  the  only  quadrangles  entirely 
finished  during  the  season.  It  is  expected,  however,  that  during  the 
field  season  of  1908  all  the  sheets  mentioned  will  be  completed  and 
ready  for  publication  the  following  spring.  The  sketching  on  the 
Herrin  and  Hardinville  sheets  is  more  than  half  completed  and  will 
be  finished  in  the  early  part  of  the  field  season. 

Drainage  Surveys. 

In  response  to  a  very  general  demand,  the  Forty-fifth  General 
Assembly  made  an  appropriation  of  $15,000  to  the  State  Geolgical 
Survey  to  take  up  the  survey  and  study  of  the  bottom  lands  of  the 
State  subject  to  overflow.  In  accordance  with  this  enactment,  a  spe- 
cial section  has  been  organized.  This  is,  for  convenience,  called  the 
Drainage  section.  For  the  first  year  no  attempt  was  made  to  cover  a 
large  area,  it  being  thought  more  important  to  develop  the  most  satis- 
factory methods  of  work  and  to  carefully  coordinate  all  the  agencies, 
State  and  national,  which  might  legitimately  be  asked  to  assist.  As 
a  result  of  repeated  conferences,  a  State  Committee  on  Waterways 
Reclamation  has  been  organized,  including  representatives  of  the 
State  Geological  Survey,  the  Internal  Improvement  Commission  and 
the  U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture.  The  work  of  this  committee  is 
detailed  elsewhere  in  this  report. 

The  task  of  making  the  maps  of  the  lands  in  question  was  assigned 
to  the  State  Survey,  which  promptly  arranged  to  carry  on  this  work 
in  connection  with  the  cooperative  topographic  survey  under  "Mr.  W. 
II.  Ilerron.  By  this  means  trained  men  become  immediately  avail- 
able,  and  the  use  of  instruments,  etc.,  furnished  In  the  U.  S.  Geologi- 
cal Survey,  lias  resulted  in  a  material  saving  t<>  tlie  State. 

Work  on  the  Kaskaskia.  Big  Muddy  and  Embarrass  rivers  was  at 

Once    taken    up    and    plans    Were    made    for    work    011    the    Wabash    and 

Sangamon  in   [908.     Mr.  P.  K.  Fletcher  <>f  Vandalia  was  appointed 


bain.]  ADMINISTRATIVE    REPORT.  25 

resident  engineer  of  the  Kaskaskia  project  and  promptly  took  the  field 
for  the  running  of  primary  level  lines,  being  assisted  by  John  Fletcher. 
The  mapping  in  this  area  was  placed  in  charge  of  Mr.  E.  W.  McCrary, 
assistant  engineer,  who  later,  on  Mr.  Herron's  return  to  Washington, 
assumed  general  charge  of  the  work  in  the  State.  On  the  Kaskaskia 
three  sheets,  including  160  square  miles,  were  completely  surveyed  on 

la  scale  of  2,000  feet  to  the  inch,  with  five  foot  contours.     In  addition, 

I  traverse  work  and  leveling  were  done  preparatory  to  mapping  the 
remainder  of  the  river. 

On  the  Big  Muddy  and  the  Embarass  rivers  the  work  was  taken  up 
in  connection  with  the  regular  topographic  work  in  those  regions, 
Messrs.  W.  J.  Lloyd  and  J.  F.  McBeth  being  in  charge,  respectively. 

I  Messrs.  J.  S.  Rohrer,  G.  L.  Gross  and  James  E.  Tichenor  were 
employed  in  the  work  and  approximately  thirty-four  square  miles  were 
surveyed. 

On  the  Little  Wabash  the  small  scale  topographic  maps  already  in 
part  available  were  photographed  up  preparatory  to  next  season's  fieH 
Work.  The  main  work  on  this  river  was,  however,  by  agreement 
done  by  Mr.  L.  Hidinger,  under  charge  of  C.  G.  Elliott,  chief  of 
Drainage  Investigations  of  the  U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture.     On 

;  the  Sangamon  the  available  small  scale  work  was  photographed  up 
and  prepared  for  next  season's  work.  The  progress  of  the  work  is 
shown  in  Plate  1 . 

Further  details  regarding  these  surveys  are  given  in  later  pages.  It 
is  believed  that  they  afford  a  substantial  contribution  to  one  of  the 
most  serious  engineering  problems  of  the  State  and  that  they  should 
be  carried  on  until  all  the  river  bottoms  involved  are  provided  with 
adequate  maps,  so  that  a  satisfacory  solution  of  the  engineering  prob- 
lems involved  in  their  reclamation  may  be  reached. 

Publications. 

Reports  printed. — Within  the  year,  three  bulletins,  Nos.  4,  5  and  6, 
have  been  issued  and  at  the  close  another,  No.  7,  was  in  press.  The 
complete  list  of  publications  so  far  issued  is  given  below : 

Bulletin  1.  The  geological  map  of  Illinois,  by  Stuart  Weller.  Including  a 
folded  colored  geological  map  of  the  State  on  the  scale  of  12  miles  to  the 
inch,  with  descriptive  text  of  26  pages.  Gratuitous  edition  exhausted.  Sale 
price,  45  cents. 

Bulletin  No.  2.  The  Petroleum  Industry  of  Southeastern  Illinois,  by  W.  S. 
Blatchley.  Preliminary  report  descriptive  of  condition  up  to  May  10,  1906; 
109  pages.    Gratuitous  edition  exhausted.    Sale  price,  25  cents. 

Bulletin  3.  Composition  and  Character  of  Illinois  Coals,  by  S.  W.  Parr; 
with  chapters  on  the  Distribution  of  the  Coal  Beds  of  the  State,  by  A. 
Bement;  and  Tests  of  Illinois  Coals  under  Steam  Boilers,  by  L.  P.  Brecken- 
ridge.  A  preliminary  report  of  86  pages.  Gratuitous  edition  exhausted.  Sale 
price,  25  cents. 

Bulletin  No.  4.  Year  Book  of  1906,  by  H.  Foster  Bain,  director,  and  others. 
I  Includes  papers  on  the  topographic  survey,  on  Illinois  fire  clays,  on  lime- 
stones for  fertilizers,  on  silica  deposits,  on  coal,  and  on  regions  near  East 
St.  Louis,  Springfield  and  in  southern  Calhoun  county;  260  pages.  Postage, 
9  cents. 

Bulletin  5.  Water  Resources  of  the  East  St.  Louis  District,  by  Isaiah 
Bowman,  assisted  by  Chester  Albert  Reeds.     Including  a  discussion   of  the 


26  YEAR    BOOK    FOR    I907.  [Bull.  No.  8 

topographic,  geologic  and  economic  conditions  controlling  the  supply  of  water 
for  municipal  and  industrial  purposes,  with  map  and  numerous  well  records 
and  analyses.    Postage,  6  cents. 

Bulletin  6.  The  Geological  Map  of  Illinois,  by  Stuart  Weller.  (Second 
edition).  Including  a  folded  colored  geological  map  of  the  State  on  the 
scale  of  12  miles  to  the. inch,  with  descriptive  text  of  32  pages.  Gratuitous 
edition  exhausted.     Sale  price,  45  cents. 

Bulletin  7.  Physical  Geography  of  the  Evanston-Waukegan  Region,  by 
Wallace  W.  Atwood  and  James  Walter  Goldthwait.  Forming  the  first  of  the 
educational  bulletins  of  the  survey  and  designed  especially  to  meet  the  needs 
of  teachers  in  the  public  schools.    102  pages;  postage,  6  cents. 

Circular  No.  1.  The  Mineral  Production  of  Illinois  in  1905.  Pamphlet,  14 
pages;  postage,  2  cents. 

Circular  No.  2.  The  Mineral  Production  of  Illinois  in  1906.  Pamphlet,  16 
pages;  postage,  2  cents. 

Circular  No.  3.  Statistics  of  Illinois  Oil  Production,  1907.  Folder,  2  pages; 
postage,  1  cent. 

The  distribution  of  these  reports  so  as  to  prevent  waste,  and  yet 
make  them  most  widely  available,  has  been  in  itself  a  considerable 
task.  It  was  thought  that  the  interests  of  all  concerned  would  be  best 
met  if  500  copies  of  each  report  be  reserved  for  sale  at  the  cost  of 
printing,  the  receipts  from  the  sales  being  turned  into  the  State  treas- 
ury. This  makes  it  possible  for  libraries  to  complete  their  sets  and 
for  persons  having  real  need  for  any  of  the  volumes  to  obtain  the  earlier 
ones  at  small  cost.  The  remainder  of  the  edition  is  distributed  by  the 
survey  and  the  Secretary  of  State  to  institutions  and  individuals  mak- 
ing application  for  them  or  exchanged  with  other  surveys  or  publish- 
ing organizations. 

Any  of  the  published  reports  will  be  sent  upon  receipt  of  the  amount  ' 
noted.     Money  orders,  drafts  and  checks  should  be  made  payable  to 
H.  Foster  Bain,  Director. 

The  topographic  maps  completed  and  published  are  distributed  from  | 
Washington,  the  State  having  made  no  provision  for  publishing  a 
local  edition.  They  may  be  purchased  at  the  rate  of  5  cents  each  or  j 
$3.00  a  hundred.  Drafts  or  money  orders  should  be  sent  to  the 
Director,  U.  S.  Geological  Survey,  Washington,  D.  C.  He  is  not 
allowed  to  receive  postage  stamps  or  personal  checks  in  payment.  The 
areas  already  surveyed  and  the  names  of  the  maps  are  shown  in  plate  1.  j 

Reports  in  Preparation. — In  addition  to  the  reports  listed  above  a 
considerable  number  are  in  an  advanced  stage  of  preparation  and  are 
expected  to  be  ready  for  the  printer  within  the  current  year.  These 
include  the  following: 

Yearbook  for  1907;  submitted  with  this  report. 

Report  on  paving  brick  clays  of  the  State  by  Messrs.  C.  W.  Rolfe,  R.  C. 
Purdy,  I.  O.  Baker  and  A.  N.  Talbot. 

Report  on  the  Mineral  Content  of  the  Underground  Waters  of  the  State: 
by  Dr.  Edward  Bartow;  with  a  chapter  on  the  Geological  Classification  of 
the  Underground  Waters  of  the  State  by  Dr.  J.  A.  Udden. 

The  Mississippi  Valley  between  Savanna  and  Davenport,  by  J.  Ernest 
Carman. 

Physical  Features  of  the  Desplaines  Valley,  by  James  Walter  Goldthwait. 

Physical  Geography  of  the  East  St.  Louis  District,  by  N.  M.  Fenneman. 

In  less  advanced  condition  are  educational  bulletins  on  the  Spring 
field,  WheatOtl  and  middle  Illinois  valley  regions;  a  preliminary  report 
on  the  Portland  cement  materials  of  the  State;  a  preliminary  report  on 
the  coal   fields,  and  areal   reports  on  the  Peoria,   Springfield,    Kast   St. 


jBAIN.] 


ADMINISTRATIVE   REPORT. 


27 


Expenditures. 

Louis  and   the  New  Haven-Thompsonville   regions,  the   latter   to  he 
rmblished  in  cooperation  with  the  U.  S.  Geological  Survey. 

The  annual  appropriation  for  the  survey,  including  the  topographic 
work,  is  $25,000.  Of  the  money  available  July  1,  1906,  $10,000  was 
allotted  for  cooperative  topographic  surveys  to  meet  a  similar  allot- 
ment made  by  the  U.  S.  Geological  Survey.  In  1907,  owing  to  a  reduc- 
tion in  their  appropriation,  they  were  only  able  to  meet  an  allotment 
Df  $8,000,  which  accordingly  was  made;  leaving  $17,000  for  geology 
and  general  expenses  for  the  fiscal  year.  In  addition,  there  was  the 
special  appropriation  of  $15,000  for  the  drainage  surveys.  The  state- 
ment of  expenditures  for  general  purposes  is  therefore  as  follows : 


$1. 396  57 

1. 146  72 

1.412  92 

429  20 

415  03 

91  00 

401  42 

236  02 

102  00 

690  43 

$8,000  00 

1, 117  90 

1. 252  65 

2, 536  62 

706  25 

1.429  14 

689  31 

146  80 

1, 953  17 

50  00 

190  00 

721  42 

905  98 

$4, 515  08 

$6,327  61 

Expended  January  1  to  June  30,  1907— 

Office 

Balance  July  1,  1907 

6, 321  64 

$5  97 

Appropriation  of  1907-1908 

$25, 000  00 

General  Geology— Expended  July  1  to  December  31,  1908— 

Mineral  statistics 

Printing1  expenses 

Miscellaneous  expenses , 

Balance  on  hand  January  1,  1908 

11, 699  24 

$5,306  73 

Special  appropriation  for  survey  and  study  of  overflowed  lands  . . 

$15, 000  00 

10,484  92 

The  topographic  funds  allotted  by  the  State  have  been  completely 
expended.  Under  miscellaneous  expenses  are  included  such  items  as 
furniture  and  instruments,  alteration  of  rooms,  etc.  The  funds 
reserved  for  special  studies  were  allotted  at  the  beginning  of  the  year 
for  any  special  investigation  not  otherwise  provided  for  which  might 
become  of  immediate  importance.  A  portion  of  the  fund  for  1907  was 
spent  in  certain  supplementary  work  needed  to  complete  the  paving 
brick  report. 

The  expense  for  printing  is  due  to  the  fact  that  under  the  general 
law  the  Board  of  Commissioners  of  State  Contracts,  who  have  charge 
of  printing  the  reports  of  the  survey,  are  unable  to  furnish  engravings 


28  YEAR   BOOK    FOR    I907.  [Bull.  No.  8 

and  illustrations  which  are  essential  to  gelogical  reports.  Certain  note 
books,  letter  books,  etc.,  needed  in  the  survey  work  must  also  be  pur- 
chased outside.  These  items,  with  the  postage  on  reports,  constitute 
in  the  aggregate  a  considerable  drain  on  the  resources  of  the  survey. 


■ 


ABSTRACTS  OF  REPORTS  ISSUED  IN  1907. 


Contents. 

Page 
Water  resources  of  the  East  St.)  Louis  district,    (by  Isaiah  Bowman  assisted  by 

Chester  Albert  Reeds) 30 

Introduction 30 

Topographic   features. 30 

Hydrographic   features 31 

Geologic    features 32 

Surface  sources  of  water  supply 34 

Underground  sources  of  water  supply 35 

Artesian    conditions 36 

City  and  village  water  supplies  and  systems 37 

Analyses  and  well  sections 38 

Summary   of   conclusions. 38 

The  Geological  Map  of  Illinois,   (by  Stuart  Weller) 41 

Introduction 41 

Geological    formations •  • 41 

Physical  Geography  of  the  Evanston-Waukegan  Region,    (by  Wallace  W.  Atwood 

and    James    W.    Goldthwait) 48 

General  geographic  features >    ,  48 

Geological     formations - 48 

Present  shore  line .  , •  • .  .  49 

Record  of  extinct  lakes . . . . 49 

Development  of  ravines < 50 

Underground   water . 50 

Geographic   conditions  and   settlement .  51 

Suggested  field  trips •  •  •  •  • 51 


29 


30  YEAR  BOOK  FOR  1907.  [Bull.  No.  3 


Water  Resources  of  the  East  St.  Louis  District.* 

(By   Isaiah   Bowman,   assisted   by  Chester  Albert  Reeds.) 


Introduction,  by  Isaiah  Bowman — The  East  St.  Louis  district,  as  the 
term  is  used  in  this  report,  includes  the  city  of  East  St.  Louis  and  that 
part  of  the  surrounding  territory  that  lies  within  what  is  known  locally 
as  the  terminal  limit,  or  the  yard  limits  of  the  Terminal  Railroad  Asso- 
ciation. As  thus  defined,  the  district  is  limited  on  the  west  by  the 
Mississippi  river  and  on  the  east  by  the  towns,  Belleville  and  Edwards- 
ville.  Among  the  larger  towns  lying  within  the  area  may  be  men- 
tioned Alton,  Granite  City,  Madison,  Collinsville,  O'Fallon  and  East 
Carondelet.  The  boundaries  of  the  district  do  not  conform  to  county 
or  town  boundaries,  but  follow  an  irregular  course. 

In  this  district  there  has  been  a  rapid  growth  in  manufactures  in 
recent  years,  and  a  corresponding  growth  of  interest  in  the  problems  of 
water  supply.  Many  physical  conditions  lead  to  the  embarrassment 
of  the  East  St.  Louis  manufacturer.  Foundation  sites  are  always  poor, 
the  grounds  and  buildings  are  often  inundated  at  high  water,  and  the 
securing  of  an  adequate  and  cheap  supply  of  water  is  oftentimes  ren- 
dered exceedingly  difficult.  The  layman  is,  therefore,  led  to  inquire 
why  the  site  is  not  abandoned  and  manufacturing  plants  located  nearer 
the  center  of  the  city  and  homes  of  the  worker.  The  answer  to  this 
query  is  found  in  the  economic  situation.  In  the  organization  of  any 
railway  system  the  problem  of  freight  charges  is  commonly  solved  by 
referring  the  shipments  to  what  are  known  as  basic  points.  In  the 
early  development  of  the  railway  system  in  the  St.  Louis  district.  East 
St.  Louis,  and  not  St.  Louis,  was  made  the  basic  point  for  shipments 
and  has  remained  the  reference  point  up  to  the  present.  In  making 
shipments  to  St.  Louis  from  eastern  points,  a  certain  rate  is  charged 
to  East  St.  Louis ;  and  transshipment  to  St.  Louis,  from  the  east,  in- 
volves the  shipper  in  extra  expense.  The  actual  working  of  the 
transportation  system,  as  at  present  organized  means  that  every  loaded 
car  crossing  cither  the  Eads  or  the  Merchants'  bridge  into  St.  Louis 
pays  a  toll  of  $5.00.  Every  ton  of  coal  burned  in  St.  Louis  costs  the 
user  30  cents  more  than  on  the  east  side  of  the  river.  The  word  "toll" 
as  used  above  is  the  designation  of  the  citizens  of  this  city  ;  the  railroad 
people  call  it  freight — the  ordinary  cost  of  shipment  beyond  a  basic 
point. 

Topographic  Features,  by  Isaiah  Bou>)}ian — The  control  which  topo- 
graphic features  exercise  over  the  disposition  of  both  surface  and 
ground   water  is  often   immediate  and   dominating.      Tn   the   East   St. 

•Bulletin  IS. 


bowman  and  reeds.]  ABSTRACTS    OF    REPORTS.  3 1 

Louis  district  the  influence  of  topography  is  emphasized  by  the  sharp 
topographic  contrasts  displayed  between  the  eastern  and  the  western 
sections  of  the  area.  The  eastern  part  of  the  district  will  be  referred 
to  as  the  upland  portion,  in  contrast  to  the  lowland  portion  or  the  flood 
plain. 

That  part  of  the  upland  included  in  the  East  St.  Louis  district  lies 
so  near  the  lowland  bordering  the  Mississippi  that  it  is  much  more 
fully  dissected,  and  therefore  uneven,  than  more  central  portions  of 
the  State.  The  process  of  dissection  has,  however,  not  been  carried  to 
the  point  of  maturity.  In  the  process  of  valley  widening  by  develop- 
ment of  the  meanders  of  the  Mississippi  many  minor  tributaries  were 
gradually  shortened  in  an  up-stream  direction  until  at  last  the  stream 
was  in  some  cases  betrunked,  and  the  individual  headwater  tributaries 
are  now  almost,  if  not  quite,  isolated.  In  such  cases  the  grades  of 
these  headwater  sections  are  steepened  to  correspond  to  the  lower  level 
enforced  by  the  master  stream.    This  is  accomplished  by  the  excavation 

f  of  large  amounts  of  material  near  the  point  where  the  tributary 
debouches  on  the  flood  plain ;  such  material  being  in  part  accumulated 
in  the  form  of  an  alluvial  fan  stretching  forward  from  the  bluff.  The 
mouth  of  the  deepened  tributary  offers  a  most  desirable  locus  for  a 
dam  and  reservoir,  and  if  the  water  shed  can  be  adequately  protected 

i  from  impurities  and  no  legal  difficulties  are  interposed  by  residents, 

I  these  localities  or  similar  ones  are  frequently  chosen. 

A  section  of  the  upland  which  is  of  more  special  interest  than  any 
other  part  lies  on  the  southern  margin  of  the  district  and  includes  the 
area  between  the  upland  bluff  south  of  Stolle  and  the  westermost  tribu- 
tary of  Hickman's  creek.  The  St.  Louis  limestone  appears  here  at  a 
higher  level  than  farther  south  and  has  been  extensively  dissolved  out 
by  the  action  of  the  ground  water.  The  most  striking  characteristics 
of  this  district  are  the  entire  absence  of  trunk  drainage  at  the  surface 
and  the  extensive  development  of  sink  holes,  giving  a  "Karst"  topog- 

',  raphy.  Rainfall  is  concentrated  in  tiny  channels,  which  converge 
toward  the  center  of  the  sink,  where  th*e  waters  escape  through  cracks 
and  funnels  in  the  limestone  below. 

Hydro  graphic  Features,  by  Chester  A.  Reeds — The  Wood  river 
drainage  system  drains  the  extreme  northern  portion  of  the  district. 
It  is  formed  by  the  confluence  of  two  branches,  the  East  and  West 
Forks,  which  unite  at  the  western  margin  of  the  upland,  then  flow 
southward  about  three  miles  to  the  Mississippi  river.  The  two  forks 
have  their  sources  in  the  southern  part  of  Macoupin  county,  about  six- 
teen miles  above  its  mouth.  The  stream  has  a  drainage  area  in  the 
upland  of  approximately  117  square  miles  and  in  the  flood  plain  of 
three  square  miles  and  has  a  maximum  discharge  of  about  2,900  cubic 
feet  per  second.  That  part  of  the  channel  of  Wood  river  which  lies 
in  the  floodplain  is  entirely  west  of  the  Big  Four  railroad,  and  in  fresh- 
ets its  flood  waters  are  here  confined.  Generally  speaking,  Wood  river 
may  be  considered  as  having  no  effect  on  the  flood  plain.  The  water 
in  the  lower  course  of  the  stream  is  always  muddy.  Through  the  first 
mile  after  entering  the  flood  plain  it  flows  over  a  limestone  bottom 
which  holds  up  the  grade  nearly  ten  feet  higher  than  that  of  other 


32  YEAR    BOOK    FOR    ICjO/.  [Bull.  No.  8 

streams  having  earth  bottoms.  When  the  rock  bottom  is  passed,  how- 
ever, the  water  rapidly  falls  ten  feet  and  enters  the  Mississippi  river  at 
the  level  of  low  water  mark  at  that  point. 

The  Cahokia  creek  system  drains  over  half  the  area  of  the  flood 
plain ;  all  that  portion  north  of  the  Vandalia  railroad  and  east  of  the 
Big  Four  railroad.  The  stream  has  its  source  in  the  vicinity  of  Litch- 
field, Montgomery  county,  entering  the  flood  plain  about  thirty-five 
miles  south  of  its  source.  Cahokia  creek  enters  the  bottoms  with 
drainage  area  behind  it  of  226  square  miles  and  a  discharge  of  about 
5,040  subic  feet  per  second.  After  entering  the  flood  plain  Cahokia 
creek  has  a  uniform  fall  of  three  feet  to  the  mile,  or  three  times  that 
of  the  Mississippi.  Horseshoe  lake  acts  as  a  storage  reservoir  for, the 
flood  waters  of  Cahokia  creek,  and  thus  protects  East  St.  Louis  and 
the  country  west  of  it. 

Prairie  du  Pont  creek  is  formed  by  the  confluence  of  several  smaller 
streams,  which  drain  about  forty-two  square  miles  in  the  southwestern 
part  of  St.  Clair  county.  In  addition,  Schoeberger  and  Brouilette 
creeks,  respectively,  drain  a  considerable  portion  of  the  upland  above 
French  Village  and  Centerville.  The  total  discharge  of  these  streams, 
as  they  debouch  upon  the  flood  plain,  is  2,350  cubic  feet  per  second. 
In  the  Prairie  du  Pont  area  the  effect  of  heavy  rainfall  is  much  less 
serious  than  in  the  Cahokia  district,  since  (1)  there  is  much  less  vol- 
ume of  water  to  deal  with,  (2)  numerous  lakes  act  as  reservoirs  and 
thus  retard  the  flow  and  (3)  Prairie  du  Pont  creek  seldom  overflows 
its  banks. 

At  low  water  mark  the  Mississippi  river  receives  the  drainage  oi 
Wood  river,  Cahokia  and  Prairie  du  Pont  creeks.  The  mouth  of  Wood 
river  it  at  low  water  level,  while  those  of  Cahokia  and  Prairie  du  Pont 
creeks  are  respectively  seven  feet  higher.  When  the  water  of  the 
Mississippi  river  rises  thirty  feet  above  low  water  mark  the  flood  plain 
is  subject  to  overflow.  When  the  river  rises  to  thirty-five  feet  it  is 
considered  dangerous,  for  there  is  approximately  only  10  per  cent 
of  the  land  of  the  flood  plain  above  this  elevation.  At  the  present 
time  the  lowlands  are  protected  from  overflow  by  strong  levees  near 
the  river  bank.  During  the  last  sixty  years  the  stage  of  the  Mississippi 
river  has  been  above  elevation  30  on  sixteen  occasions  and  during  the 
same  period  has  been  at  or  above  elevation  35  in  seven  instances. 

Geologic  Features,  by  Chester  A.  Reeds — Although  the  only  rocks 
which  outcrop  along  the  east  bluff  of  the  Mississippi  are  thick  beds  ot 
the  Mississippian  and  of  the  Pennsylvania!!  (coal  measures)  series,  it 
is  necessary  to  consider  some  of  the  lower  formations,  since  in  drilling 
deep  wells  older  rocks  are  encountered.  The  data  concerning  these 
older  rocks,  however,  are  meagre  and  come  from  the  logs  of  the  few 
wells  reaching  down  2,000  to  3,000  feet  and  from  exposures  outside 
the  district. 

The  lowest  formation  which  has  been  encountered  within  the  district 
is  the  St.  Peters  sandstone,  at  the  bottom  of  a  3,060  foot  well  at  the 
Postel  Milling  Company's  plant,  Mascoutah,  Illinois.  The  water  in 
the  Mascoutah  well  which  flows  at  the  surface  is  brackish  and  unsuit- 
able for  domestic  use.     Hie  Trenton  limestone  does  not  outcrop  within 


Bowman  and  Reeds.]  ABSTRACTS   OF   REPORTS.  33 

the  district,  but  reaches  under  the  Mississippi  river  and  appears  in  the 
rugged  hills  along  the  west  bank  from  Kimmswick  southward.  The 
drill  has  shown  that  parts  of  it  in  western  Illinois,  buried  deeply  be- 
neath later  formations,  will  yield  strong  artesian  wells.  The  Richmond 
dees  not  outcrop  in  the  district,  but  is  found  about  twenty  to  twenty- 
five  miles  south  of.  St.  Louis,  on  the  west  bank  of  the  Mississippi  river. 

Only  the  two  upper  formations  of  the  Meremec  group  of  the  Mis- 
sissippian  series  are  exposed  within  the  district.  The  rocks  of  the 
Osage  and  Kinderhook  groups  are  exposed  to  the  north  and  west 
along  the  Mississippi  river,  and  in  sinking  wells  are  encountered  within 
the  area.  The  Chester  group  does  not  occur  within  the  district.  In 
the  few  wells  reaching  the  Kinderhook  rocks  an  abundance  of  water 
is  usually  found,  but  it  is  brackish  and  unsuitable  for  domestic  use. 
Altough  the  Burlington  and  Keokuk  are  wide  spread  and  form  a 
noticeable  part  of  the  geological  column,  they  are  poor  water  bearers. 
The  Meramec  has  been  sub-divided  by  Ulrich  into  the  Warsaw,  Sper- 
gen  Kill  and  St.  Louis  limestone.  The  Warsaw  and  Spergen  Hill 
formations  are  not  as  good  water  bearers  as  the  St.  Louis.  In  the 
vicinity  of  Belleville  and  Mascoutah  the  upper  part  of  the  St.  Louis 
limestone  is  the  first  horizon  in  which  salt  water  occurs.  , 

The  Pennsylvanian  or  coal  measures  formation  occurs  immediately 
beneath  the  mantle  of  drift  and  extends  over  all  the  district  except  the 
western  bottoms  and  the  Karsted  region.  The  formation  is  composed 
of  alternating  beds  of  sandstone,  shale  and  limestone,  in  addition  to  a 
few  grits  and  conglomerates  and  thick  beds  of  coal.  In  conforming  to 
the  western  slope  of  the  eastern  interior  coal  field  these  strata  dip 
gently  to  the  west  ward.  At  the  base  of  the  coal  measures  a  sand- 
stone conglomerate  is  persistent  throughout.  This  is  the  chief  source 
of  supply  of  the  artesian  wells  at  Belleville. 

The  entire  surface  of  the  Illinoian  drift  sheet  appears  to  have 
received  a  capping  of  loess-like  silt  at  about  the  time  of  the  Iowan  ice 
invasion.  In  much  of  southern  Illinois  the  thickness  is  only  from  three 
to  five  feet,  and  the  average  depths  in  districts  east  of  the  Illinois 
and  Mississippi  is  probably  less  than  ten  feet.  On  the  borders  of 
these  streams  its  thickness  is  frequently  from  thirty  to  fifty  feet.  At 
the  immediate  edge  of  the  Mississippi  valley  above  East  St.  Louis 
there  is  a  deposit  from  thirty  to  fifty  -feet  in  depth,  but  within  ten 
miles  back  from  the  bluff  the  thickness  decreases  to  ten  feet  or  less. 
Below  East  St.  Louis  the  loess  caps  the  bluff  to  a  djepth  of  from 
thirty  to  fifty  feet  or  more.  The  till  and  loess  are  the  source  of  the 
shallow  well  supply  of  water. 

The  alluvial  deposits  within  the  district  are  confined  to  the  flood- 
plain  of  the  Mississippi  river.  In  this  plain  the  sediments  increase 
in  thickness  in  going  from  west  to  east.  At  Granite  City  they  are 
113  feet  thick;  at  Monks  Mound,  140  feet;  near  Peters,  150  feet. 
Throughout  the  flood  plain  the  sediments  are  arranged  in  no  definite 
order,  but  in  sinking  wells  the  larger  materials,  such  as  gravel  and 
pebbles,  are  usually  found  near  the  bottom,  while  the  smaller  sediments, 
such  as  fine  sand,  clay,  gumbo,  etc.,  occur  near  the  surface. 

-3gs 


34  YEAR   BOOK    FOR    IO/)/.  [Bull.  No.  8 

Surface  Sources  of  Water  Supply,  by  Isaiah  Bowman — Cisterns  for 
supplying  water  are  in  use  in  various  places  in  the  East  St.  Louis 
district.  It  is  recommended  that  the  cisterns  be  cleaned  oftener,  es- 
pecially in  summer,  when  a  large  amount  of  germ-laden  dust  is  car- 
ried aloft  and  deposited  on  house  tops.  With  the  help  of  a  candle 
the  cistern  wall  and  bottom  should  be  examined  thoroughly  at  each 
cleaning  to  detect  the  presence  of  any  cracks  which  may  have  formed 
and  which  may  allow  the  entrance  of  and  pollution  by  ground  water 
or  by  karst  water. 

No  springs  of  significance  occur  within  the  East  St.  Louis  district 
except  Falling  spring.  The  principal  source  of  stream  water  within 
the  East  St.  Louis  district  is  the  Mississippi.  The  gravest  general 
problems,  and  most  serious  mechanical  difficulties  in  the  whole  East  St. 
Louis  district  which  up  to  the  present  time  have  been  met  and  over- 
come are  those  involved  in  the  acquisition,  cleansing  and  delivery  of 
the  water  of  the  Mississippi.  The  various  difficulties  and  problems 
which  arise  may  be  understood  from  the  experiences  of  the  City  Water 
Company  of  East  St.  Louis  and  Granite  City. 

The  pumping  station  for  the  Granite  City  division  of  the  company 
is  located  on  Cabaret  island.  The  district  is  one  of  filling,  and  this 
embarrasses  the  company  in  the  use  of  the  suction  main.  Whenever 
the  sand  accumulates  in  such  amounts  as  to  close  the  suction,  a  diver 
cleans  it  away.  The  sand  has  also  been  removed  by  anchoring  a  scow 
over  the  end  of  the  main.  The  deflection  which  the  shape  of  the  bow 
and  bottom  of  the  scow  gives  to  the  current  concentrates  more  power- 
ful threads  of  the  current  on  the  bottom  than  under  natural  conditions 
and  bottom  scour  results.  The  East  St.  Louis  division  of  the  City 
Water  Company  has  its  pumping  station  just  within  the  main  levee 
at  the  northern  end  of  the  Terminal  Association's  switch  yarcj  in  East 
St.  Louis.  The  mains  pass  through  a  checic  built  into  the  "bank  and 
extend  for  250  feet  into  the  river,  from  ten  to  twenty  feet  Delow  the 
surface  of  the  water.  They  are  supported  by  log  chains  strupg  be- 
tween piles  and  terminate  in  screens  or  strainers.  The  strainers  are 
constantly  being  clogged  by  river-borne  detritus.  The  same  difficulties 
with  bank  sand  and  mud  are  here  experienced  as  in  the  case  of  the 
pumping  station  on  Cabaret  Island.  It  is  no  light  undertaking  to 
render  Mississippi  river  water  fit  for  use.  It  will  be  seen  that  unless 
a  company  is  using  a  very  much  greater  amount  oi  water  than  any  in 
this  district,  it  cannot  expect  to  maintain  a  filtering  plant  with  any 
hope  of  reasonable  returns.  The  City  Water  Company  has  undertaken 
and  is  successfully  carrying  out  the  plan  o\  serving  its  clients  with 
clear,  pure  and  palatable  water.  Its  engineers  and  chemists  have 
mastered  many  difficulties  and  are  entitled  to  great  credit. 

The  principal  tributary  streams  o\  the  Eas1  St.  Louis  district  are  the 
Wood  river  and  Cahokia  and  Prairie  <\w  Pont  creeks,  as  sources  of 
potable  water.  One  of  the  most  important  considerations  is  that  of 
possible  pollution.  None  <d*  the  tributary  streams  in  this  district  are 
bordered  by  towns  or  villages  of  anj  consequence  in  this  connection. 

The   greatest    difficulty    in    using   the    water   i)\    the    smaller   streams    in 
this  district   lies  in  the  ine<mlarit\    of  the  volume  and  the  rapid  change 


Bowman  and  Reeds.]  ABSTRACTS    OF   REPORTS.  35 

in  quality  which  takes  place  during  and  after  sudden  downpours  of 
rain.  Any  filter  plant  must  be  as  elaborate  as  to  detail  as  if  the  streams 
were  constantly  turbid. 

There  are  a  few  large  lakes  in  the  East  St.  Louis  district  of  value 
as  a  source  of  water  supply.  On  the  whole,  lake  water  is  not  a  satis- 
factory source  of  supply  in  this  district.  Stream  or  well  water  will, 
perhaps,  always  be  used  in  preference  in  limited  amounts  in  favorable 
localities,  where  the  lake  water  offers  a  desirable  resource  in  fire  pro- 
tection. In  a  few  cases — for  example  Glen  Carbon  and  Belleville — 
the  water  of  streams  is  impounded  in  a  reservoir.  Except  in  the  case 
of  Belleville  the  reservoir  water  is  nowhere  used  for  drinking  pur- 
poses, and  even  in  this  case  to  a  limited  extent  only  at  infrequent 
intervals.  The  difficulty  of  securing  a  protected  watershed  in  the  well 
settled  part  of  the  State,  included  in  the  East  St.  Louis  district,  will 
always  mean  a  very  limited  use  of  impounded  water.  The  use  of 
ground  water  recovered  in  shollow  wells  will  be  likely  to  supersede 
even  such  uses  of  stored  water  as  now  exist. 

Underground  Sources  of  Water  Supply,  by  Isaiah  Bowman — The 

natural  position  of  the  Mississippi  flood  plain  with  respect  to  the  river 

which  formed  it  and  the  importance  of  that  river  in  commerce  would 

tend  under  any  circumstances  to  make  its  population  dense.     Above 

1  New  Orleans  no  city,  with  the  exception  of  Greenville,  derives  its  sup- 

I  ply  from  the  flood-plain  waters.    There  are  several  conflicting  theories 

j  among  local  students  regarding  the  source  of  the  ground  Water  and 

j  its  direction  of  flow.    Some  have  asserted  that  the  source  of  the  ground 

;  water  is  the  Mississippi  river ;  that  the  river  is  constantly  losing  vol- 

lume  by  seepage  through  the  porous  sand  and  gravels  which  here  form 

'its  eastern  bank.     Others  maintain  that  the  source  is  the  flood  water 

which,  when  the  river  is  highest,  overflows  the  flood-plain  and  stands 

upon  it  for  some  time,  undoubtedly  sinking  into  the  ground  to  some 

extent.      Still  a  third  class   contend  that  the   rainwater  which   sinks 

'linto  the  upland  seeps  westward,  and  with  the  upland  streams  which 

jllose  their  waters  on  the  inner  margin  of  the  flood-plain  constantly 

replenish  the  flood-plain  waters  to  the  extent  of  causing  them  to  move 

westward  to  the  river.     We  may  dispose  of  the  first  contention  by 

pointing  out  that  during  most  of  the  year  the  ground  water  of  the 

flood-plain  stands  at  a  higher  level  than  the  surface  of  the  Mississippi. 

This  general  contention  does  not  hold  true,  however,  during  a  period 

pf  high  water  when  the  river  is  rising  against  the  outer  side  of  the 

restraining  levees,  and  stands  higher  than  the  surface  of  the  ground 

water.     Although   this   condition   is,   relatively   speaking,   exceptional 

and  unimportant,  it  must  be  considered  in  appreciating  the  general 

result.    It  is  the  popular  conception  that  at  such  periods  of  high  water 

the  "backflow"  as  it  is  commonly  called  or  the  seepage  from  river  to 

jfloocl-plain  fills  these  deposits  to  the  degree  to  which  they  were  depleted 

during  the  preceding  year.     That  such  a  rate  of  seepage  is  impossible 

lis  shown  by  the  results  obtained  by  Professor  Slichter  and  noted  in 

The  Motions  of  Underground  Waters."    As  far  as  a  continuous  sup- 

oly  is  concerned,  lateral  seepage  through  or  below  levees  is  not  an 

Important  factor.     If  the  flood-plain,  is  actually   covered   with   water 


36  YEAR  BOOK  FOR  I907.  [Bull.  No.  8 

during  the  flood  season,  the  rate  of  increase  in  the  amount  of  ground 
water  is  of  course  much  greater  than  in  the  case  just  discussed.  The 
period  which  this  effect  covers  and  the  relative  infrequency  of  com- 
plete submergence  of  the  flood-plain  would  argue  that  even  the  flood- 
ing of  wide  areas  is  not  to  be  regarded  as  of  importance. 

The  key. to  the  normal  condition  of  the  ground  water  is  the  rainfall 
upon  the  flood-plain  itself  and  the  supply  from  the  upland.  The  mean 
annual  rainfall  is  about  38  inches  per  year.  The  surface  of  the  flood- 
plain  is  so  flat  that  the  rate  of  run-off  is  exceedingly  low.  A  large  part 
of  the  rainfall  sinks  into  the  ground,  perhaps  in  excess  of  50  per  cent ; 
which  means  roughly,  half  a  million  gallons  yearly  per  acre,  or  300,- 
000,000  gallons  yearly  per  square  mile,  or,  on  the  average,  1,000,000 
gallons  per  square  mile  daily.  The  normal  condition  of  the  ground 
water  in  the  flood-plain  is  maintained  by  rainfall  and  tributary  upland 
drainage  which  produce  a  general  movement  of  the  water  toward  the 
Mississippi,  this  general  movement  being  modified  here  and  there  by 
slight  topographic  variations.  The  flood  water  contribution  is  in- 
significant except  in  cases  of  actual  overflow,  and  even  in  the  latter 
case  the  effect  is  temporary. 

The  wells  in  the  flood-plain  deposits  vary  in  depth  from  10  to  1501 
feet.  Since  a  greater  supply  can  be  had  by  sinking  the  wells  to  a 
depth  of  40  feet  than  10  feet,  most  individuals  do  this,  the  additional 
expense  not  being  great.  Where  factories  have  put  down  wells  they 
have  usually  gone  deeper,  since  they  need  a  larger  supply  that  for 
household  use.  Although  the  waters  of  the  Mississippi  flood-plain 
may  be  recovered  without  great  difficulty,  the  water  when  so  recovered 
is  undesirable  for  boiler  purposes  on  account  of  the  scale  which  forms 
from  its  use.  This  condition  can  be  remedied  by  chemical  treatment 
and  through  Alteration,  but  the  erection  of  a  plant  fos  this  purpose 
is  expensive.  To  purchase  from  the  Water  Company  would  seem  to 
be  the  most  advisable  plan  for  those  located  near  the  larger  tributaries 
of  the  Mississippi. 

The  southwestern  part  of  the  East  St.  Louis  district  which  lies  south 
of  Stolle  and  between  the  upland  bluff  and  Hickman's  creek,  must 
depend  upon  Karst  water.  The  Karst  waters  of  a  limestone  region 
are  less  safe,  less  constantly  clear,  and  less  available  than  are  the  waters 
of  a  region  of  normal  sub-surface  drainage.  Even  the  ground  water 
is  less  available  than  under  ordinary  conditions,  and  less  safe  on  ac- 
count of  the  quick  descent  of  surface  drainage  which  elsewhere  seepl 
slowly  down  through  porous  materials  and  is,  thereby  at  least  partly 
filtered  of  its  impurities. 

Artesian  Conditions,  by  Isaiah  Bowman  The  deeper  horizons  are 
to  a  large  extent,  independent  of  surface  drainage,  since  the  direction 
of  flow  is  determined  by  geologic  rather  than  topographic  features. 
The  rocks  of  this  area  are  composed  of  sandstone,  shales  and  lime- 
stones, .and  that  they  dip  from  the  west  to  the  east,  producing  artesian 
conditions.  The  flowing  wells  within  the  district  tap  the  lower  geolog- 
ical formations  since  it  is  <>nl\  line  that  the  water  is  found  under 
sufficient  head  to  rise  to  the  surface.  The  flowing  welK  are  located  as 
follows  I     Maseoutah.  3,069  feet  deep;  Granite  (il\.  2,500  feet:   Peters. 


Bowman  and  Reeds.]  ABSTRACTS   OF   REPORTS.  37 

1,506  feet;  Edgemont,  782  feet;  Alton,  1,400  feet;  Monks  Mound, 
1,552  and  2,100  feet.  Unfortunately,  the  water  in  the  deep  wells 
below  515  feet  on  the  upland,  and  370-420  feet  on  the  flood-plain,  are 
brackish  and  unfit  for  factory,  city  or  private  use.  The  water  found 
in  the  St.  Peter's  sandstone  is  brackish  in  all  cases  when  reached  in 
this  area,  consequently  in  future  drilling  for  deep  city  or  factory  sup- 
ply, it  will  be  unprofitable  to  go  below  the  first  salt  water  horizon. 

City  and  Village  Water  Supplies  and  Systems,  by  Chester  A.  Reeds — 
At  Belleville  the  city  water  is  furnished  in  part  from  artesian  wells 
drilled  in  the  valley  of  Richland  creek  and  in  part  by  impounded  water 
from  Richland  creek  and  its  tributaries.  The  depth  of  these  deep 
wells  varies  from  400  to  700  feet.  The  water-bearing  horizon  dips 
to  the  east  in  conforming  to  the  gentle  slope  of  the  western  rim  of 
the  eastern  interior  coal  field,  and  is  a  sandstone  found  at  the  base  of 
the  coal  measures.  The  water  obtained  from  this  sandstone  in  Belle- 
ville is  of  a  fine  quality.  The  amount  of  wells  is  decreasing.  Edwards- 
ville  is  supplied  by  a  private  company.  The  five  wells  and  pumping 
station  are  located  at  Poag.  Collinsville,  like  Edwardsville,  is  situated 
on  high  ground  overlooking  the  "American  bottoms."  Following  the 
lead  of  Edwardsville,  the  water  company  of  Collinsville  sunk  wells 
in  1901,  in  the  "American  bottoms,"  near  the  Madison-St.  Clair  county 
line,  about  one-fourth  of  a  mile  from  the  bluffs.  At  Caseyville  there 
is  no  water  or  sewer  system.  Shallow  wells  from  25  to  40  feet  deep 
afford  an  abundance  of  water. 

Alton  gets  its  water  supply  from  the  Mississippi  river,  through  a 
system  similar  to  the  ones  in  use  at  East  St.  Louis  and  Granite  City. 
The  intake  pipe  rests  on  a  rock  foundation  3^2  feet  below  low  water 
mark.  By  a  nice  arrangement  of  dikes  in  the  Mississippi  river,  above 
the  plant,  a  strong  current  is  thrown  past  the  station  which  keeps  the 
intake  pipe  free  from  sediment.  The  water  is  pumped  from  the  Mis- 
sissippi river  into  a  well  20  feet  in  diameter,  through  a  24-inch  pipe 
100  feet  long.  From  the  well  the  river  water  is  raised  into  the  settling 
basin  where  it  is  treated  with  solutions  of  lime  and  sulphate  of  iron, 
which  reacting  with  each  other  and  with  substances  in  solution  form  a 
precipitate  which  carries  down  the  matter  held  in  suspension.  The 
amount  used  varies  with  the  condition  of  the  water.  On  May  31, 
1906,  1,102  pounds  of  lime  and  334  pounds  of  sulphate  of  iron  were 
used  to  precipitate  the  suspended  matter  carried  in  2,500,000  gallons 
of  river  water.  The  lime  and  sulphate  of  iron  run  constantly  into 
the  settling  basin  through  iron  pipes  leading  off  from  separate  dis- 
solving vats  located  above,  and  at  the  east  end  of  the  basin. 

From  the  settling  basin  the  water  runs  over  into  the  filtering  room, 
where  six  of  the  New  York  gravity  type  of  filters  are.  These  filters 
are  each  15  feet  in  diameter,  8  feet  deep,  and  are  filled  with  sand  to  a 
depth  of  5  feet.  The  sand  is  taken  from  the  river,  but  is  cleaned  before 
being  put  to  use  in  the  filter.  When  the  water  has  percolated  through 
the  filters,  it  is  raised  240  feet  into  the  reservoir  situated  on  the  hill 
northwest  of  the  city.  The  plant  was  completed  nine  years  ago  at  a 
cost  of  $220,000. 

The  East  Alton  water  supply  is  obtained  from  private  wells  scat- 
tered over  the  village.     In  most  cases  these  are   driven  to  a  depth 


38  YEAR  BOOK  FOR  1907.  [Bull.  No.  8 

from  18  to  25  feet  through  the  sandy  loam  and  quicksand  which  have 
been  deposited  near  the  junction  of  the  east  and  west  works  of  Wood 
river.  Glen  Carbon  is  dependent  upon  shallow  wells  located  on  the 
hills  as  well  as  in  the  valley  of  Judy's  branch.  The  water  supply  of 
East  Carondelet  is  obtained  from  shallow  wells  driven  into  the  alluvial 
deposits  to  a  depth  of  from  25  to  30  feet.  The  water  supply  of  O'Fal- 
lon  is  obtained  from  shallow  wells  in  the  glacial  drift.  At  Mitchell 
the  wells  are  on  a  sand  ridge  which  runs  south  from  Wood  river  and 
east  along  the  north  side  of  Long  lake.  The  Nameoki  water  supply 
is  derived  from  wells  driven  into  the  flood-plain  deposits  to  a  depth 
of  from  25  to  60  feet.  The  water  is  not  of  the  best  quality.  Granite 
City,  East  St.  Louis,  Madison  and  Venice  are  supplied  by  the  City 
Water  Company  of  East  St.  Louis  and  Granite  City,  which  maintains 
two  pumping  stations,  one  at  East  St.  Louis  and  one  at  Granite  City. 

Analyses  and  Well  Sections,  by  Chester  A.  Reeds — Numerous  sani- 
tary and  mineral  analyses  of  the  waters  of  the  district  are  given.  The 
larger  portion  were  made  in  the  laboratory  of  the  State  Water  Survey, 
the  samples  being  in  part  collected  by  officers  of  the  Geological  Survey 
and  in  part  sent  in  by  private  citizens.  An  inspection  of  these  results 
show  that  wells  over  500  feet  deep  contain  an  amount  of  mineral 
matter  that  would  prohibit  their  use  for  boiler  and  manufacturing  pur- 
poses. One  exception  to  be  noted,  that  of  a  782-foot  drilled  well  at 
Edgemont,  which  contains  practically  no  incrustants,  and  while  con- 
taining a  considerable  quantity  of  salts  of  the  alkalies  could  be  used 
in  boilers.  Wells  from  300  to  500  feet  deep  contain  a  considerable 
residue  on  evaporation,  consisting  for  the  most  part  of  salts  of  the 
alkalies,  but  containing  also  considerable  quantities  of  calcium  and 
magnesium.  The  most  satisfactory  water  is  obtained  from  the  Mis- 
sissippi river.  The  water  obtained  from  many  of  the  driven  wells, 
especially  those  in  the  American  Bottoms  at  Poag,  is  of  good  quality. 

Of  the  51  waters  analyzed,  14  would  be  condemned  for  excessive 
residue ;  19  would  be  benefited  by  treatment  with  soda  ash  and  passing 
them  through  a  feed  water  heater,  or  by  treatment  with  soda  ash  and 
lime  and  allowing  the  sediment  to  settle  before  the  water  is  added  to 
the  boilers ;  15  would  be  benefited  by  treatment  with  lime  alone,  and  al- 
lowing the  sediment  to  settle;  and  three  are  sufficient  purity  to  give 
very  satisfactory  water  without  treatment. 

Summary  of  Conclusion,  by  Isaiah  Bowman — (1)  In  those  sections 
of  the  district  where  limestone  lies  above  the  surface  of  the  ground 
water  and  is  extensively  dissolved  out  by  percolating  waters,  the 
available  water  is  karst  water.  Its  recovery  is  much  more  difficult 
than  is  the  recovery  of  the  ground  water  below  it.  which  it  foods.  In 
this  district  underground  water  occurs  in  the  manner  in  which  ground 
water  is  popularly  but  erroneously  supposed  to  occur — that  is  to  say, 
in  definite  underground  channels.  By  reason  o\  the  quick  descent 
of  rain  water  to  these  underground  passages  karst  water  is  often  dan 
gerous  for  drinking  purposes,  and  the  population  is  driven  to  the  use 
of  rain  water  conserved  in  kitchens. 

(2)  The  supply  <>!"  water  from  streams  is  not  used  to  the  fullest 
extent    today    because   of   the    ease    with    which   ground    water   may    he 


Bowman  and  Reeds.]  ABSTRACTS    OF   REPORTS.  39 

obtained.  The  Mississippi  river  is  drawn  on  for  city  supply  in  East 
St.  Louis  and  a  few  adjacent  towns.  The  water  is  extremely  roily 
when  first  drawn,  but  by  the  process  of  filtering,  aerating,  sedimenta- 
tion, baffling  and  by  chemical  treatment,  it  is  made  clean  and  pure  and 
wholesome.  It  scales  boilers  to  some  extent,  but  not  so  much  as  the 
ground  water,  whose  use  is  supersedes.  Use  can  likewise  be  made  of 
tributaries  of  the  Mississippi. 

(3)  A  number  of  ox-bow  lakes  and  artificial  reservoirs  are  uti- 
lized, but  the  extent  to  which  this  is  done  is  and  always  will  be  quite 
limited.  The  lakes  are  roily  in  spite  of  some  degree  of  natural  sedi- 
mentation, and  the  rank  growth  of  vegetation  and  the  large  amount 
of  city  wastes  dumped  into  them  would  lead  to  deleterious  effects  were 
the  water  used  for  drinking  purposes.  The  reservoirs  are  favorable 
means  for  securing  a  public  supply,  except  to  the  extent  to  which  the 
watershed  is  contaminated  by  wastes.  The  growth  of  vegetation  on 
their  bottoms  and  shores  may  easily  be  prevented  by  deepening  and 
graveling  the  bottom  and  paving  the  sides. 

(4)  For  drinking  and  other  domestic  purposes  the  ground  water 
of  the  flood  plain  must  always  constitute  the  chief  source  of  supply  to 
the  flood  plain  population.  By  virtue  of  the  fact  that  fine  sands  over- 
lie the  coarser  sand  and  gravel  from  which  the  water  is  derived,  the 
purity  of  these  waters  under  ordinary  conditions,  must  always  be 
assured.  Not  that  the  fine  sands  prevent  the  downward  movement 
of  the  rain  water  into  the  gravels  and  coarse  sands,  but  that  they 
enforce  a  movement  sufficiently  slow  to  insure  pretty  thorough  filtra- 
tion. The  gravel  and  coarse  sand  are  not  more  thoroughly  saturated 
with  water  than  the  fine  sand  above  them,  but  their  water  is  more 
available  and  wells  are  not  regarded  as  successful  which  do  not  reach 
lenses  of  coarser  material.  For  boiler  purposes  the  flood  plain  water 
is  not  desirable  in  its  natural  state,  being  too  heavily  charged  with 
calcium  and  magnesium  carbonates.  The  use  of  purifying  compounds 
is  required  with  it.  Several  companies  are  considering  the  erection 
of  purifying  plants  which  will  enable  the  use  of  this  water,  but  at 
present  city  water  is  used  in  the  boilers. 

(5).  The  greater  part  of  the  upland  will  always  be  supplied  with 
water  from  shallow  wells  in  favorable  localities  in  the  loess  and  drift, 
the  bottom  of  the  well  lying  a  few  feet  below  the  level  of  the  water 
table.  No  special  features  of  water  quality  or  means  of  acquisition 
need  be  summarized  here  as  the  problem  is  wholly  one  of  the  simple 
dug  or  driven  well  of  the  ordinary  type. 

(6)  The  deeper  waters  are  all  highly  mineralized  and  occur  under 
much  greater  head  than  the  shallow  supplies.  They  are  not  valuable 
except  for  their  medicinal  properties,  either  real  or  supposed,  and  can 
never  enter  directly  into  the  problem  of  water  supply  in  a  serious  way 
except  by  possible  pollution  of  sweet  surface  waters.  Occurring  with 
such  a  great  head  and  with  strong  mineral  substances  in  solution,  they 
must  sooner  or  later,  with  the  decay  of  the  casings  enter  upper  hori- 
zons to  the  exclusion  of  desirable  waters.  These  upper  waters  are  even 
at  present  too  hard  for  boiler  use,  and  will  be  totally  unfit  for  such 
use   if   re-enforced   by   the   water   from   deep   sources.      It   would   be 


40  YEAR  BOOK  FOR  I907.  [Bull.  No.  8 

calamitous,  indeed,  should  such  a  displacement  ever  occur,  and  it  can 
not  be  too  strongly  urged  that  the  State  adopt  measures  which  will 
give  the  upper  horizons  adequate  protection. 


The  Geological  Map  of  Illinois. 

(By  Stuart  Wellbk.) 


Introduction — The  position  of  the  natural  economic  products  which 
exist  within  the  crust  of  the  earth  in  any  region,  is  determined  either 
by  the  physical  conditions  present  at  the  time  of  formation  of  the 
rocks  in  which  they  are  contained,  or  by  reason  of  subsequent  dynamic 
changes.  It  is  the  task  of  the  geologist  to  investigate  the  ancient 
history  of  the  earth,  to  observe  the  peculiar  characters  of  the  rock 
strata,  and  to  determine,  if  possible,  the  conditions  under  which  they 
have  been  formed;  and  also  to  investigate  the  changes  through  which 
the  strata  have  passed  since  their  deposition.  All  these  observations 
are  recorded  graphically  upon  the  geological  maps  which  the  geologist 
constructs.  While  in  general  the  rocks  of  the  State  are  flat-lying  or 
have  imperceptible  dips,  they  are  not  absolutely  horizontal.  Taken 
as  a  whole  the  eastern  interior  coal  field,  which  occupies  most  of  the 
State,  is  a  great  shallow,  synclinal  basin  with  dips  towards  the  center 
from  all  sides.  These  dips  can  be  measured  only  in  feet  per  mile. 
They  are,  however,  a  few  lines  along  which  the  dips  are  reversed,  so 
that  there  are  certain  poorly  defined  anticlinal  areas.  These  have  not 
yet  been  carefully  worked  out,  though  the  more  important  ones  are 
noted. 

Geological  Formations — The  Potsdam  sandstone  is  nowhere  exposed 
at  the  surface  in  Illinois,  but  it  has  been  penetrated  in  several  deep 
wells  in  the  northern  portion  of  the  State,  the  greatest  thickness  ob- 
served in  his  manner  being  about  1,000  feet,  but  nowhere  has  the 
bottom  of  the  formation  been  reached.  This  sandstone  doubtless  con- 
tinues southward  underlying  the  entire  State  of  Illinois.  Because  of 
its  large  lateral  extent  and  its  porous  character,  it  constitutes  a  reser- 
voir from  which  an  abundant  supply  of  water  can  be  obtained. 

The  Lower  Magnesian  limestone  comprises  the  most  ancient  beds 
exposed  in  the  State.  The  largest  exposed  area  is  along  the  Illinois 
river  in  the  neighborhood  of  Utica,  in  LaSalle  county.  Other  small 
areas  are  known  along  the  Little  Vermilion  river  and  Tomahawk  creek 
north  of  LaSalle.  Outside  of  LaSalle  county  the  formation  is  known 
only  in  western  Ogle  county  where  it  outcrops  for  several  hundred 
yards  along  the  south  bank  of  Elk  Horn  creek,  and  in  Calhoun  county 
where  a  few  feet  are  exposed  at  low  water  beneath  the  St.  Peter  san- 
stone  at  Cap  au  Gres  bluff.  Like  the  subjacent  sandstone  it  doubtless 
underlies  the  entire  area  of  the  State. 


'Bulletin  6. 

41 


42  YEAR    BOOK    FOR    ICjO/.  [Bull.  No.  8 

Outcrops  of  the  St.  Peter  sandstone  are  confined  almost  entirely  to 
the  northern  portions  of  the  State,  where  it  is  usually  a  soft,  light 
colored,  friable  sandstone.  Two  principal  areas  are  recognized;  the 
first  along  the  Illinois  river  from  east  of  LaSalle  to  the  mouth  of  Fox 
river,  and  up  the  valley  of  that  stream  for  some  distance,  with  a  small 
detached  area  in  the  edge  of  Kendall  county,  the  valleys  of  the  Ver- 
milion and  the  Little  Vermilion  rivers  which  empty  into  the  Illinois 
at  LaSalle ;  the  second  area  lies  in  the  valley  of  the  Rock  river  from  a 
short  distance  above  Dixon  to  beyond  Oregon,  and  up  the  valleys  of  the 
chief  tributaries.  Besides  these  areas  this  formation  is  the  surface 
rock  in  a  small  area  in  the  western  part  of  Ogle  county.  There  is  only 
one  recognized  exposure  of  the  formation  in  southern  Illinois,  an#d  that 
a  small  one  in  Calhoun  county  on  the  bank  of  the  Mississippi  river 
where  this  formation  forms  the  southern  extremity  of  the  Cap  au 
Gres  bluff.  The  maximum  thickness  of  this  formation  in  the  State, 
as  shown  in  deep  well  records,  is  275  feet.  Like  the  two  preceding 
formations  the  St.  Peter  sandstone  has  a  much  greater  distribution 
than  is  indicated  by  its  limited  surface  exposures.  The  formation  is 
eminently  porous  and  is  freely  penetrated  by  the  underground  waters, 
and  is  of  great  economic  importance  as  a  reservoir  from  which  an 
abundance  of  water  may  be  secured  by  means  of  deep  wells. 

The  Trenton-Galena  formation  as  now  mapped  includes  all  the 
calcareous  dolomitic  beds  between  the  St.  Peter  sandstone  below  and 
the  usually  shaly  or  arenaceous  Cincinnati  beds  above.  In  the  northern 
portion  of  the  State  these  strata  have  a  thickness  of  from  300  to  400 
feet,  as  shown  in  deep  well  records  in  the  central  portion  of  the  State 
in  Calhoun  and  Jersey  counties,  about  250  feet  have  been  recognized ; 
in  southern  Illinois  the  entire  thickness  of  the  sediments  is  nowhere 
exposed,  less  than  100  feet  of  the  uppermost  beds  being  known.  In 
the  northwestern  portion  of  the  State  only  the  upper  or  Galena  dolo- 
mite member  is  well  exposed.  In  the  west  central  portion  of  the 
State,  three  formations  are  recognized.  These  are  the  Joachim  dolo- 
mite below,  followed  by  the  Plattin  limestone,  with  the  Kimmswick 
limestone  at  the  summit.  In  the  southern  portion  of  the  State 
a  small  exposure  of  Kimmswick  limestone  underlain  by  the  Plattin 
occurs  in  the  Mississippi  river  bluffs  at  Valmeyer,  Monroe  county. 
and  a  somewhat  larger  area  extends  north  and  south  of  Thebes  in 
Alexander  county. 

The  beds  of  Cincinnati'  age  vary  greatly  in  lithologic  character  in 
the  different  parts  of  the  State  and  seem  to  be  limited  to  the  Upper- 
most or  Richmond  division  of  the  formation  as  it  is  more  completely 
developed  in  the  region  of  the  formation  lying  east  of  the  Cincinnati 
arch.  In  tlie  northwestern  part  of  the  State  the  formation  is  rep- 
resented by  the  Maquoketa  formation  which  is,  in  the  main,  a  bed 
of  blue  or  green  clay  shale  with  occasional  bands  ^\  dolomite  and 
limestone.  In  this  region  it  attains  a  thickness  of  from  [40  to  [75 
Feet.  In  Calhoun  count}  the  formation  is  a  green  shale  which  he 
comes  somewhal  dolomitic  towards  the  base,  but  is  reduced  in  thic 
to  about  75  feet.  In  Monroe  county  the  formation  is  similar 
in  character  and  in  thickness  to  that  in  Calhoun  county,  but  is  under- 


Welleb.]  ABSTRACTS    OF    REPORTS.  43 

lain  by  a  limestone  bed  one  or  two  feet  in  thickness  which  bears  a 
typical  Richmond  fauna.  In  the  northeastern  portion  of  the  State  the 
Cincinnati  beds  are  well  shown  in  the  banks  of  the  Kankakee  river 
above  Wilmington,  where  they  are  more  calcareous  than  along  the 
Mississippi,  and  contain  an  abundant  fauna  of  the  Richmond  type. 
In  the  southern  part  of  the  State,  at  Thebes,  in  Alexander  county, 
the  Cincinnatian  is  represented  by  two  divisions,  a  lower  sandstone 
member,  the  Thebes  sandstone,  about  75  feet  in  thickness,  and  an 
upper  member,  the  Cape  Girardeau  limestone,  about  40  feet  in  thick- 
ness. 

The  rocks  of  Silurian  age  in  Illinois  have  always  been  referred  to  in 
the  literature  of  the  State  as  the  "Niagara  limestone."  This  formation, 
however,  probably  represents  a  much  longer  time  interval.  In  north- 
eastern Illinois  the  Niagaran  limestone  occupies  a  great  area  extend- 
ing from  central  Iroquois  county  to  the  Wisconsin  state  line;  in  this 
region  the  beds  attain  a  thickness  of  from  300  to  388  feet,  and  consist, 
for  the  most  part,  of  more  or  less  massive  dolomites  of  a  bluish  or  buff 
color,  such  as  are  exhibited  along  the  Chicago  drainage  canal  and  along 
the  Desplaines  river  valley  to  Joliet  and  beyond.  In  the  northwestern 
part  of  the  State  the  Silurian  occupies  considerable  areas  in  the  valley 
of  the  Mississippi  river  and  its  tributaries,  where  the  beds  are  similar 
to  those  further  east  in  their  dolomitic  character,  and  are  usually  of 
a  buff  color.  In  Jersey  and  Calhoun  counties  these  rocks  again  come 
to  the  surface  in  the  valleys  of  the  Mississippi  and  Illinois  rivers, 
north  of  the  Cap  au  Gres  fault,  with  a  thickness  of  from  50  to  120 
feet;  here  again  the  beds  are  dolomitic,  usually  massive  and  of  a  buff 
color,  and  are  especially  well  exposed  at  and  near  Grafton.  In  the 
southern  portion  of  the  State,  in  Jackson,  Union  and  Alexander 
counties,  there  is  a  considerable  area  indicated  as  Silurian  on  the  map 
which  needs  further  careful  investigation. 

Strata  of  Devonian  age  form  the  surface  rock  at  three  widely  sep- 
arated regions  in  the  State.  The  first  of  these  is  in  Rock  Island  county, 
where  the  rocks  have  a  maximum  thickness  of  about  150  feet,  although 
only  about  75  feet  are  exposed,  the  total  depth  of  the  formation  being 
known  from  deep  well  records.  These  strata  are  of  middle  and  upper 
Devonian  age,  are  mostly  limestones.  The  second  Devonian  area  is 
in  Calhoun  and  Jersey  counties,  where  scarcely  more  than  ten  feet 
of  limestone  of  this  age  are  present.  The  third  area  is  in  the  southern 
portion  of  the  State,  in  Jackson,  Union  and  Alexander  counties ;  the 
beds  are  chiefly  limestones  and  sandstones,  and  they  contain  fossil 
faunas  of  middle  Devonian  age.  In  the  southeastern  portion  of  the 
State,  in  Hardin  county,  a  small  area  of  Devonian  black  shale  is  known, 
which  has  been  recently  mapped  in  connection  with  the  work  of  the 
United  States  Geological  Survey  in  that  portion  of  the  State.  Unlike 
the  preceding  formations,  the  Devonian  rocks  do  not  extend  continu- 
ously throughout  the  State  beneath  the  younger  formations. 

The  area  colored  as  Mississipian  on  the  accompanying  map,  extends 
nearly  the  entire  distance  from  Mercer  to  Jackson  counties  along  the 
Mississippi  river,  and  across  the  southern  portion  of  the  State  from 
Union  to  Hardin  counties.    This  unit  is  a  very  complex  one,  and  in  any 


44  YEAR  BOOK  FOR  I907.  [Bull.  No.  8 

future  mapping  five  or  more  distinct  divisions  must  necessarily  be 
recognized  and  mapped.  The  Kinderhook  beds  comprise  various  more 
or  less  local  formations,  which  may  be  either  limestones,  sandstones 
or  shales.  The  Kinderhook  as  a  group  may  be  recognized  from  as  far 
north  as  Burlington,  Iowa,  to  Union  county  at  the  south,  but  none 
of  the  component,  local  formations  have  any  such  wide  distribution. 
The  formation  as  a  whole  varies  in  thickness  from  25  feet  to  200  feet. 

The  Burlington  limestone  is  clearly  differentiated  as  far  south  as 
Union  county,  although  it  is  not  continuously  exposed  through  that 
entire  distance.  It  is  usually  a  highly  crystalline,  nearly  white,  crin- 
oidal  limestone,  with  a  maximum  thickness  of  about  200  feet,  but 
often  contains  a  considerable  amout  of  chert. 

The  Keokuk-Warsaw  limestone  and  shale  in  its  typical  expression 
differs  from  the  subjacent  Burlington  limestone,  in  its  usually  darker 
color,  often  having  a  bluish  or  grayish  color,  and  in  the  shaly  partings 
which  frequently  separate  the  thicker  ledges  of  limestone,  sometimes 
developing  into  shale  beds  several  feet  in  thickness.  In  the  Keokuk 
proper  at  Warsaw,  there  is  a  conspicuous  geode  bed  which  may  be 
recognized  as  far  south  as  Jersey  county.  The  total  thickness  of  the 
Keokuk  proper  is  about  125  feet.  The  typical  Warsaw  beds,  about  40 
feet  in  thickness,  lie  above  the  geode  horizon.  The  strata  are  variable 
in  character  and  comprise  beds  of  dolomite,  limestone  and  shale,  but 
the  sedimentation  from  the  Keokuk  to  the  Warsaw  is  apparently  con- 
tinuous. 

The  Salem  limestone  is  one  of  the  best  defined  in  the  whole  Missis- 
sippian  series  in  Illinois.  It  is  discussed  in  detail  elsewhere  in  this 
volume. 

The  St.  Louis  limestone  is  characterized  by  the  exceedingly  variable 
character  of  its  beds.  It  is  for  the  most  part  a  limestone  of  a  blue  or 
gray  color,  being  distinctly  darker,  as  a  usual  thing,  than  the  subjacent 
Salem  limestone.  The  strata  are  thick  or  thin  beded,  they  may  be  hard, 
dense  and  fine  grained  limestone,  or  they  may  be  more  or  less  crystal- 
line; shaly  limestone  and  even  beds  of  shale  are  sometimes  present, 
and  some  beds  in  some  portions  of  the  State,  are  more  or  less  brecciated 
or  conglomeratic.  A  notable  characteristic  of  the  formation  is  the 
presence  of  fine  grained,  dense,  limestone  beds  having  a  conchoidal 
fracture  and  almost  the  texture  of  lithographic  stone.  Occasionally 
beds  of  arenaceous  limestone  are  met  with.  The  amount  of  chert  con- 
tained in  the  formation  is  exceedingly  variable.  The  thickness  of 
the  formation  is  greatest  to  the  south  where  it  reaches  250  feet  or  more. 
It  thins  to  the  north  and  is  only  about  10  feet  thick  at  Warsaw,  in  1  lan- 
cock  county.  The  Ste.  Genevieve  limestone  closely  resembles  the  St. 
Louis.  In  it,  however,  oolitic  beds  which  are  absent  in  the  St.  Louil 
appear,  and  it  is,  perhaps,  less  cherty  than  the  St.  Louis.  The  main 
distinction  is  a  faunal  one,  there  being  a  recurrence,  of  the  types  01 
life  which  were  abundanl  in  the  Salem,  bul  absent  from  the  St.  Louisi 

The  line  dividing  the  Cypress  from  the  subjacent  beds  separata 
the  lower  Mississippian  limestone  with  a  total  thickness  of  [.000  feel 

or    more,    from    the    upper    Mississippian    beds    which    are    iloiuinantlv 

sandstones.  This  upper  arenaceous  series  constitutes  the  "Chester 
Group"  of  the  literature,  the  Cypress  sandstone  being  the  so-calleq 


Wbller.]  ABSTRACTS   OF   REPORTS.  45 

"Lower  member  of  the  Chester."  The  formation  is  quite  uniform  in 
character,  a  moderately  fine  grained,  yellowish-brown  sandstone,  rather 
heavy  bedded  in  its  lower  portion,  becoming  more  thinly  bedded  above. 
Its  thickness  varies  from  80  feet  or  less  to  150  feet  or  more.  The 
lowest  member  of  the  Chester  group  above  the  Cypress  sandstone,  is 
a  limestone  and  shale  formation  attaining  a  maximum  thickness  of 
approximately  250  feet  at  and  above  Chester.  In  its  lower  portion  it 
includes  considerable  beds  of  calcareous  and  clay  shales,  a  bed  of  varie- 
gated red  and  blue  shale  being  commonly  present  near  the  base.  In 
the  upper  part  of  this  member  is  a  great  limestone  ledge  about  100 
feet  in  thickness,  with  occasional  thin  shaly  partings,  which  furnishes 
the  quarry  rock  at  the  Southern  Illinois  penitentiary,  at  Menard. 
The  second  member  of  the  group  is  a  sandstone  or  shale,  the  shale 
being  most  conspicuous  in  the  more  northern  part  of  the  area,  while 
to  the  south  it  is  almost  wholly  a  sandstone  similar  to  the  Cypress  in 
character,  but  usually  thinner  bedded  and  not  infrequently  more  or 
less  of  an  arenaceous  shale.  This  division  attains  a  thickness  of  about 
80  feet.  The  third  member  is  again  a  limestone  which  is  apparently 
more  impure  than  most  of  the  beds  of  the  lower  division.  It  is  much 
less  fossiliferous  than  the  lower  division  and  the  fossils  are  such  as  to 
give  it  definite  faunal  characters  which  can  be  recognized  over  wide 
areas.  Its  thickness  near  Chester  is  about  60  feet.  The  fourth  mem- 
ber is  again  a  sandstone  similar  to  the  earlier  sandstone  beds,  and  at- 
i  tains  a  thickness  of  65  feet.  The  fifth  member  is  a  limestone  similar  to 
!  limestone  No.  2,  in  lithologic  characters,  and  is  usually  almost  or 
quite  unfossiliferous.  Its  thickness  is  about  35  feet.  Following  the 
third  limestone  is  another  great  sandstone  member  100  feet  or  more 
in  thickness,  which  is  finely  exposed  back  of  the  village  of  Rockwood 
in  Randolph  county. 

No  geologic  formation  in  Illinois  contains  greater  economic  re- 
sources than  the  Pennslyvanian  or  coal  measures.  Here  are  to  be 
found  the  enormous  coal  resources  which  exceed  all  other  mineral 
products  of  the  State  combined,  besides  great  deposits  of  clay,  usually 
in  the  form  of  shales,  and  less  important  beds  of  limestone  and  sand- 
stone. The  observations  already  made  by  the  members  of  the  survey 
upon  the  Pennslyvanian  strata,  seem  to  indicate  that  the  formation 
of  coal  began  first  in  the  southern  portion  of  the  State,  so  that  the  so-, 
called  oldest  or  No.  1  coal  in  that  section  is  older,  perhaps  very  much 
older  than  the  so-called  No.  1  coal  in  the  northern  part  of  the  area. 
Some  of  the  higher  beds,  however,  seem  to  be  more  widespread  in 
their  distribution,  and  may  perhaps  extend  over  a  large  portion  of  the 
coal  fields  within  the  State.  In  the  southern  part  of  the  State  the 
basal  formation  of  the  Pennsylvania  is  a  sandstone  which  sometimes 
resembles  the  subjacent  upper  sandstone  member  of  the  Chester 
group,  but  it  is  usually  a  more  heavily  bedded  formation,  and  is  more 
or  less  conglomeratic,  the  included  pebbles  being  of  rather  small  size 
and  of  a  white  quartz  material.  This  formation  is  the  "Mill-Stone 
Grit"  of  the  older  reports,  and  includes  the  Mansfield  sandstone  of 
the  Indiana  geologists.  Its  thickness  is  100  to  500  feet.  In  the 
central   and   northern   portion   of   the    State   the   basal   sandstone   of 


46  YEAR  BOOK  FOR  I907.  [Bull.  No.  8 

the  Pennsylvania  is  not  conglomeratic,  and  is  probably  much  younger 
than  the  Mansfield  sandstone  of  the  south.  The  Pennsylvania  beds 
everywhere  rest  unconformably  upon  the  subjacent  formations.  One 
of  the  important  horizons  to  be  studied  and  accurately  mapped  in  con- 
nection with  the  investigations  of  the  Pennslyvanian  by  the  survey,  is 
a  limestone  known  locally  as  the  "Carlinville"  or  "Shoal  Creek,"  dis- 
cussed elsewhere  in  this  volume. 

No  Permian  rocks  have  been  indicated  upon  the  accompanying  map, 
although  undoubted  vertebrate  fossils  of  Permian  age  have  been  known 
from  Vermilion  county  for  many  years.  Recent  investigation  of  the 
locality  has  shown  that  the  "bone  bed"  so  far  as  it  is  known,  occurs 
only  in  strata  which  have  been  extensively  displaced  by  land  slides. 

A  map  covering  the  extreme  southern  portion  of  the  State  has  been 
published  by  Glenn,*  in  which  considerable  areas  in  Pulaski  and 
Massac  counties,  and  a  small  strip  in  Pope  county,  are  colored  as 
Cretaceous,  and  the  beds  indicated  are  correlated  with  the  Ripley  for- 
mation of  Mississippi.  Heretofore  all  these  beds  so  indicated  within 
the  State  of  Illinois,  have  been  considered  as  Tertiary.  The  beds  are 
all  more  or  less  unconsolidated  sands  and  clays  of  non-marine  origin, 
and  according  to  Glenn  they  may  be  traced  continuously  from  southern 
Illinois  across  Kentucky  and  Tennessee  into  the  typical  marine  Ripley 
beds  of  northern  Mississippi.  Near  Caledonia  landing  and  extending 
some  distance  north  toward  Grand  Chain  are  certain  clays,  green  sands 
and  lignitic  material  believed  by  Glenn  to  represent  the  Porters  Creek 
or  Flatwoods  and  the  Lagrange  or  Lignitic  formations  of  the  south. 
To  the  west  these  pass  quickly  under  the  alluvial  deposits  or  the 
pebbles,  and  unconsolidated  gravels  of  similar  age  which  have  been 
correlated  with  the  Lafayette ;  a  widespread  formation  of  Pliocene  age 
in  the  southern  states.  The  Lafayette  occurs  more  or  Jess  continu- 
ously over  the  embayment  area  in  Alexander,  Pulaski,  Massac  and 
Pope  counties,  occupying  the  higher  ground.  North  of  the  more  or 
less  continuous  area  of  this  formation,  there  is  present  upon  the  sum- 
mits of  some  of  the  highest  hills  in  Union  county,  and  eastward  in 
Gallatin  county,  a  capping  of  ferruginous  conglomerate  similar  to  that 
further  south,  which  marks  a  further  extension  of  the  same  formation! 
Still  further  north  in  southern  Calhoun  county  the  Lafayette  gravels 
occur  on  top  of  the  divide  between  the  Mississippi  and  Illinois  rivers. 
resting  unconformably  upon  the  Paleozoic  rocks,  and  buried  beneath 
the  loess. 

Throughout  the  greater  portion  of  the  State  the  surface  is  more 
or  less  deeply  covered  with  glacial  deposits  of  Pleistocene  age,  which 
add  greatly  to  the .  difficulty  of  interpreting  the  stratigraphy  of  the 
older  underlying  rocks.  In  the  northwest  portion  o\  the  State 
is  a  driftless  area  comprising  the  greater  portion  <^\  JoDaviess  county, 

with    portions    of    Stephenson    and    Carroll    counties.       Another    small 

driftless  area  occurs  in  southern  Calhoun  county,  and  in  southern 
Illinois  the  drift  does  no1  extend  south  oi  the  conspicuous  ridge 
which   crosses   the   State    from   near  Grand     Tower  to  a   point    north   ^\ 

1     B.Oeol.Sun  .  Water  Sup.  and  Irr.  Pap..  No.  i<'.4.  pi.  1. 


Iwellee.]  ABSTRACTS    OF   REPORTS.  47 

jElizabethtown.  These  Pleistocene  deposits  are  variable  in  their  litho- 
j  logic  characters,  consisting  of  unstratified  glacial  till,  stratified  sand 
and  gravel  deposits,  loess  and  alluvium. 

The  presence  of  igneous  rocks  in  Illinois  has  been'  recognized  only 
; recently,  and  so  far  as  known  they  do  not  occur  outside  of  the  south- 
eastern portion  of  the  State.  The  occurrence  of  these  rocks  is  in  the 
form  of  dikes  which  have  been  intruded  into  the  Mississipian  and 
Pennsylvanian  formations.  They  fall  into  two  groups,  mica-perido- 
jtites  and  lamprophyres.  DeWolf  has  observed,  in  connection  with 
;his  work  on  the  coals,  the  presence  of  similar  intrusives  at  one  or 
'two  points  in  Saline  county,  where  they  penetrate  the  Pennsylvanian 
formations. 


Physical  Geography  of  the  Evanston-Waukegan  Region.* 

(By  Wallace  W.  Atwood  and  James  W.  Goldthwait.) 


General  Geographic  Features,  by  W.  W.  Atwood — The  area  covered 
by  this  report  lies  north  of  Chicago  and  extends  to  the  Illinois-Wis- 
consin line.  Its  eastern  boundry  is  the  lake  shore  and  its  western 
the  Desplaines  river.  The  larger  part  of  the  area  consists  of  rolling 
uplands  more  than  sixty  feet  above  the  level  of  the  lake.  The  mod- 
ern lake  cliff  extends  from  the  southern  margin  of  Wisconsin  south- 
ward a  little  beyond  Evanston  and  varies  up  to  eighty  feet,  being  at 
places  almost  vertical.  At  its  base  is  a  modern  beach.  In  the  south- 
cast  and  northwest  corners  of  the  area  is  an  old  lake  plain  associated 
with  which  are  ancient  beaches.  The  drainage  of  the  western  portion 
of  the  area  joins  the  Desplains  river.  The  central  portion  is  drained 
by  the  north  branch  of  the  Chicago  river  while  the  eastern  border  is 
tributary  to  the  lake. 

The  Geological  Formations,  by  W.  W.  Atwood — All  of  the  rock 
material  within  the  Evanston-Waukegan  region  is  glacial  drift  com- 
posed of  clay,  sand,  gravel  and  boulders.  Portions  of  it  are  stratified 
and  may  be  referred  to  as  modified  drift.  Nowhere  does  the  bed  rock 
appear  at  the  surface.  The  great  bulk  of  the  material  is  unstratified 
and  is  known  as  "till."  The  clay  matrix  is  highly  calcareous  and  was 
derived  by  grinding  and  crushing  from  the  limestone  of  the  region. 
Of  the  stones  of  the  drift,  probably  ninety  per  cent  are  from  the  under- 
lying Niagara  limestone,  while  the  remaining  ten  per  cent  are  of 
sandstones,  shales  and  crystalline  rock  foreign  to  Illinois.  Some  of 
the  latter  must  have  been  transported  at  least  500  miles.  The  general 
formation  of  an  ice  sheet,  and  the  extent  and  character  of  the  North 
American  ice  sheet,  together  with  the  work  of  the  glacier  ice  in  erosion, 
and  in  deposition,  are  considered  in  detail,  as  well  as  the  effect  on  the 
topography  of  the  direction  of  movement  of  the  glaciers. 

Glacial  deposits  such  as  occur  in  this  region  are  especially  character- 
ized by  litholigical  and  physical  heterogeneity  and  by  certain  peculiar 
shapes  of  the  pebbles  and  markings  on  the  latter.  In  the  broadest 
sense  of  the  term,  all  deposits  made  by  glacial  ice  are  moraines.  Those 
made  beneath  the  ice  and  back  from  its  edge,  constitute  the  ground 
moraine  and  are  distinguished  from  the  marginal  accumulations,  which 
are  known  as  terminal  moraines.     The  ground  moraine  underlies  the 


♦Mullet  in  7.  Submitted  In  L9W  pul  printed  and  distributed  in  1908 


Atwood  and  Goldthwait.]  ABSTRACTS   OF   REPORTS.  49 

mtire  upland  of  this  area.  It  consists  of  boulder  clay  composed  of 
nore  or  less  comminuted  materials  derived  from  the  land  across  which 
:he  ice  passed.  The  topography  of  the  drift  covered  region  is  marked 
)y  swells  and  depressions,  standing  in  no  orderly  relationship.  It  is 
veil  shown  just  west  of  the  Chicago  &  Northwestern  Railroad  be- 
:ween  Glencoe  and  Waukegan.  Certain  portions  of  the  drift  have  been 
vorked  over  and  redeposited  by  water,  forming  stratified  drift.  A 
section  of  this  material  may  be  seen  at  Winthrop  Harbor  along  the 
nain  North-South  road  covered  by  a  layer  of  bouder  clay  and  later 
>each  sands. 

The  Present  Shore  Line,  by  J.  W.  Goldthwait — The  lake  forms  pe- 
:uliar  short  lines,  depending  for  their  existence  upon  those  movements 
)f  the  waters  which  are  initiated  by  the  winds.  If  there  were  no  winds, 
uch  a  lake  as  Lake  Michigan  would  be  practically  without  currents 
,nd  waves,  and  its  shores  would  be  without  strength  and  character. 
)hore  forms  are  changing,  living  objects  in  so  far  as  solar  energy  is 
xpended  upon  them  through  waves  and  currents.  The  principal 
gencies  working  upon  the  shore  line  are  waves,  the  undertow,  and 
he  shore  current.  When  a  lake  is  first  formed  in  an  enclosed  basin, 
r  when  a  considerable  change  in  level  brings  a  lake  into  a  new  posi- 
ion  against  the  land,  waves  and  currents  find  a  coast  which  is  not 
djusted  to  their  erosive  and  constructive  activity.  Whatever  the 
[ature  of  the  ancient  shore  line,  changes  in  profile  and  to  a  greater 
!r  less  degree  in  horizontal  configuration  are  sure  to  be  wrought  out 
|y  the  waves.  These  operate  to  produce  gulfs,  beach  ridges,  and 
arious  forms  of  barriers.  The  spits,  bars,  and  hooks,  on  the  other 
and  are  closely  associated  in  genesis  with  the  "long-shore"  currents 
lough  they  cannot  be  separated  from  the  work  of  the  waves  and  un- 
ertow.  The  region  in  question  affords  many  interesting  examples 
I  the  development  of  these  land  forms.  Sand  dunes  also  occur  along 
le  beach  between  Waukegan  and  the  state  line  and  in  less  notable 
;)rms  at  other  points.  The  present  shore  line  of  this  region  may,  for 
bnvenience,  be  divided  into  three  parts :  First,  the  section  from  Reg- 
!*s  Park  to  Winnetka;  second,  that  from  Winnetka  to  Waukegan; 
lird,  that  from  Waukegan  to  the  state  line.  Along  the  second  or 
riddle  strip  of  the  coast  line  the  lake  has  cut  back  beyond  its  earlier 
iiores.  North  and  south  of  it  the  initial  beach  ridges  lie  inland  from 
jie  present  lake  and  are  steadily  being  encroached  on  and  destroyed 
y  the  waves.  Along  the  whole  coast,  except  possibly  for  a  few  miles 
prth  of  Waukegan,  the  present  shore  line  is  being  cut  back  and  in 
itost  cases  so  rapidly  as  to  call  for  vigorous  measures  for  protection 
f  property.  The  present  shore  line  is  one  of  long  sweeping  curves, 
fell  established  profile  of  equilibrium  and  landward  encroachment, 
iving  all  the  characteristics  of  maturity.  This  is  due,  not  simply  to 
jie  work  of  the  lake  at  its  present  level  but  in  large  measures  to  the 
nooth  floor  and  even  border  which  Lake  Michigan  inherited  from  its 
iice^tors. 

:  The  Record  of  Extinct  Lakes,  by  J.  IV.  Goldthwait — Lake  Michigan 
j  the  lineal  descendant  of  the  series  of  extinct  lakes  whose  history  is 

— 4  G  S 


50  YEAR  BOOK  FOR  I907.  [Bull.  No.  8 

recorded  in  raised  beaches  and  terraces,  abundant  shore  lines,  and  lake 
floor  deposits  higher  than  the  present  lake.  The  ancestral  lakes  owed 
their  high  level  to  the  great  ice  sheet  which  acted  as  a  dam  across  the 
northern  side  of  the  basins,  holding  the  water  up  to  the  level  of  the 
lowest  notch  in  the  enclosing  land  basins.  The  cutting  down  of  out- 
lets or  uncovering  of  new  outlets  at  lower  levels  as  the  ice  sheet  melted 
northward,  and  uplift  or  tilting  of  the  land,  conspired  to  complicate 
the  changes  in  level  and  outline  of  the  lake  during  its  early  history. 
The  Evanston-Waukegan  district  contains  stretches  of  the  abandoned 
lake  shores  in  which  one  may  read,  somewhat  imperfectly,  the  record 
of  successive  events  of  lake  history.  Various  stages  are  recognized, 
including  the  Glenwood,  the  Calumet  and  the  Tolston.  The  Tolston 
beaches  fall  pretty  definitely  into  two  divisions:  The  higher  group, 
from  20  to  25  feet  above  the  lake  and  the  lower  from  12  to  15  feet. 
Recent  studies  have  strengthened  the  belief  that  the  15  foot  member 
of  the  Tolston  group  of  beaches  does  not  mark  the  shore  of  a  local 
lake,  Chicago,  but  of  two  of  its  larger  successors,  Lake  Algonquin  and 
the  Nipissing  Great  Lakes.  Beaches  and  other  evidences  of  these 
various  stages  in  the  early  lake  history  are  excellently  displayed 
through  the  region,  and  are  discussed  in  detail. 

The  Development  of  Ravines,  by  W.  W.  Atwood — When  the  ice 
melted  the  upland  extended  further  to  the  east  and  presumably  de- 
scended gradually  to  the  level  of  the  lake.  As  the  rain  fell  on  this  new 
land,  a  part  of  the  water  sank  in,  a  part  was  evaporated,  and  some  col- 
lected in  hollows  or  undrained  depressions,  while  the  remainder  ran 
off  over  the  surface.  The  land  did  not  have  a  uniform  slope  to  the 
lake,  nor  was  the  material  perfectly  homogeous.  The  surface  water 
tended  to  gather  into  the  depressions.  Water  so  concentrated  is  in  ex- 
cess of  that  flowing  over  other  parts  of  the  surface,  and  therefore 
flows  faster.  Flowing  faster  it  erodes  the  surface  more  rapidly,  and 
as  a  result  the  initial  depressions  are  deepened  and  washes  or  gullies 
are  started.  Once  started,  each  gully  becomes  the  cause  of  its  own 
growth,  for  the  gully  developed  by  the  water  of  one  shower  determines 
greater  concentration  of  water  during  the  next.  Greater  concentration 
means  faster  flow ;  faster  flow  means  more  rapid  wear,  and  this  mean! 
corresponding  enlargement  of  the  depression.  Thus,  gullies  grow  to 
be  ravines  and  ravines  become  valleys.  The  first  valleys  started  oil 
a  land  surface  would  develop  tributaries.  These  would  widen  and 
deepen  and  lengthen,  cutting  bark  the  divides  and  eventually  reducing 
the  wlmlc  area  to  a  lower  plane.  \  series  of  rivers  operating  for  a| 
sufficiently  long  time  might  reduce  even  a  high  laud  mass  to  a  low 
level  scarcely  above  the  sea.  The  time  necessary  for  the  development 
for  such  a  surface  [S  known  as  a  cycle  of  erosion,  and  the  resulting 
Surface  is  a  base  level  plane.  The  streams  of  the  region  show  many 
excellent   illustrations  Of  the  various  Stages  Of  stream  development. 

Underground  IVctfer,  by  II  .  W,  Atwood  In  the  farming  districts 
within  the  Evanston  Waukegan  area,  ground  water  is  reached  in  com- 
mon wells  at  depths  varying  from  5  to  100  feet,  \t  some  places  it 
is  necea  ar)  to  drill  into  the  bed  rock  t"  secure  a  l;o<h1  water  supply. 
There  arc  two  horizons  Mom  ,\iueh  artesian  water  is  obtained.    One 


Atwood  and  Goldthwait.]  ABSTRACTS   OF   REPORTS.  5 1 

is  reached  at  about  800  feet  and  continues  downward  for  about  400 
feet.  The  other  is  reached  between  1300  and  1500  feet  and  continues 
several  hundred  'feet  in  depth.  The  first  is  the  St.  Peters  and  the  sec- 
ond the  Potsdam  sandstone.  The  water  in  these  is  derived  from 
central  and  southern  Wisconsin. 

Geographic  Conditions  and  Settlement,  by  W.  W.  Atwood — When 
settlers  came  to  northeastern  Illinois  in  the  early  part  of  the  last  cen- 
tury many  of  them  selected  the  north  shore  region  in  preference  to 
the  Chicago  district.  The  site  of  Waukegan  was  selected  for  a  city 
before  that  of  Chicago,  and  a  small  village  and  fort  were  established 
east  of  High  wood  when  Chicago  was  little  more  than  a  trading  post. 
The  region  continues  to  be  very  attractive  for  summer  homes,  and 
large  industrial  interests  have  been  established  at  Waukegan.  Before 
the  railroad  was  built  there  was  a  government  highway  from  Fort 
Dearborn  to  Green  Bay.  In  the  southern  portion  of  the  district  it 
was  located  on  Beach  Ridge.  This  old  shore  line  formed  an  even 
grade  where  the  land  was  drier  and  where  the  road  material  was  sand 
and  gravel.  Ridge  Road  in  Evanston  is  a  portion  of  this  old  road. 
Through  Wilmette  it  was  unfortunately  near  the  lake  cliff  and  the 
original  location  is  now  more  than  200  feet  east  of  the  present  shore 
line. 

The  margin  of  the  lake  flat  where  the  rolling  upland  begins  is  a 
j  favorite  site  for  villages.    In  the  Chicago  region,  Dyer,  Indiana,  Flos- 
moor,  Chicago  Heights,  Homewood,  Palos  Springs,  Palos  Park,  La- 
Grange,  Galewood,  and  Norwood  Park  are  at  this  margin.     In  the 
j  Evanston- Waukegan  region  there  are  not  many  such  sites,  but  Win- 
netka  has  such  a  location  on  the  south,  and  Waukegan  on  the  north. 
!  The  opportunity  for  a  harbor,  the  lake  flat  for  wharves  and  industrial 
'plants,  and  the  upland  for  the  home  district  were  important  factors 
'  that  influenced  the  selection  of  the  Waukegan  site.     In  the  southern 
portion  of  the  region  the  lowlands  between  the  ancient  beaches  are 
largely  used  as  truck  farms.    The  ravine  country  east  of  the  railroad 
between  Winnetka  and  North  Chicago  is  mainly  devoted  to  suburban 
and  summer  homes. 

Suggested  Field  Trips. 

For  the  Study  of  Ravines  and  Y alleys — 

1.  Dead  river  between.  Waukegan  and  Beach. 

2.  Little  Fork  river,  Waukegan. 

3.  Pettibone  creek,  North  Chicago. 

4.  Near  Glencoe. 

5.  Near   Ravinia. 

6.  Near  County  Line  station  on  the  Chicago  &  Milwaukee  Electric  Ry, 

7.  At  Beck's  crossing,  north  of  Glencoe. 

For  the  Study  of  Shore  Features — 

1.  Winnetka. 

2.  Ft.  Sheridan. 

3.  South  of  Pettibone  creek. 

For  the  Study  of  Old  Beaches — 

1.  From  Evanston  Lighthouse  west  on  Central  street. 

2.  At  Winnetka. 

3.  From  Waukegan  north  to  State  line. 


52 


YEAR   BOOK    FOR    I907. 


[Bull.  No.  8 


For  Study  of  Dunes— 

1.  Rogers  Park  near  Calvary  cemetery. 

2.  North  of  Waukegan  or  lowland. 

3.  On  beach  between  Lake  Bluff  and  North  Chicago. 


STREAM  IMPROVEMENT  AND  LAND  RECLAMA- 
TION PROBLEMS  IN  ILLINOIS. 

(By  H.  Fostee  Bain.) 


Contents. 

Page 

Introduction 54 

Problems  of  water  supply 55 

Problems  of  drainage ' 56 

Early  conditions  of  Illinois 56 

Forming  drainage  districts ' 56. 

Ruining  the  rivers 57 

Illinois    bottom    lands 58 

Some   examples   of   reclamation 58 

Area  of  land  to  be  reclaimed. 59 

The  State's  interest  in  reclamation  work 60 

Problems  of  power  development  and  of  navigation 61 

Possible  power  development 61 

Improvement  of  streams  for  navigation 61 

Freight    traffic    available 62 

Work  of  the   State   Committee  on  Waterways   Reclamation 63 


53 


54  YEAR  BOOK  FOR  I907.  [Bulb.  No.  8 


Introduction. 

The  recent  increase  in  public  interest  in  the  various  problems  cen- 
tering in  our  inland  streams  has  nowhere  been  greater  than  in  Illinois. 
Because  of  its  geographic  situation  this  State  must  always  be  largely 
concerned  in  any  projects  for  the  improvement  of  the  internal  water- 
ways. The  great  lakes,  the  Mississippi  and  the  Ohio  all  afford  outlet 
for  our  commerce  and  the  projected  great  lakes  to  the  gulf  deep  water- 
way goes  through  the  heart  of  our  State.  The  people  of  Illinois  have 
shown  a  lively  interest"  in  all  that  pertains  to  these  waters  and  in  the 
sanitary  canal  they  have  made  a  subsantial  contribution  to  a  great 
national  system  of  public  works. 

That  the  problem  is  truly  a  national  one  is  well  understood.  Taking 
up  but  one  phase  of  it,  swamp  reclamation,  it  has  been  estimated  that 
the  swamp  lands  of  the  United  States  include  78,430,000  acres,  nearly 
all  of  which  probably  may  be  reclaimed  for  agricultural  use.  Much 
of  this  land  lies  along  the  sea  coast  but  a  surprising  amount  is  dis- 
tributed over  the  upland  and  along  the  valleys  of  the  interior.  These 
lands  form  one  of  the  most  valuable  of  our  unused  resources.  The 
fertility  of  morasses  and  of  lands  subject  to  overflow  is  well  known 
and  the  monetary  value  and  productive  capacity  of  the  submerged 
lands  can  hardly  be  over-estimated.  These  lands  will  be  needed  to 
sustain  a  great  population,  to  maintain  the  steady  increase  in  agricul- 
tural production  that  is  necessary  to  continue  prosperity,  and  to  pro- 
mote the  best  in  American  life  and  citizenship.  The  problems  of  their 
reclamation  must  be  solved  in  the  not  distant  future,  and  it  is  gratify- 
ing to  note  the  new  national  policy  of  conservation  and  development  of 
national  resources.  The  passage  of  the  national  Reclamation  Act  of 
1902  marked  the  beginning  of  improvement  of  the  lands  of  the  nation 
by  national  expenditure.  It  provided  for  the  reclamation  of  arid  lands 
in  the  western  states.  It  now  seems  likely  that  in  the  near  future  the 
Government  will  take  up  on  somewhat  similar  terms  the  correspond- 
ing work  of  the  reclamation  of  swamp  lands  in  the  middle  and  eastern 
States.  "The  swamp  lands  of  this  country  have  occupied  an  important 
plaee  in  the  public  mind  for  more  than  half  a  century.  Tn  the  begin- 
ning men  BOUghl  lands  that  could  be  more  readily  converted  to  agricul- 
tural  USe,   hut    as   tin     value  of   the   swamp  and   overllowed   lauds   came 

to  he  recognized  and  opportunities  of  wealth  which  they  offered  were 
appreciated,  they  were  sought  and  their  reclamation  begun.  Congress 
encouraged  their  drainage  by  grants  t<>  the  States.  The  fust  \ct  of 
this  character  was  passed  in  [849,  and  granted  to  Louisiana.    rTo  aid 

in  constructing  the  necessary   levees  and   drains,'  all   the  swamp  lands 


Bain.]  LAND   RECLAMATION    PROBLEMS.  55 

within  the  State.  Subsequent  acts  extended  this  grant  to  other  states 
having  swamp  lands  within  their  borders.  In  all  there  were  granted 
to  the  states  up  to  June  30,  1906,  an  aggregate  of  63,324,318  acres  of 
land  classed  as  swamp.  Under  the  provision  of  these  laws,  which  are 
still  in  force,  the  states  may  demand  that  remaining  swamp  lands  be 
patented  to  them  as  their  character  is  determined.  The  United  States 
Department  of  Agriculture  in  a  recent  report  on  swamp  and  overflowed 
lands  estimates  that  ninety-five  per  cent  of  the  swamp  lands  are  in 
private  ownership.  The  remainder  is  owned  by  the  states  or  held  in 
trust  and  subject  to  call  by  the  states.  The  national  government 
owns  practically  no  swamp  lands,  but  comprehensive  efforts  to  reclaim 
these  vast  areas  is  rapidly  becoming  a  national  need,  and  the  movement 
toward  this  end  is  one  of  the  most  important  now  engaging  the  at- 
tention of  the  American  people.  Reclamation  involves  cooperation. 
This  has  been  secured  through  State  laws  providing  for  the  formation 
of  cooperative  associations  and  districts  and  conveying  the  right  of 
eminent  domain.  The  rule  has  been  to  place  the  burden  of  the  cost 
upon  the  land.  The  inability  of  the  holders  to  meet  the  cost,  together 
with  unwise  and  lax  laws,  have  operated  to  retard  reclamation  in  most 
states  where  these  lands  lie.  It  is  now  proposed  that  the  national  gov- 
ernment undertake  the  work  of  reclamation,  providing  the  money  and 
requiring  its  repayment  in  installments  after  the  land  has  been  ren- 
dered productive.  The  adoption  of  this  plan  will  mean  early  com- 
mencement and  rapid  progress.  It  will  mean  the  construction  of 
flood  control  and  drainage  system  that  will  be  both  adequate  and  com- 
plete and  economical  as  to  construction.  It  will  mean  the  actual  set- 
tlement of  the  lands  reclaimed  by  men  who  will  be  actual  settlers  and 
home  builders."* 

Similarly  the  problem  of  stream  navigation,  of  sanitation,  of  city 
and  industrial  water  supply,  of  power  development,  indeed,  all  stream 
problems,  have  their  national  aspect.  They  are  at  the  same  time,  how- 
ever, State  problems.  Leaving  for  the  present  the  discussion  of  the 
problems  of  the  interstate  streams  along  our  borders  and  of  the  Illinois 
river,  which  is  so  intimately  connected  with  any  system  of  internal 
waterways,  it  may  not  be  unprofitable  to  consider  briefly  some  of  the 
problems  of  the  less  well  known  intra-state  streams.  This  involves 
consideration  of  the  problems  of  (1)  water  supply  for  towns,  villages 
and  industries,  (2)  drainage,  (3)  navigation  and  power  development. 


Problems  of  Water  Supply. 

It  is  the  especial  province  of  the  State  Water  Survey  and  of  the 
State  Board  of  Health  to  consider  problems  of  this  class;  a  work 
which  they  are  vigorously  carrying  on.  The  Geological  Survey  is  only 
concerned  with  certain  phases  of  these  problems,  relating  especially  to 
chemical  denudation,  and  is  cooperating  with  the  organizations  named 
in  studies  of  the  mineral  content  of  the  water  of  our  various  streams. 


♦The  Great  West,  Sacramento,  California.   Feb.  22,  1908. 


56  YEAR   BOOK    FOR    1907.  [BuLii.  No.  8 

Problems  of  Drainage. 

Early  Condition  of  Illinois — If  one  examine  the  accounts  of  the  early- 
exploration  of  Illinois  he  will  be  constantly  impressed  with  the  large 
amount  of  swamp  land  traversed.  The  impression  gained  in  reading 
of  the  winter  journey  of  Colonel  Clarke,  from  the  Mississippi  to  the 
Wabash,  at  the  time  he  surprised  and  captured  Vincennes,  is  that  the 
soldiers  waded  in  swamps  from  one  river  to  the  other.  Yet,  if  one 
traverse  the  same  route  now,  he  will  find,  in  the  main,  a  slightly  rolling 
upland  well  drained  and  cultivated,  with  so  little  water  present  that 
ponds  must  be  made  to  furnish  the  boilers  of  the  mills  and  factories 
scattered  through  our  areas  of  cheap  coal. 

If  again  one  examine  the  maps  of  the  early  land  surveys,  he  sees 
acres  and  square  miles  of  our  central  Illinoian  corn  belt  set  aside  as 
swamp  lands.  The  contrast  between  the  territory  as  it  now  is,  is  so 
great  as  to  have  created  the  suspicion  of  fraud  in  the  early  surveys. 
Indeed,  a  few  years  since  the  United  States  land  office  sent  special 
agents  into  the  State  to  investigate  matters  and  set  at  rest,  if  possible, 
these  suspicions.  These  agents  drove  over  miles  of  territory,  the  orig- 
inal maps  in  hand,  and  where  swamps  were  marked  by  the  surveyors, 
found  only  well  drained,  highly  productive  fields,  beautiful  groves, 
substantial  barns  and  handsome  houses.  They  were  puzzled  and  sus- 
picious but,  in  the  end,  after  thorough  investigation,  reported  no  fraud. 
The  explanation  after  all  is  simple. 

Many  years  ago,  some  thousands  in  fact,  the  great  glaciers  came 
oown  from  the  north  and  spread  over  nearly  all  of  what  is  now 
Illinois.  In  their  coming  they  scraped  and  shoved  along  the  rocks 
and  soils  of  the  territory  invaded,  and,  when  the  warm  sun  melted  the 
ice  away,  dumped  their  load  in  a  vast  irregular  mantle  over  our  older 
landscape.  Our  old  Illinois  is,  therefore,  buried  20  to  200  feet  deep 
beneath  a  mass  of  rocks,  bowlder  clay,  silt,  and  soil  brought  down  from 
the  north.  The  heritage  of  Canada,  the  soil  patiently  prepared  by 
wind,  water  and  sun  acting  through  years  on  the  rough  rocks,  has 
been  spread  out  here  with  lavish  generosity  and  now  forms  our  great 
fertile  prairies.  The  glacier,  however,  worked  irregularly  and,  in 
dnmping  its  Load,  paid  little  attention  to  existing  stream  ways.  It 
filled  up  some,  diverted  others  and  created  shallow  ponds  and  deep 
"kettle  holes"  over  the  whole  of  a  formerly  well  drained  territory. 
Long  as  has  been  the  period  since  the  ice  melted,  it  has  not  been  long 
enough  for  the  slow-eroding  rivers  to  eat  their  way  backward  and 
to  drain  all  these  ponds  and  tlat  uplands.    Only  the  early  stages  of 

river  work  have  been  accomplished.  They  have  ent  their  dcc\>  nar- 
row gorges,  canyon-like  in  places,  but  have  not  developed  the  tribu- 
tarie 

Forming  Drainage  District  Such  a  landscape  affords  the  maximum 
Favorable  conditions  for  artificial  drainage,  and  the  people  of  Illinois 
were  quick  to  see  and  to  seize  their  opportunity.    By  the  enactment  of 

and   far  seeing  laWS,  laws  which  have  been  a  model  to  many  other 

state  .  and  which  maj  well  serve  as  a  model  to  more  \et.  it  was  mad< 
po  sible  for  the  people  <>i  individual  areas,  large  or  small,  to  organize 
drainage  districts  and  to  tax  themselves  for  the  reclamation  ^\  their 


Bain.]  LAND   RECLAMATION    PROBLEMS.  57 

land.  In  a  way  the  great  Sanitary  District,  with  its  deep  waterway,  is 
only  a  large  drainage  tract  and  is  only  doing  what  many  a  modest  farm- 
ing community  in  many  parts  of  the  State  has  already  done. 

The  drainage  districts  are  permitted  to  organize,  cut  ditches,  dig 
canals,  build  levees  where  necessary,  and,  in  short,  to  aid  nature  in 
;  the  extension  of  her  streams,  so  as  to  carry  off  the  surplus  water  and 
convert  the  swamps  and  ponds  into  corn  fields  and  orchards.  Above 
the  open  ditches  the  farmers  bury  long  rows  of  tile,  made  at  some 
nearby  factory,  and  in  a  few  years  the  increased  yield  of  crops  pays 
off  the  bonds,  leaving  a  permanent  benefit  free  of  cost.  In  this  way 
has  been  accomplished  the  miracle  which  puzzled  the  land  inspectors, 
and  in  this  way  has  been  added  millions  of  dollars  to  the  permanent 
taxable  wealth  of  the  State. 

Ruining  the  Rivers — It  is  an  old  and  well  established  principle  that 
water,  usually  so  friendly  and  helpful,  is  none  the  less  a  natural  enemy, 
and  that  each  may  protect  himself  and  his  land  against  its  ravages  as 
he  will.  Each  land  owner  must  accept  and  care  for  the  water  falling 
on  his  land  or  coming  down  on  or  across  it  in  a  natural  stream  channel. 
He  may,  however,  in  turn,  send  it  on  to  his  neighbor  below  and  the 
neighbor  must  accept  the  consequences.  Through  all  these  years,  not 
far  now  from  a  half  century,  our  uplands  have  been  drained  by  the 
simple  process  of  hurrying  the  water  on  into  the  valleys.  While  there 
is  no  valid  evidence  that  more  rain  is  falling  now  than  in  earlier  days, 
this  hurrying  of  the  water  off  the  upland  and  into  the  valleys  has  pro- 
duced congestion  in  the  latter.  Where  once  were  clear  open  rivers 
with  steady  normal  flow,  suitable  for  navigation,  there  are  now  wind- 
ing, brush-choked  streams  with  abnormal  flood  and  low  water  stages — 
streams  that  are  useful  only  for  the  prompt  carrying  off  of  storm 
waters,  streams  which  only  accomplish  this  by  the  process  of  tempor- 
arily spreading  out  over  the  bottoms,  preventing  the  cultivation  of  the 
latter  and  leaving  behind  muddy  roads,  ruined  fields,  and  swamps 
the  natural  breeding  places  of  malaria-bearing  mosquitoes.  Such  bot- 
tom lands  are  not  only  nearly  useless,  but  are  positive  plague  strips, 
dangerous  to  the  health  and  comfort  of  the  country  at  large.  In  Wayne 
county  alone  82,000  acres  were  flooded  ten  times  in  1905,  and  eleven 
times  in  1906.  Over  much  of  the  bottom  land  of  the  State  crops  are 
lost  by  reason  of  floods  about  once  every  3^4  years. 

It  is  evident  that  under  such  conditions  the  communities  affected 
suffer  a  heavy  handicap.  Land  values  are  low,  returns  are  uncertain 
and  the  great  areas  of  standing  water  and  swamp  seriously  affect 
health  conditions.  Nor  can  it  be  affirmed  that  these  conditions  are 
very  rapidly  changing  for  the  better.  It  is  true  that  vast  areas  of 
Illinois  land  have  been  excellently  drained  and  rendered  thereby  highly 
productive.  Lands  in  central  Illinois  which  before  drainage  sold  for 
$20.00  to  $25.00  an  acre  are  now  selling  for  $100.00  to  $150.00  and  in 
special  cases  even  more.  In  general,  however,  this  is  upland  and 
while  it  does  not  surpass  the  lowlands  in  fertility  it  was  more  easily 
drained.     The  upland  has  been   reclaimed  by  the  simple  process  of 


58  YEAR  BOOK  FOR  I907.  [Buld.  No.  8 

dumping  the  excess  water  into  the  valleys.  The  result  has  been  a 
steady  increase  of  floods,  the  inundation  of  the  bottom  lands,  the  chok- 
ing of  the  stream  channels  and  the  gradual  production  of  belts  and 
strips  of  territory  throughout  the  State  which  instead  of  being,  as  by 
right,  centers  of  industry  and  progress,  are  unhealthy,  poverty-stricken 
and  unprogressive.  The  State  has  drained  its  upland  farms  but  at 
the  expense  of  the  valleys. 

Illinois  Bottom-Lands — Nearly  ten  per  cent  of  the  State  of  Illinois 
is  bottom-land  and  much  of  it  is  in  the  condition  described.  Some  of 
this  is  at  present  worthless  as  a  result  of  natural  conditions;  much  of 
it  is  worthless  as  a  result  of  the  drainage  and  improvement  of  the  sur- 
rounding upland.  However,  this  is  in  the  nature  of  things  and  a 
remedy  rather  than  a  grievance  must  be  sought. 

With  a  promptness  and  foresight  which  have  ever  characterized  our 
people,  attempts  are  already  being  made  to  correct  these  evils.  If 
there  is  at  any  time  or  place  too  much  water  for  the  river  to  carry, 
the  obvious  remedy  is  to  increase  the  carrying  capacity  of  the  stream. 
This  may  be  done  by  widening  it,  by  deepening  it,  by  clearing  the  chan- 
nel of  obstructions,  by  cutting  off  the  bends,  straightening  the  chan- 
nel and  even  in  places  by  diversion.  If  the  water  overflows  the  low 
land  the  natural  remedy  is  a  system  of  levees,  though  these,  by  con- 
fining the  water,  raise  its  floods  stage  and  further  complicate  the  situ- 
ation. 

All  of  these  means  have  been  and  are  being  tried  an  Illinois.  In 
Fayette  county  alone  a  quarter  of  a  million  dollars  has  been  expended 
along  the  Kaskaskia,  and  much  yet  remains  to  be  done.  In  many  other 
parts  of.  the  State  similar  work  is  being  carried  on. 

Some  Examples  of  Reclamation — Perhaps  the  largest  single  piece  of 
work,  as  well  as  one  of  the  most  interesting,  is  that  undertaken  by  the 
Green  River  Special  Drainage  District  of  Henry  and  Bureau  coun- 
ties. Here  the  tortuous  channel  of  Green  river  is  being  widened  and 
straightened  for  a  distance  of  40  miles  so  as  to  give  a  continuous  chan- 
nel of  90  to  120  feet  top  width,  60  to  80  feet  bottom  width,  and  10  to  20 
feet  deep — a  no  mean  waterway.  It  is  estimated  that  this  will  result' 
in  reclaiming  45,000  acres  at  a  total  cost  of  $600,000,  including  laterals, 
right-of-way  and  damages.  The  main  ditch  is  23  miles  long  and  the 
total  excavation  is  estimated  to  amount  to  4,000,000  cubic  yards. 

The  Salt  Creek  Special  Drainage  District  lies  in  Menard  and  Mason 
counties  and  is  working  to  straighten  a  stream  which  flows  into  the 
Sangamon  river.  Naturally  the  stream  meanders  through  23  or  24 
miles.  The  corrected  channel  will  be  II  miles  long  and  will  have  a 
top  width  of  60  feet,  bottom  width  of  40  feet,  and  depth  of  11  feet. 
The  estimated  cost  of  this  work  is  $79,000. 

\n  many  areas  it  is  ix>i  sufficient  to  merely  straighten  the  channel  of 
the  stream,  thereby  increasing  its  fall  per  mile  and  its  resultant  capa- 
city tO  handle  the  flood  waters,  but  levees  must  be  built  as  well  to  pro 
tect  the  land  from  overflow.    The  best  known  levee  district  prohabl 
is  the  Sn\   [sland  Levee  Drainage  District  organized  under  a  specia 
\<  t  in  [879,  the  forerunner  in  fad  <^  all  our  drainage  laws.    Alond 
the  [llinois  valle)  a  number  ^i  similar  districts  have  been  organized! 


i 


Baix.] 


LAND    RECLAMATION    PROBLEMS. 


59 


in  places  the  land  must  not  only  be  protected  from  the  river  but  also 
from  water  originating  back  of  the  levees  in  hillside  drainage.  This 
water  is  often  pumped  up  and  out  into  the  main  stream,  and  large 
pumping  plants  are  installed  and  maintained  for  this  purpose.  That 
of  the  Spring  Lake  District  cost  $30,000,  and  even  more  expensive 
ones  will  doubtless  be  built  in  time. 

Practically  all  the  ditches  are  now  dug  by  great  dredges*  which  are 
everywhere  eating  their  way  through  the  prairies  or  working  diligently 
along  the  streams.  These  are  of  varying  capacity  and  type  according 
to  the  nature  of  each  piece  of  work.  One  firm,  that  of  G.  A.  McWil- 
liams,  has  now  seven  such  dredges  at  work,  five  in  Bureau  and  Henry 
counties  and  two  in  LaSalle.  If  all  the  dredges  now  working  in  Illi- 
nois were  gathered  together  they  would  form  a  fleet  numerous  enough 
at  least  to  attack  the  digging  of  the  Panama  canal. 

Drainage  work  such  as  this  is  usually  financed  in  part  by  cash  tax 
levy  assessed  on  the  land  benefitted  and  in  part  by  bonds.  In  the  case 
of  the  Green  River  District  42  per  cent  of  the  cost  was  met  by  direct 
tax  and  the  remainder  by  bonds  which  sold  at  4%  per  cent.  In  other 
cases  5  per  cent  and  even  higher  rates  of  interest  have  been  paid. 
Everywhere,  however,  the  principle  is  maintained  that  by  spending 
money  on  improvements,  permanent  values  are  created  far  exceeding 
the  amounts  expended. 

Area  of  Land  to  be  Reclaimed — Large  as  are  some  of  these  pro- 
jets  they  are  small  in  comparison  with  the  amount  of  work  still  to  be 
done.  The  following  estimates  of  the  areas  of  bottom  land  along  a 
few  of  the  inland  rivers  of  the  State  made  for  the  State  Geological 
Survey  by  Mr.  W.  Carvel  Hall,  will  indicate  something  of  the  magni- 
tude of  the  problem. 

BOTTOM  LANDS  SUBJECT  TO  OVERFLOW  IN  ILLINOIS. 


River. 


Estimated 

Estimated 

area  of 

bottom  land. 

valley  length. 
Miles. 

Square  miles. 

65 

175 

85 

335 

20 

45 

40 

190 

17 

15 

25 

30 

50 

45 

65 

245 

22 

30 

25 

40 

7 

5 

80 

100 

15 

20 

285 

900 

80 

275 

60 

30 

30 

25 

45 

45 

Embarrass 

Little  Wabash 

North  Fork  Little  Wabash 

SkillettFork 

Olney  Fork 

Saline  River 

Big  Muddy 

Kaskaskia 

Silver  Slough. 

Shoal  Creek 

Crooked  Creek 

Sangamon 

Salt  Creek 

Desplaines 

Rock 

Spoon 

Mackinaw 

Pecatonica 


In  this  table  are  included  only  those  streams  which  were  unsurveyed. 
If  to  the  areas  estimated  are  added  the  bottom  lands  of  the  Illinois 
and  its  branches,  surveyed  by  the  U.   S.  Army  Engineers  in   1905* 


*House  of  Rep.,  Doc.  263,  59th  Congress,  first  session. 


60  YEAR  BOOK  FOR  I907.  [Bulu  No.  8 

and  the  Cache  river  bottoms  surveyed  by  a  State  commission  in  1904* 
the  totals  would  be  much  greater.  Preliminary  surveys  have  already  j 
shown  that  Mr.  Hall's  estimates  are  well  within  the  truth  since  on  >. 
the  Kaskaskia  alone  nearly  300  square  miles  of  bottom  land  are  now  ] 
known.  The  table  however,  will  serve  its  main  purpose  in  illustrat-  | 
ing  the  extent  and  something  of  the  distribution  of  the  bottom  lands  j 
of  these  streams. 

The  great  interstate  rivers  which  border  Illinois,  the  Mississippi, 
Ohio,  and  Wabash,  have  also  extensive  bottom  lands.  Mr.  Hall  esti- 
mates that  in  Illinois  their  areas  amount  respectively,  to  1205,  25  and 
270  square  miles. 

Probably  90  per  cent  of  the  bottom  lands  of  the  State  are  unpro-  | 
tected  or  inadequately  protected  against  floods  and  it  is  estimated  that  I 
if  they  could  all  be  brought  under  successful  cultivation  there  would  I 
be  added  to  the  farm  values  of  the  State  over  one  hundred  fifty  mil- 
lion  dollars.  There  would  be  additional  benefits  to  be  derived  from  I 
improved  health  conditions,  some  power  development  and  the  in- 
creased navigability  of  the  streams. 

The  State's  Interest  in  Reclamation — In  order  properly  and  eco-    1 
nomically  to  plan  works  which  shall  protect  and  drain  the  river  bottom  , 
it  is  necessary  to  take  into  account  the  river  as  a  whole.     Power  de- 
velopment must  not  be  allowed  to  interfere  with  navigation  and  one 
drainage  project  must  not  be  allowed  to  block  the  way  for  a  more 
comprehensive  one.    No  permanently  satisfactory  solution  of  the  prob-  :' 
lems  afforded  by  even  one  of  these  streams  is  likely  to  be  reached  | 
except  by  the  united  action  of  the  people  of  a  whole  valley.     Large 
districts  must  be  arranged  and  in  order  that  they  may  work  most  effi- 
ciently, it  will  probably  prove  necessary  for  the  State  to  assume  at 
least  supervisory  control  of  the  work.     The  State  is,  in  fact,  under 
certain  obligations  to  do  this.     The  lands,  originally  in  possession  of  | 
the  general  government,  were  given  to  the  State  upon  condition  that 
they  be  drained.    This  obligation  was  passed  on  to  the  counties,  drain- 
age laws  being  provided  to  permit  of  the  work  being  executed.     Since 
now   a   stage   in    the   work   has   been   reached   where   a   considerable 
change  in  method  is  necessary,  the  State  must  assume  its  share  of 
the  burden. 

A  beginning  has  been  made.  In  1903  the  General  Assembly  pro- 
vided for  a  special  survey  of  the  Cache  river  bottoms.  In  1905  the 
General  Assembly  passed  the  following  joint  resolution  looking  to 
the  improvement  particularly  of  certain  of  the  rivers  in  the  southern 
pari  of  the  State. 

Kaskaski\,    \\'\i!\sii     \m>    Sangamon    RXVBB    Imtuommini 

Win  1:1  as,  There  is  a  large  amount  of  overflowed  and  waste  land  in  its 
present  condition  along  <ix>  Kaskaskia,  Embarrass,  Little  Wabash  and 
Sangamon  rivers  and  their  tributaries  in  the  southern  part  of  the  Stat<  of 
niinoi:  wIihIi  by  combined  and  judicious  management  might  be  redeemed 
from  overflow  and  become  the  most  fertile  and  productive  part  of  tin-  State, 
;iiki  made  more  Banll an  ;  and, 

►Report  oi  Board  ol  l  laohe  River  Drainage  Oommlaiton  ol  111 ,  :«>  page*  Danville,  1905, 


Bain.]  LAND   RECLAMATION    PROBLEMS.  6 1 

Whereas,  The  citizens  along  these  several  streams  are  desirous  of  procur- 
ing such  legislation  as  will  enable  the  owners  of  the  lands  adjacent  to  these 
rivers  to  improve  the  same;  and, 

Whereas,  Unless  these  improvements  are  made  from  the  outlet  to  their 
heads  the  improvements  can  not  be  successfully  and  judiciously  made  any- 
where between  the  head  and  mouth  of  such  streams,  now,  therefore,  be  it 

Resolved,  by  the  Senate,  the  House  of  Representatives  concurring  herein, 
That  any  two  or  more  counties,  or  any  two  or  more  cities,  interested  in  the 
improvement  of  these  streams,  be  requested  to  organize  in  their  respective 
counties,  and  upon  these  respective  streams,  and  appoint  such  committees  as 
may  be  deemed  advisable  in  the  premises,  to  make  an  investigation  of  the 
situation  along  these  streams,  and  make  an  estimate  of  what  improvements 
could  be  judiciously  made,  and  where  required  to  be  made,  and  the  probable 
expense  of  making  the  same,  and  tabulate  their  respective  work  in  such 
particulars,  and  prepare  a  statement  to  be  submitted  to  the  next  General 
Assembly,  respecting  the  proposed  improvements,  and  what  legislation,  in 
their  judgment,  is  necessary  to  bring  about  the  desired  result;  that  such 
committee  be  authorized  to  make  these  respective  investigations  at  their 
own  expense  and  submit  the  same  to  the  next  Legislature  through  their 
respective  representatives  and  senators;   and  be  it  further 

Resolved,  That  the  General  Assembly,  recommend  that  the  respective 
boards  of  supervisors  of  the  several  counties  interested  in  this  work,  make 
reasonable  appropriations  to  pay  the  expenses  of  these  various  committees. 

Adopted  by  the  Senate,  March  30,  1905. 

Concurred  in  by  the  House,  May  3,  1905." 

No  definite  results  having  been  accomplished  under  this  resolution 
the  General  Assembly  in  1907  made  a  special  appropriation  to  the  State 
Geological  Survey  for  the  survey  and  study  of  lands  subject  to  over- 
flow along  the  streams  of  the  State.  At  the  same  time  an  additional 
appropriation  was  made  to  the  Internal  Improvement  Commission 
for  the  further  study  of  the  rivers  of  the  State  with  a  view  especially 
to  their  improvement  from  the  point  of  view  of  navigation  and  the  de- 
velopment of  power.  The  State  has  therefore  undertaken  as  its  share 
the  expense  of  the  surveys,  the  studies  and  the  supervision  of  the  work 
and  in  appropriating  for  the  Shawneetown  levee  has  even  set  the  pre- 
cedent of  at  least  some  appropriation  for  construction  work. 

Problems  of  Navigation  and  Development. 

Possible  Power  Development — The  problem  of  the  stream:?  is  not 
one  of  land  drainage  onjy.  While  they  are  all  important  as  affording 
outlet  for  the  various  drainage  systems  both  upland  and  bottom  land, 
the  streams  have  important  values  as  sources  of  power.  Mr.  Lyman 
Cooley  has  estimated  that  the  streams  of  Illinois  are  capable  of  fur- 
nishing an  approximate  total  of  350,000  horse  power.  Very  little  of 
this  is  as  yet  being  realized  and  indeed  only  a  few  of  the  streams  have 
been  systematically  studied  with  power  development  in  view.  The 
Internal  Improvement  Commission  is  now  engaged  in  making  such 
studies. 

Improvement  of  Streams  for  Navigation — The  importance  of  our  in- 
trastate rivers  as  regards  water  navigation  is  not  generally  appreciated. 
A  comprehensive  system  of  inland  water  ways  must  take  account  of 
the  tributaries  as  well  as  the  main  streams.  A  transportation  system  of 
any  kind  which  makes  no  provision  for  branches  and  feeders  is  fore- 
doomed to  failure.     In  the  case  of  a  river  transportation  system  this 


62  YEAR  BOOK  FOR  I907.  [Bull.  No.  8  j 

is  particularly  true  since  the  tributaries  serve  not  only  as  arteries  for  i 
the  collection  and  distribution  of  freight  but  also  furnish  the  water  to  i 
the  main  stream.     Upon  their  proper  regulation  depends  the  mainte- 
nance of  an  even  stage  in  the  main  streams ;  and  this  is  of  first  import-  : 
ance  to  the  development  of  great  trunk  channels  of  transportation. 

Engineering  work  along  the  streams  should  therefore  take  into  ac- 
count the  possibility  of  development  of  values  of  all  sorts.  In  the  ideal 
system  of  imponding  the  flood  waters  by  means  of  numerous  dams  ot 
the  smaller  streams,  three  great  objects  may  be  accomplished  at  once 

(1).    The  flood  waters  may  be  saved  for  use  during  low  water  stages  0 
the  river,  thereby  promoting  navigation  at  the  same  time  that  destructive 
floods  are  prevented. 

(2).  In  the  course  of  their  outflow  they  may  be  used  to  generate  powei 
for  industrial  purposes  of  all  sorts. 

(3).  By  storing  the  flood  waters  and  rectifying  the  river  channels  th( 
bottom  lands  may  be  largely  drained  and  reclaimed. 

Just  how  far  this  may  be  possible  along  the  various,  streams  of  the 
State  can  not  be  told  in  advance  of  the  completion  of  the  surveys  now 
being  made.  There  will  doubtless  need  to  be  many  and  radical  changes 
to  meet  the  needs  of  individual  streams  according  as  the  value  of  the 
land  for  farming,  of  the  water  for  power,  or  the  stream  for  naviga- 
tion is  most  important  in  each  case.  To  decide  these  matters  carefu 
engineering  studies  are  necessary;  such  studies  as  are  now  being  car- 
ried out. 

Freight  Traffic  Available — If  the  streams  be  suitably  improved 
seems  likely  that  they  may  be  of  large  service  in  navigation.     Th( 
Sangamon,  the  Kaskaskia  and  the  Big  Muddy,  extend  into  three  of  our 
greatest  coal  fields.    It  should  be  possible  to  ship  coal  by  barges  from 
Illinois  as  readily  and  much  more  cheaply  than  from  the  Pittsburg 
district  which  now  makes  large  shipment  to  lower  river  points  and  oc- 
cassionally  to  Havana  and  other  foreign  Gulf  ports.     At  present  at 
certain  seasons  all  three  of  these  streams  are  navigable  for  short  dis- 
tances above  their  mouths  by  river  boats  and  by  gasoline  launches 
throughout  many  miles.     Formerly  steamboats  loaded  at  Vandalia  on 
the  Kaskaskia  and  at  corresponding  inland  points  on  the  other  streams 
and  it  should  be  possible  to  add  materially  to  the  present  mileage  o 
navigable  water.     To  the  south  and  west  of  Illinois  is  a  large  area 
extending  down   into  Mexico,   where   fuel   requirements   are  beyonc 
local  supply.    This  area  can  be  readily  reached  by  barge  lines  deliver- 
ing to  the  east-west  railways  or  to  points  on  the  streams  or  the  Gul 
and  a  most  important  system  of  traffic  seems  likely  to  develop. 

The  southern  portion  of  our  State  also  contains  great  quantities  o 
limestone  suitable  for  grinding  for  fertalizer  or  in  connection  with 
adjacent  clay  beds  for  making  into  Portland  cement.  As  the  latter  is 
being  used  constantly  in  increasing  quantities  we  may  confident^ 
expect  shortly  to  see  it  manufactured  here  on  a  large  scale.  Cemen 
and  the  miscellaneous  mineral  products  of  the  area  would  furnish 
large  amount  of  the  bulky,  slow  freight  which  is  best  shipped  b\ 
water. 

Southern  Illinois  is  at  the  same  time  a  great  agricultural  territory 
wheal   in  particular  being  a  staple  crop.  Even  now  the  surplus  is  tc 


[N.]  LAND   RECLAMATION    PROBLEMS.  63 


some  extent  shipped  by  small  steamers  operating  on  the  Ohio  and  Little 
0  Wabash  but  with  the  development  of  a  great  interior  system  of  stream 
■ways  suitable  for  barges  and  tugs,  a  much  larger  traffic  ought  to  be 
■  built  up.    These  are  only  a  few  of  the  possible  lines  of  traffic.     Many 

others  will  readily  suggest  themselves. 

Work  of  the   State  Committee  on   Waterways   Reclamation. 

To  consider  the  various  problems  involved  in  river  improvement  in 
Illinois  there  has  been  organized  a  State  Committee  on  Waterways 
Reclamation  including  representatives  of  the  State  Geological  Sur- 
vey, the  Internal  Improvement  Commission  and  the  U.  S.  Department 
of  Agriculture.  The  work  of  this  joint  committee  is  expected  to 
result  in  a  report  upon  which  the  General  Assembly  can  formulate 
a  definite  policy  toward  stream  improvement. 

The  making  of  detailed  maps  of  the  different  river  valleys  has  been 
assigned  to  the  Geological  Survey  and  is  now  being  carried  on  by 
methods  described  elsewhere  in  this  volume  by  Mr.  E.  W.  McCrary. 
The  methods  used  are  essentially  those  developed  by  the  U.  S.  Geolog- 
ical vSurvey  which  is  actively  cooperating  in  the  work. 

Work  is  now  being  carried  on  along  the  Kaskaskia,  Big  Muddy, 
Embarass,  and  additional  work  along  the  Little  Wabash  and  the  San- 
gamon is  planned  for  1908.  The  special  study  of  drainage  problems 
will  be  undertaken  by  the  U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture  under  the 
direction  of  Mr.  C.  G.  Elliot,  Chief  of  Drainage  Investigations.  Work 
has  already  been  taken  up  along  the  Little  Wabash  river. 

The  Internal  Improvement  Commission  is  making  the  general  en- 
gineering studies  involved,  including  the  gauging  of  the  streams  in 
which  part  of  the  work  the  assistance  of  the  Water  Resources  Branch 
of  the  U.  S.  Geological  Survey  has  been  enlisted. 


TOPOGRAPHIC  MAPPING  OF  BOTTOM  LANDS. 

(By  E.  W.  McCeaby.) 


The  last  General  Assembly  of  Illinois  made  a  small  appropriation 
for  the  beginning  of  surveys  and  studies  of  the  over-flow  lands  of  the 
State,  for  the  purpose  of  acquiring  a  knowledge  of  their  existing  con- 
ditions, and  the  methods  by  which  the  needed  improvements  may  best 
be  made.  In  accordance  with  this  legislation,  the  State  Geological 
Survey  last  year  began  the  topographic  mapping  of  portions  of  the 
Kaskaskia,  Big  Muddy  and  Embarass  rivers,  in  which  it  cooperated 
with  the  topographic  branch  of  the  U.  S.  Geological  Survey.  Co- 
operative topographic  mapping  having  been  arranged  in  quadrangles 
adjacent  to  these  streams,  much  of  the  control  work  of  the  regular 
surveys,  has,  with  slight  modifications  been  utilized  for  our  special 
drainage  work.  This  has  enabled  us,  at  the  least  possible  expense,  to 
produce  during  the  past  season  a  5-ft.  topographic  map  on  a  scale  of 
1  ^4000  of  approximately  200  square  miles  of  these  river  bottoms. 

The  purpose  of  the  Survey  in  doing  this  work  along  the  river  courses 
is  to  furnish  a  detailed  topographic  map,  sufficiently  accurate  to  be  of 
practical  value  to  the  engineer  in  the  planning  of  any  proposed  im- 
provements and  the  estimating  of  costs  for  same.  While  the  question 
of  the  scale  has  been  somewhat  perplexing,  it  is  believed  that  the 
1  124000  scale  will  prove  adequate  for  the  uses  for  which  it  is  intended, 
since  it  is  sufficiently  large  to  contain  all  detail  that  would  be  taken 
into  account  in  the  planning  of  these  improvements.  It  has  the  addi- 
tional advantage  of  permitting  large  sections  of  country  to  be  mapped 
on  a  single  sheet  of  paper,  thereby  presenting  in  a  collected  form  the 
conditions  in  different  sections  of  the  bottoms.  Uso  because  of  its 
much  reduced  cost,  which  must  be  considered  with  a  limited  appropri- 
ation, it  has  a  very  Strong  claim  to  consideration. 

The  section  of  country  especially  referred  to  here,  and  which  may 
be  considered  in  a  general  way  as  representative  ^\  the  over-flow 
lands,  is  that  portion  of  the  K  iskaskia  river  bottoms  mapped  last  year, 

extending  from  FCeyesporl  on  the  northern  boundary  o\  Clinton  county 

to   its  outlet    near  Chester.      Within   this  area,  the   field   work    has  been 

completed  south  to  near  the  boundary  line  between  Clinton  and  St. 

Clair   ("unties    Including   a    total   "I"    100   square   miles,   while   the   level 

and  travel  e  work  has  been  completed  For  the  remaining  portion  to 
the  mouth.  Of  'he  100  square  miles  <^  mapped  country,  [30  square 
miles  are  under  from  1   ft.  i<>  8  ft.  <>i  water  several  tunes  each  year, 


McCrary.]  TOPOGRAPHIC    MAPPING.  65 

1 

The  overflow  season  usually  begins  in  January,  and  at  times  lasts  as 
late  as  the  middle  of  August,  which  makes  the  season,  in  which  the 
land  is  dry  enough  for  cultivation,  entirely  too  short  for  successful 
farming.  It  seems  to  be  a  generally  necessary  to  plant  several  times 
each  spring,  and  even  with  the  last  planting  they  cannot  hope  for  a 
yield  to  the  full  capacity  of  the  land.  It  has  been  stated  that  a  suc- 
cessful crop,  one  that  has  escaped  damage  by  the  flood,  does  not  occur 
oftener  than  once  in  seven  years.  In  fact,  so  completely  is  this  river 
in  possession  of  its  bottom  lands  that  very  little  effort  is  made  to  util- 
ize it  in  any  way,  and  at  the  present  time  it  might  well  be  considered 
mere  waste  land. 

In  making  a  study  of  these  rivers,  it  is  well  to  bear  in  mind  that  their 
present  condition  is  not  altogether  due  to  natural  causes,  but  that  the 
making  of  drainage  improvements  in  other  parts  of  the  State,  is  to  a 
great  extent  responsible  for  their  present  trouble.  More  than  25  years 
ago,  after  a  practicable  demonstration  of  the  successful  drainage  of 
farm  lands  by  tiling,  the  central  part  of  the  State  began  an  earnest  and 
persistent  fight  for  the  reclamation  of  their  swamp  and  wet  areas.  The 
jivital  question  of  sufficient  outlet  naturally  followed,  and  by  individual 
effort,  by  the  formation  of  drainage  districts,  and  with  other  help,  canals 
(were  dredged  and  natural  channels  straightened  and  improved.  These, 
Iwith  innumerable  ditches  of  smaller  capacity,  now  quite  thoroughly 
[provide  for  the  disposition  of  the  water  from  tiled  fields.  This 
iquarter  of  a  century  of  sustained  effort  on  the  part  of  the  farmers  of 
'ithe  State,  during  which  millions  of  dollars  have  been  spent  on  drain- 
age propositions,  has  resulted  in  a  most  thorough  system  of  successful 
jdrained  farm  lands.  So  thoroughly  has  this  work  been  accomplished 
jithat  it  might  be  said  that  Illinois,  with  the  exception  of  a  few  areas, 
'Such  as  the  Kankakee  Marsh,  and  the  Green  river  country,  has  reached 
ialmost  the  last  stages  of  a  complete  drainage  system  for  the  State. 
Important  exceptions  also,  are  some  of  the  rivers,  part  of  which  form 
'its  boundaries.  This  final  step,  however,  presents  by  far  the  greatest 
(problems  for  the  engineer,  and  their  successful  solution  can  be  ob- 
tained only  after  a  very  thorough  examination  of  all  conditions  which 
[bear  upon  the  question.  The  localities  now  needing  outlet  are  to  be 
found  in  the  lower  stretches  of  the  principal  streams  of  the  State,  the 
jiKaskaskia,  Little  Wabash,  Big  Muddy,  Embarass  and  Sangamon  be- 
jing  especially  important. 

Before  the  uplands  were  reclaimed  by  tiled  drains,  a  rainy  season 
bf  even  a  week's  duration,  produced  but  a  slight  increase  in  the  flow 
of  the  channels  of  these  streams.  This  was  due  to  the  fact  that  the 
rjrain  collected  in  enormous  areas  of  marsh  and  lowlands,  and  reached 
jlthese  river  courses  by  a  very  slow  and  tedious  process.  The  experience 
[of  the  past  summer,  while  making  topographic  surveys  along  the  Kas- 
f  caskia  river,  shows  that  a  rain  of  24  hours  will  now  raise  the  stream 
lifrom  4  to  10  feet.  An  explanation  of  this  is  readily  found  in  the  fact 
hat  with  our  present  system  of  tile  drainage  and  the  excellent  outlets 
•  thereto,  water  from  such  a  rain  is  carried  quickly  from  the  fields  and 
loomed  immediately  into  the  upper  courses  of  these  streams,  and  the 

—  s  G  S 


66  YEAR    BOOK    FOR    1907.  [Bull.  No. 


: 


multiplication  of  these  feeders  has  forced  upon  the  streams  a  burden 
entirely  beyond  their  present  capacity.  As  a  result  the  numerous 
floods  have  rendered  thousands  of  acres  of  the  best  farming  land  of 
the  State  practically  worthless.  It  will  be  easily  seen  that  the  respon- 
sibility for  the  improvement  of  the  channels  of  these  rivers  rests 
equally  upon  the  farm  holders  on  the  upper  courses  of  these  rivers 
with  those  located  nearer  their  outlet.  The  principle  of  general  assess- 
ment, so  thoroughly  recognized  in  legislation  providing  for  drainage 
districts  can  be  applied  with  justice  to  these  larger  problems  of  re- 
clamation which  cover  all  land  within  individual  drainage  basins. 

The  methods  used  in  making  these  drainage  maps  are  very  similar  to 
those  of  the  topographic  branch  of  the  U.  S.  Geological  Survey,  the 
principle  difference  being  that  because  of  the  contour  interval  used  the 
enlarged  scale,  and  the  object  of  the  work  itself,  a  greater  amount  of 
detailed  work  is  necessary.     As  bases  for  our  maps  we  have  the  pri 
mary  traverse  transit  lines  of  the  U.  S.  Geological  Survey  for  posi 
tion  and  the  primary  level  lines  of  the  same  survey  for  elevation,  in 
addition  to  which  we  have  the  steel  tape  measurements  along  town- 
ship lines.    With  these  lines  for  control,  a  plane  table  buggy  traverse 
is  run  of  the  first  ridge  road  outside  the  bottom  on  each  side  of  the 
river,  and  as  often  as  possible  cross  roads,  which  tie  the  work  together, 
are  run  in  the  same  way.     Since  the  distance  between  roads  crossing 
the  river  is  so  great,  it  has  been  found  necessary,  at  intervals  of  from  '. 
i1/*  to  2  miles,  to  traverse  from  the  outside  roads  to  the  river,  where  : 
points  are  left  for  the  purpose  of  being  tied  to  by  the  stadia  traverse 
of  the  river.     While  the  wheel  method  of  measurement  may  be  con-  \ 
sidered   crude   and   inaccurate,   a  practical   test   will   prove,   that   for 
scales  even  longer  than  the  one  used  in  this  work,  and  controlled 
equally  well,  it  will  fully  meet  all  requirements.     The  accumulation 
error  is  slight,  and  when  larger  errors  are  made,  they  are  readily  lo- 
cated  after  the  traverse  has  been  tied  to  itself  or  to  another  line. 

Over  the  same  roads,  and  others  when  necessary,  spirit  levels  are 
run  and  numerous  elevations  painted  at  summits,  bridges,  road  cor- 
ners and  other  convenient  points,  while  at  intervals  scarcely  exceed- 
ing a  quarter  mile,  substantial  bench  marks  are  left.  The  level  work 
is  so  planned  that  elevations  determined  by  stadia,  need  not  be  car- 
ried for  distances  greater  than  il/2  miles.  Experience  during  the  past 
summer  indicates  that  levels  may  be  successfully  carried  with  thi 
instrument  for  distances  of  3  or  4  miles.  The  instrument  used  is 
similar  to  the  ordinary  stadia,  except  that  it  is  provided  with  an  at 
tachment  which  simplifies  the  reading  of  elevations  at  an  angle.  It 
has  been  in  use  on  the  U.  S.  Geological  Survey  the  last  few  years,  the 
idea  for  the  improvement  having  originated  with  members  of  that 
survey. 

The  frame  work  of  traverse  and  level  lines,  together  with  the  stadia 
traverse  of  the  river  and  other  Streams,  is  adjusted  to  the  land  line! 
and  the  other  available  control  alter  which  it  is  ready  for  the  topo- 
grapher. This  topographic  sketching  is  by  Far  the  most  difficult  work 
connected  with  the  making  of  a  map,  because  of  the  necessity  of  car- 
rying  innumerable  stadia  lines  through  the  dense  jungles  of  the  boti 


>t 

1 


McCiury.]  TOPOGRAPHIC    MAPPING.  67 

toms.  Starting  from  convenient  bench  marks,  these  lines  zig-zag 
through  the  bottoms,  the  sight  being  through  the  openings  of  greatest 
length  in  the  general  directions  of  the  traverse.  The  importance  of 
these  lines  being  closely  run  is  clearly  shown  by  a  glance  at  the  finished 
map,  for  the  great  number  of  lakes,  sloughs,  marshes  and  isolated 
hills  are  features  that  can  not  be  reliably  mapped  except  by  actual 
survey.  Being  hidden,  as  they  are,  by  dense  woods  they  must  be 
hunted,  and  the  meandering  traverse  line  is  the  method  by  which  we 
find  them. 

On  our  drainage  maps,  such  features  have  been  carefully  traversed 
and  their  elevation  determined,  and  in  addition  to  the  numerous  cross 
sections  at  short  intervals,  a  mass  of  isolated  elevations  have  been 
left  throughout  the  bottom  lands.  These  stadia  lines,  as  carried 
through  the  bottoms,  are  usually  run  with  great  difficulty  because  of 
the  heavy  undergrowth,  and  especially  is  this  true  in  mid-summer, 
when,  in  addition  to  the  dense  foliage,  the  intense  heat  and  mosquitoes 
make  work  both  difficult  and  disagreeable.  In  fact,  because  of  this 
condition  in  the  bottoms,  the  problem  of  keeping  help  is  a  very  serious 
one  and  the  best  solution  seems  to  be  in  the  bringing  of  help  from 
such  a  distance  that  quitting  at  will  is  made  more  difficult.  Few  men 
will  submit  long  to  the  physical  sufferings  met  with  in  the  bottoms, 
even  at  wages  from  two  to  three  times  the  price  they  can  receive  else- 
where, if  they  are  where  they  may  reach  home  within  a  few  hours. 

Along  with  the  stadia  traverse  and  levels,  the  relief  of  the   river 
bottoms  and  the  country  adjoining  the  bottom  lands  has  been  carefully 
sketched.     This  map  of  the  relief  with  5  feet  contours  should  greatly 
facilitate  the  study  of  the  river  problem.     Mere  location  of  the  stream 
course  and  elevations,  be  they  ever  so  numerous,  does  not  bring  to  the 
]!eye  of  the  engineer  the  actual  figuration  of  the  surface.     It  is  thought 
that  it  will  be  necessary  to  inspect  most  minutely  the  local  physiographic 
conditions  before  a  successful  plan  of  improvement  can  be  determined. 
It  has  been  planned,  therefore,  to  present  to  the  engineer  who  studies 
this  great  problem  the  most  complete  possible  data  for  his  use.     It  is 
not  claimed  that  this  form  of  map  is  the  most  inexpensive  one  even  un- 
der favorable  conditions  under  which  it  was  accomplished  last  season 
J  but  it  is  believed  that  in  the  end  it  will  justify  itself  on  the  ground  of 
(economy  in  the  saving  of  time  and  of  additional  work  for  the  en- 
gineer.    It  also  seems  that  in  a  study  of  the  carrying  capacity  of  the 
channel,  the  effect  of  possible  dike  construction  and  of  the  control  of 
'lateral  streams,  the  topographic  features  of  the  map  will  appeal  very 
strongly  to  the  engineer. 


DRAINAGE  ABOUT  SPRINGFIELD.* 

(By  J.  Claude  Jones.) 

Lying  as  a  blanket  over  the  surface  of  the  area  about  Springfield  is 
a  heterogeneous  mixture  of  clay,  sand,  gravel,  and  other  unconsoli- 
dated materials  varying  in  depth  from  10  to  60  feet  or  more.  Most  of 
this  material  is  glacial  drift,  deposited  by  a  former  sheet  of  ice,  or  con- 
tinental glacier,  which  covered  an  area  several  million  square  miles  in 
extent,  most  of  which  lay  north  of  central  Illinois.  If  the  drift  were 
taken  away,  the  surface  of  the  underlying  bed  rock  (shales,  sand- 
stones, and  limestones)   would  be  found  to  possess  a  topography  en- 


Pio,  1.    Sketch  map  of  an  area  a  in  mi  sprlngtield,  showing  the  relation  of  present  drain- 
1  to  pre-glaoial  topography.    The  crosses  indicate  rook  exposures,  the  dotted 
areas  represent  pre-glaoial  lowlands,    and  the  unshaded  incus  represent  pre 
y  laolal  uplands, 

tirclv  different  from  that  of  the  present  surface.  The  valleys  of  the 
luck  surface  would  not  correspond  with  those  of  the  present  surface] 
and  the  hills  and  ridcres  of  the  rock  would  have  little  relation  10  the 


Im- 


ii  educational  )>u  1  u-t i n  in  prepare! 


m 


Jones.]  DRAINAGE   NEAR   SPRINGFIELD.  69 

I  hills  and  ridges  of  the  land  as  we  now  see  it.  This  is  known  by  the 
following  facts :     Many  wells  of  the  region  are  deep  enough  to  pene- 

;  trate  the  drift  to  the  rock  below.  Knowing  the  depth  to  rock  at  num- 
erous points  scattered  over  the  area,  it  is  possible  to  reconstruct,  in  a 
general  way,  the  configuration  of  the  rock  surface.  This  rock-surface 
corresponds,  in  a  general  way,  with  the  former  land  surface. 

From  well  borings,  it  is  known  that  there  was  a  low  upland  plain 
about  twelve  miles  broad,  in  the  area  south  of  Springfield. 

This  plain  was  so  nearly  flat,  that  the  altitude  of  its  surface  var- 
ied only  a  few  feet.  The  plain  extended  northward  to  a  point  a  little 
heyoad  the  present  westward  course  of  the  Sangamon  river,  becom- 
ing slightly  narrower  in  this  direction.  Beginning  a  mile  or  so  east  of 
Springfield  a  small  valley,  running  in  a  northwesterly  direction,  divid- 
ed the  plain  into  two  parts.  The  western  part  terminated  about  a  mile 
north  of  the  Sangamon  (Fig.  1),  but  the  eastern  part  with  a  width  of 
two  miles  or  so  continued  north-northwest  as  a  low  ridge  east  of  Can- 
trail  and  Athens,  beyond  the  limits  of  the  area  in  question.    The  rem- 

1  nants  of  two  or  three  minor  valleys  may  be  traced  on  the  eastern  side 
oi  this  ridge.  They  headed  near  its  crest,  and  ran  towards  the  north- 
east. To  the  north  and  east  of  this  plain,  the  surface  descended 
gently  at  the  rate  of  about  ten  feet  to  the  mile. 

West  of  the  upland  plain   referred  to  there  was   a  broad  valley 

I  whose  bottom  was  about  one  hundred  feet  below  the  crest  of  the  plain. 
The  axis  of  this  valley  passed  northward  just  east  of  Farmingdale  in 
a  broad  sweeping  curve,  and,  turning  slightly  to  the  west  at  Athens, 
continued  on  for  an  unknown  distance.  West  of  this  valley,  which 
may  be  called  the  Athens  valley,  the  ground  rose  gently  and  culminat- 
ed in  a  low  swell  centering  about  Rock  creek.  The  height  of  this  swell 
was  about  the  same  as  that  of  its  counterpart  east  of  the  Athens  val- 
ley.    The  rise  of  the  western  border  of  the  valley  directly  west  of 

1  Springfield  was  not  so  rapid  as  in  the  Rock  creek  region,  and  was 
quite  definitely  separated  from  it  by  a  rather  abrupt  slope  along  a  line 

'corresponding    approximately    with   the   present    course   of    Richland 

>  creek. 

The  Athens  valley  narrows  somewhat  towards  the  north,  and  ap- 
parently becomes  deeper  in  the  same  direction.  Wells  have  not 
reached  the  surface  of  the  rock  at  its    bottom,    however,    and    it    is 

J  not  possible  to  state  its  exact  depth.  As  the  general  slope  of  the  old 
land  surface  is  known  to  have  been  northerly,  it  is  probable  that  the 

J  drainage  was  in  that  direction. 

The   explanation  of  the   narrowing  of   the  valley   down-stream   is 

I  found  in  the  character  of  the  bed  rock  of  the  region.     This  bed  rock 

;  is  for  the  most  part  soft  shale  and  sandstone  which  offer  relatively 

!  little  resistance  to  weathering  and  the  erosion  of  streams ;  but  in  the 

j  areas  about  Rock  creek  and  Indian  Point,  a  few  miles  west  and  north 
of  Athens,  more  resistant  limestone  is  found.     The  rock  is  in  beds 

!  which  are  nearly  horizontal,  though  with  a  slight  dip  to  the  east. 
Consequently,  as  the  Athens  river  flowed  through  this  area,  the  lime- 
stone resisted  erosion,  and  the  valley  did  not  become  so  broad  here 
as  in  the  softer  shales  and  sandstones  farther  up-stream. 


JO  YEAR  BOOK  FOR  1907.  [Bull.  No.  8 

The  difference  in  height  between  the  highest  and  lowest  points  on 
the  old  rock  surface  in  the  Springfield  area  is  about  40  feet,  so  far  as 
now  known.  This  amount  of  relief  is  about  the  same  as  that  of  the 
present  surface  of  the  land.  On  the  rock  surface,  however,  all  the 
slopes  were  gentle,  a  slope  of  more  than  ten  feet  to  the  mile  being  the 
exception.  The  rock  surface,  before  the  drift  was  deposited  upon  it,; 
was  therefore,  a  broad,  nearly  featureless  plain,  as  flat  and  monotonous 
as  the  present  day  prairie  in  areas  back  from  the  immediate  valleys  of 
the  streams.  It  is  probable  that  the  old  land  surface,  that  is,  the  rock 
surface,  covered  by  a  thin  body  of  soil  and  subsoil,  had  been  exposed 
almost  continuously  to  the  action  of  the  weather  and  streams  since  the 
close  of  the  coal  forming  period,  millions  of  years  before  the  glacial 
epoch.  During  this  long  period  the  streams  had  worn  down  much  of 
the  surface  about  as  low  as  they  could  wear  it.  The  valley  flats  were 
wide,  and  the  divides  between  the  valleys  relatively  low,  and  their 
slopes  gentle. 

Then  came-  the  continental  glacier  which  lay  long  upon  the  land, 
burying  it  under  hundreds  of  feet  of  ice.  When  it  finally  melted  away, 
it  left  the  drift  upon  the  surface,  for  the  drift  is  nothing  but  the  de- 
bris which  the  ice  had  worn  from  the  surface  a  little  farther  north. 
The  drift  left  by  the  ice  filled  the  old  valleys,  and  covered  the  low 
upland  with  ten  to  twenty  feet  of  stony  clay,  sand,  and  other  glacial 
materials.  So  .completely  was  the  topography  of  the  old  surface  ef- 
faced by  the  deposits  of  the  ice,  that  it  would  have  been  impossible  to 
judge,  from  the  present  surface,  where  the  old  valleys  and  the  old  hills 
were.  In  the  place  of  the  old  divides  and  valleys,  the  ice  left  the  uneven 
surface  of  the  drift  characterized  by  low  mounds  and  irregular  de- 
pressions scattered  helter-skelter  over  the  surface,  none  of  them  of 
great  height  or  depth. 

As  the  rain  fell  it  filled  the  depressions  and  overflowed  their  lowest 
points.  Drainage  lines  were  thus  gradually  established  from  one  de- 
pression to  another,  and  these  drainage  lines  became  the  present  val- 
leys. As  the  depressions  on  the  surface  of  the  drift  had  no  relation  to 
the  former  surface  buried  beneath  it,  the  courses  of  the  streams  had 
no  relation  to  the  previous  valleys.  They  crossed  the  buried  ridges 
and  valleys  indiscriminately.  By  referring  to  the  accompanying  map 
(Fig.  1),  it  will  be  seen  that  the  Sangamon  river,  for  instance,  cross-] 
ed  the  old  buried  Athens  valley  diagonally,  and  the  eastern  spur  of  the 
upland  nearly  at  right  angles.  Spring  creek  flows  easterly  across  the 
Athens  valley,  and  half  of  the  upland  to  the  west,  before  joining  ihe 
Sangamon.  Fancy  creek  and  Wolf  creek  flow  Mom  the  eastern  slope 
across  the  upland  to  join  the  Sangamon.  The  drainage  in  this  partic- 
ular area  dates  from  the  withdrawal  of  the  ice,  and  is  therefore  entirely 

po  I  glacial,    and,    so    far    as    is    now    known,    none    o\    the    pre  glacial 

drainage  lines  serve  the  present  streams. 

As  the  streams  cut  their  valleys  down  through  the  drift,  they  reache 
the  rock  firsl  al  the  points  where  the  drift  was  thinnest.    These  points 

were   over   the    former  divides,   and    the   streams,   continuing   their   ent- 

■  hi  on  down  into  the  rock,  and  al  such  places  rock  is  exposed 
the  hank    of  the  streams.    In  the  former  valleys,  the  streams  have  not 


Jones.]  DRAINAGE    NEAR   SPRINGFIELD.  JI 

yet  cut  through  the  drift,  and  here  no  rock  appears.  As  a  result,  the 
banks  of  all  the  major  streams  of  the  region  are  of  rock  in  some 
places,  and  of  drift  in  others. 

The  subsequent  history  is  brief.  At  a  later  time,  a  second  ice  sheet 
extended  southward  from  Lake  Michigan,  without  reaching  Spring- 
field. Its  western  border  lay  just  west  of  Decatur,  and  it  covered  the 
upper  part  of  the  basin  of  the  Sangamon  river.  The  river,  swollen 
by  the  waters  of  the  melting  ice,  carried  large  quantities  of  debris 
down  the  valley.  Much  of  this  debris,  consisting  of  gravel,  sand,  and 
silt,  was  deposited  in  the  bottom  of  the  valley,  building  it  up  consider- 
ably above  its  former  level,  and  several  feet  above  the  level  of  its 
present  flood  plain.  The  mouths  of  the  valleys  tributary  to  the  San- 
gamon were  built  up  at  the  same  time  to  the  same  level.  From  the 
bare  surface  of  the  sands  and  silts,  the  winds  caught  up  some  of  the 
finer  materials  and  blew  them  up  the  valley-slopes  and  out  upon  the 
surface  of  the  adjoining  prairie,  leaving  them  there  in  the  form  of 
hills  and  hillocks  of  sand  called  dunes.  Later,  vegetation  got  a  foot- 
hold on  the  dunes,  and  prevented  the  further  shifting  of  the  sand  by 
the  wind. 

After  the  later  ice-sheet  melted  from  the  region,  the  streams  recov- 
ered from  their  overloaded  condition,  and  began  clearing  away  the 
I  sediment  they  had  recently  deposited  in  their  valleys.  This  has  pro- 
|  gressed  so  far  that,  at  the  present  time,  there  are  only  a  few  remnants 
of  the  filling  made  by  the  drainage  of  the  last  ice  sheet.  These  rem- 
nants are  the  "second  bottoms"  or  terraces  in  sheltered  parts  of  the 
valleys.  The  best  preserved  area  of  this  sort  is  across  the  river  from 
Petersburg,  although  another  a  mile  south  of  Riverton  is  nearly  as 
good.  On  the  surface  of  these  terraces  lie  the  dunes  last  formed,  now 
covered  by  vegetation,  and  therefore  fixed  in  position. 

It  is  clear  from  the  foregoing  that  the  configuration  of  the  surface 

'twas  developed  during  and  since  the  glacial  period.     It  is  therefore  of 

relatively  recent  origin,  for  though  the  ice  melted  from  this  region 

many  thousand  years  ago,  even  this  date  is  a  very  recent  one  as  the 

geologist  reckons  time. 


THE  ROCK  BED  NEAR  WHEATON* 

(By  Aethuk  C.  Trowbridge.) 

The  area  about  Wheaton  is  covered  by  a  mantle  of  stiff,  stony  clay. 
with  occasional  patches  and  layers  of  sand  and  gravel.  The  average 
thickness  of  this  body  of  material,  called  drift,  is  more  than  100  feet. 
The  drift  was  deposited  by  the  Continental  glacier  (or  glaciers) 
which  formerly  covered  this  region,  together  with  a  large  part  oi 
the  northern  portion  of  North  America.  Below  the  glacial  drift  lies 
solid  rock,  which  is  often  reached  by  wells.  The  shape  of  the  sur- 
face of  the  rock  below  the  drift  would  be  known,  if  we  knew  the  eleva- 
tion of  the  surface,  and  the  depth  of  the  drift  at  all  points.  It  is  true 
that  numerous  wells  have  been  dug  or  bored  down  to  bed  rock,  but 
the  wells  which  go  down  to  the  rock  are  so  scattered  that  there  are 
considerable  areas  where  its  surface  has  not  been  reached.  Though 
there  are  not  deep  borings  enough  to  give  us  detailed  knowledge  of 
the  surface  of  the  rock,  there  are  enough  to  give  us  much  information 
about  it. 

The  surface  of  the  bed  rock  is  known  to  lie  at  various  depths  below 
the  surface.  In  a  few  places  drift  is  absent,  and  in  one  place  it  is 
known  to  be  178  feet  deep.  In  general,  the  bed  rock  comes  nearer 
the  surface  in  the  western  and  southwestern  parts  of  the  region  than 
in  the  more  extensive  central  portion.  There  is  a  considerable  area 
around  Naperville,  where  the  rock  lies  only  a  few  feet  below  the 
soil,  and  it  comes  to  the  surface  at  several  points.  In  the  southwest 
part  of  Naperville,  on  the  south  bank  of  the  west  branch  of  the 
Dupage  river,  there  are  three  large  old  quarries  in  the  limestone,  and 
the  rock  outcrops  along  the  banks  of  the  river  for  some  distance  up 
and  down  the  stream.  A  mile  south  of  Naperville  in  the  northwest 
quarter  of  section  30,  Lisle  township,  a  small  patch  of  bed  rock  ap- 
pears at  the  surface,  where  it  was  uncovered  for  quarrying  purposes 
many  years  ago,  though  little  rock  was  taken  out.  A  mile  north  of 
Eola  Junction,  the  bed  rock  was  found  at  the  bottom  of  a  ditch  made 
for  field  tiling.  Rock  also  appears  at  the  surface  at  Elmhurst,  two 
miles  cast  of  the  eastern  edge  of  the  quadrangle,  where  an  extensive 
quarry  is  now  in  operation.  The  drift  is  thickest,  SO  far  as  known. 
in  Bloomingdale  township.  It  is  174  feet  deep  at  «>ne  point  in  the 
south  central  part  of  section  28,  and  [78  feel  at  another  point  close 
by.  In  the  east  Central  part  of  section  22,  the  depth  at  the  site  of 
one    well    is    171     feet. 

n:  tracts  iron,  &a  educational  bulletin  i<>  be  published  later, 


Tkowbkidgk.  ] 


ROCK    BED    NEAR    WH EATON. 


73 


The  average  depth  of  the  drift  for  the  whole  region,  as  indicated 
by  sixty-one  well  records,  is  115  feet.  The  average  depth  of  drift 
as  shown  by  five  wells  along  the  west  side  of  the  area  is  71  feet. 
The  average  of  seven  wells  along  the  east  side  gives  99  feet,  while 
the  average  of  forty-nine  wells  in  the  large  central  portion  gives  121 
feet.  The  relations  between  the  present  surface  and  the  surface  of 
the  bed  rock  are  brought  out  in  a  general  way  in  the  diagram  below : 


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74 


YEAR  BOOK  FOR  I907. 


[Bull.  No.  8 


Some  well  drillers  of  the  county  say  that  the  rock  surface  is  prac- 
tically level,  and  that  the  distance  to  bed  rock  in  any  place  can  be 
computed  beforehand  if  the  elevation  of  the  well  site  is  known;  but 
the  study  of  the  well  records  does  not  bear  out  this  conclusion.  By 
reading  the  elevations  of  well  sites  from  the  topographic  map,  and 
subtracting  the  distance  to  rock,  we  get  the  elevation  above  sea-level 
of  every  point  on  the  rock  surface  to  which  a  well  has  been  bored. 
Such  an  estimate  for  sixty-one  wells  shows  the  surface  of  the  rock  to 
be  quite  irregular  in  a  small  way,  though  with  no  great  amount  of 
relief.  Ten  well  records  chosen  at  random  from  different  parts  of 
the  area  afford  the  following  data: 


Elevation  of  rock  sur- 

Elevation of  surface  above  sea-level— feet. 

Depth  to  rock— feet. 

face  above  sea- 
level— feet. 

745 

170 

675 

755 

140 

615 

755 

108 

647 

775 

124 

651 

695 

87 

608 

750 

130 

629 

780 

116 

664 

715 

103 

610 

760 

77 

683 

690 

87 

603 

It  is  seen  from  the  above  table  that  the  pre-glacial  surface  had 
irregularities  enough  to  give  it  a  somewhat  uneven  appearance. 

No  attempt  has  been  made  to  determine  the  details  of  the  pre- 
glacial  surface,  but  some  general  observations  concerning  it  may  be 
in  order.  The  lowest  points  found  on  the  surface  of  the  bed  rock 
are  but  580  feet  above  sea-level,  or  about  the  same  as  the  surface 
of  Lake  Michigan.  This  elevation  has  been  found  in  two  places,  one 
in  the  south-central  part  of  section  23,  Winfield  township,  and  in  the 
central  part  of  section  3,  Bloomingdale  township.  The  highest  part 
of  the  rock  surface,  so  far  as  known,  occurs  at  the  Naperville  quar- 
ries, where  it  reaches  an  elevation  of  approximately  680  feet.  The 
rock  surface  in  the  region  therefore  has  a  relief  of  at  least  100  feet 
Its  relief  is  probably  somewhat  more,  because  it  is  not  likely  that  the 
highest  and  lowest  points  of  its  surface  have  been  touched  by  borings. 
The  two  extremes  in  elevation  at  Naperville  and  in  Winfield  township 
arc  six  miles  apart,  giving  an  average  slope  of  100  feet  in  six  miles, 
In  section  21,  Bloomingdale  township,  a  well  at  an  elevation  of  Si  5 
feet  Struck  rock  [40  feet  from  the  surface,  while  one  hardly  a  quarter 
of  a  mile  away,  where  the  surface  is  15  feet  lower,  reached  rock  at  a 
depth  of    [58   feet.     At  this  place  the  relief  oi  the   rock   surface  is   at 

least  32  fret  in  a  quarter  of  a  mile.  Between  Naperville  and  the 
canning  factory  at  Eola,  five  miles  away,  there  is  a  difference  in  eleva 

lion  of  the  rock  surface  of  So  feet.  The  maximum  relief  oi  the  present 
Surface  l!  about  220  fret,  or  [20  feet  more  than  that  known  for  the 
rock    Surface.      So    far    as    nOW    known,    there    is    no    slope   on    the    rock 

111  tare  as  sleep  aS   many   slopes  mi  the  present    surface. 


Trowbridge.]  ROCK   BED   NEAR   WHEATON.  75 

It  is  found  from  six  records  that  the  rock  along  the  western  edge 
of  the  area  has  an  average  of  675  feet  above  sea-level ;  under  the 
terminal-moraine-like  belt  a  little  farther  east,  the  surface  of  the  rock, 
as  indicated  by  borings,  has  an  elevation  of  about  622  feet ;  under  the 
ground  moraine  covering  the  greater  central  part  of  the  region,  its 
elevation  is  about  639  feet,  and  along  the  east  edge  of  the  area  about 
629  feet.  This  would  seem  to  show  that  the  highest  part  of  the  area 
in  pre-glacial  times  was  along  its  western  side,  where  the  present 
surface  is  lowest.  The  highest  part  of  the  present  surface  is  along 
the  terminal  moraine  east  of  the  outer  edge  of  the  area.  The  lowest 
places  today  are  therefore  over  some  of  the  higher  parts  of  the  old 
rock  surface,  and  the  higher  parts  of  the  present  surface,  overlie  the 
depressions  of  the  rock  surface. 

An  attempt  is  made  in  the  figure  to  show  the  relations  of  the  two 
surfaces  by  a  section  showing  the  form  of  the  present  surface,  a  very 
generalized  profile  of  the  rock  surface,  and  the  relations  of  the  two 
to  each  other.  As  the  topography  of  the  lower  surface  must  be  made 
up  from  the  well  records  alone,  it  is  somewhat  conjectural,  and  lays 
no  claim  to  accuracy  in  details. 

It  appears  then  that  the  rock  surface  does  not  differ  profoundly 
from  the  drift  surface,  although  it  had  less  relief,  was  not  quite  so 
rough,  and  was  about  a  hundred  feet  lower.  It  is  probable,  however, 
that  the  old  surface  was  distinctly  different  from  the  present  one  in 
the  arrangement  of  its  elevations  and  depressions.  The  present  sur- 
face is  due  to  the  deposits  left  by  the  ice  sheet,  and  the  elevations  and 
depressions  have  no  regular  arrangement,  while  the  old  surface,  being 
shaped  largely  by  stream  erosion,  doubtless  had  its  elevations  and  de- 
pressions arranged  with  respect  to  the  streams  which  made  them. 

From  the  meager  data  available,  it  seems  that  the  surface  of  the 
rock  was  not  everywhere  greatly  eroded  by  the  ice  before  the  drift 
was  deposited.  The  line  between  bed  rock  and  drift  at  the  Naperville 
quarries  is  a  sharp  one,  showing  that  enough  erosion  had  taken  place 
before  the  deposition  of  the  drift,  to  remove  any  soil  which  formerly 
existed  on  the  bed  rock.  But  the  surface  of  the  rock  here  is  not 
striated,  nor  does  it  show  any  of  the  characteristics  of  a  surface 
strongly  eroded  by  ice.  In  three  places  where  the  drift  was  removed 
so  as  to  expose  the  rock  surface  freshly,  the  latter  was  found  to  be 
affected  by  minor  irregularities  due  to  weathering;  but  as  the  rock 
was  uncovered  only  where  the  drift  was  thin,  it  is  possible  that  this 
weathering  took  place  since  glacial  times.  At  the  outcrop  a  mile  south 
of  Naperville,  the  plane  between  drift  and  bed  rock  is  made  vague  by 
loose  angular  fragments  of  the  limestone,  which  grade  into  the  typical 
drift  above.  But  the  drift  here  is  only  two  feet  thick,  and  weathering 
since  the  ice  melted  may  have  affected  the  rock  below  it.  Neither 
here  or  at  Naperville  is  there  any  evidence  of  strong  erosion  by  the 
ice.  Deposition  seems  to  have  been  the  main  work  of  the  last  ice- 
sheet  in  those  parts  of  the  region  where  the  rock  surface  is  to  be  seen. 
It  does  not  follow,  however,  that  this  was  the  case  in  all  parts  of  the 
region.  The  work  of  earlier  ice-sheets  in  this  region  is  not  distinctly 
recorded. 


76 


YEAR    BOOK    FOR    I907. 


[Bull.  No.  8 


It  appears  from  the  foregoing  that  the  present  surface  of  the  region 
is  due  primarily  to  the  deposition  of  drift  by  the  last  ice-sheet  which 
covered  the  region.  Since  the  ice  melted,  the  surface  has  been  slightly 
modified  by  the  streams,  which  have  cleared  out  and  deepened  their 
valleys  to  some  slight  extent. 


State  Geological  Survey. 


Bull.  No.  8.  PI.  2. 


Fig.  A.     A  terrace  in  the  valley  of  Farm  creek. 


Fig,  B     An  alluvia]  fan  Dear  Hen 
Im  reduced  :is  they  leave  iin>  gully 

Hie  si'diin.Mi  u  iiicii  they  carry. 


y.    The  velocity  of  temporary,  wel  weather  streams 
in  iiic  background!  and  they  are  forced  to  deposit 


MIDDLE  PORTION  OF  THE  ILLINOIS  VALLEY  * 

(By  Haelan  H.  Baeeows.) 

The  more  important  general  features  of  the  region  adjacent  to  the 
middle  course  of  the  Illinois  are  the  following:  I.  A  flattish  upland 
plain,  deeply  dissected  by  small  valleys  in  the  vicinity  of  the  Illinois, 
and  traversed  by  morainic  ridges.  2.  A  great  valley  of  very  irregular 
width,  lying  150  to  250  feet  below  the  upland  plain.  3.  An  aggrad- 
ing river  (a  river  which  is  filling  its  valley)  of  extremely  gentle 
fall,  which  flows  sluggishly  around  the  deposits  at  the  debouchures 
(mouths)  of  its  tributaries.  The  obstructions  made  by  the  deposits 
of  the  tributaries  cause  the  main  river  to  expand  locally  to  the  dimen- 
sions of  a  lake.  4.  An  extensive  flood  plain  whose  marshes  and 
lakes  withhold  large  areas  from  agriculture.  The  flood  plain  rises 
very  slightly  near  the  banks  of  the  river,  making  imperfect  levees,  and 
also  along  the  bluffs,  where  it  is  built  up  by  the  deposits  of  tributary 
streams,  and  by  slope  wash.  5.  A  remarkable  series  of  alluvial  fans, 
by  which  the  tributaries  assist  in  filling  the  Illinois  valley.  6.  A  sys- 
tem of  sand  and  gravel  terraces,  the  surfaces  of  which  are  uneven 
locally,  because  of  dunes.  The  terraces  have  determined  in  large  part 
the  location  of  the  villages  and  cities  of  the  region. 

Alluvial  Fans — Nearly  every  stream  tributary  to  the  Illinois  in  this 
part  of  its  course  has  made  a  deposit  of  gravel,  sand,  etc.,  at  its 
entrance  into  the  valley  of  the  Illinois.  These  deposits  are  called  allu- 
vial fans  (Fig.  B,  Plate  2)  because  they  are  composed  of  alluvial 
matter,  and  because  the  deposit  made  by  each  tributary  stream  is 
rudely  fan-shaped  (semi-circular)  in  ground  plan  when  normally 
developed.  Generally  speaking,  alluvial  fans  are  most  conspicuously 
developed  at  the  bases  of  steep  slopes  in  arid  regions,  as  where  streams 
of  diminishing  volume  leave  the  relatively  high  gradients  of  their 
mountain  valleys  to  enter  lowlands.  Their  extensive  development 
along  the  middle  Illinois  in  a  humid  region  of  relatively  slight  relief, 
is  one  of  the  peculiarities  of  this  remarkable  valley.  This  pronounced 
development  of  alluvial  fans  here  is  the  result  of  the  peculiar  history 
of  this  valley.     It  formerly  served  as  the  outlet  for  most  of  the  Great 


From  an  educational  bulletin  in  preparation. 

77 


78  YEAR   BOOK    FOR    ICjO/.  [Bull.  No.  8 

Lakes,  the  water  entering  the  valley  by  the  route  now  followed  by 
the  Drainage  Canal  waters.  The  volume  of  the  outlet  river  was  far 
greater  than  that  of  the  present  stream.  Its  great  volume  gave  it 
great  velocity,  and  it  cut  its  channel  down  to  a  very  low  slope,  at  a 
level  considerably  below  that  of  the  present  river.  Later,  when  the 
Great  Lakes  secured  another  and  lower  outlet,  the  Illinois  valley  was 
left  with  the  present  relatively  small  stream,  which  is  unable  to  wash 
forward  on  the  gentle  grade  inherited  from  its  vigorous  predecessor, 
the  sediment  brought  down  by  its  tributaries.  This  material  is  accord- 
ingly deposited  at  the  mouths  of  the  tributary  valleys,  forming  exten- 
sive fans. 

The  small  fans  east  of  Lake  Peoria  and  in  other  sections  of  th( 
valley,  occasion  many  of  the  unevennesses  of  the  roads  at  the  foot  o1 
the  bluff,  and  since  the  fans  are  higher  than  the  adjacent  bottoms 
they  have  frequently  been  selected  as  sites  for  homes.  The  larger 
tributaries,  such  as  Farm  creek,  Ten  Mile  creek,  etc.,  have  built  exten- 
sive fans  of  very  gentle  slope.  The  fan  of  Farm  creek,  opposite 
Peoria,  affords  an  abundance  of  land  favorably  situated  for  the  grow- 
ing manufactures  of  the  city. 

The  fans  of  the  larger  tributaries  divide  the  bottom  lands  into  more 
or  less  distinct  sections,  and  as  they  are  obstructions  to  drainage,  help 
to  maintain  the  marshiness  of  the  lower  tracts  lying  between  them 
Furthermore,  these  deposits  determine  the  position  of  the  Illinois  rivei 
on  its  flood  plain  in  many  places.  Thus  the  deposits  of  Bureau  creek 
force  the  river  against  the  Hennepin  bank.  Those  of  Sandy  creek 
flowing  from  the  east,  help  to  crowd  it  over  to  the  western  edge  o: 
the  flood  plain  at  Henry.  The  tributaries  opposite  Chillicothe  accom- 
plish a  similar  result.  The  large  fan  of  Ten  Mile  creek  crowds  th< 
river  against  the  western  bluff  at  the  "Narrows"  north  of  Peoria 
scarcely  leaving  room  for  the  wagon  road  and  railroad  which  run 
north  from  the  city,  at  the  base  of  the  bluff.  The  fan  of  Farm  creek 
is  responsible  for  the  position  of  the  river  along  the  western  side  oi 
its  flood  plain  at  Peoria,  while  the  deposits  of  Kickapoo  creek  just  t< 
the  south  divert  the  stream  to  the  eastern  side  of  the  valley  at  Wesley 
The  deposits  of  Lamarsh  creek  and  Mackinaw  river  control  its  cours< 
farther  south,  pushing  it,  in  each  case,  toward  the  opposite  side  of 
the  flood  plain.  The  helpless  manner  in  which  the  river  wanders 
around  the  deposits  of  its  tributaries  was  commented  upon  some  years 
ago  by  L.  E.  Cooley  of  the  Chicago  Drainage  Commission,  who  pointe< 
out  that  it  was  found  on  the  side  of  the  valley  opposite  the  tributar) 
whence  the  deposits  came. 

Again,   the  deposits  of  certain   tributaries  greatly   affect    the   width 
of  the  Illinois  river.     The  fan  of  Farm  creek  aets  as  a  dam.  producinj 
the  expansion  of  the  river  known  as  Lake   Peoria.      The  type  illustra- 
tion of  this  ela^s  of  lakes  has  been  Lake  Pepin,  produced  in  a  similai 
manner  1>\  a  tributary  of  the  upper  Mississippi.    Above  the  " Nam >ws/ 


Barrows.  J 


MIDDLE    ILLINOIS    VALLEY. 


79 


\  at  the  fan  of  Ten  Mile  creek,  is  another  broad  expanse,  a  mile  and 
three-quarters  wide  at  one  point,  locally  called  the  Upper  Lake.  Above 
the  fan  of  Ten  Mile  creek,  the  river  has  several  times  its  ordinary 
width  nearly  to  Chillicothe. 

The  very  low  slope  of  the  Illinois  flood  plain,  together  with  the 
flattish  fans  of  the  larger  tributaries,  accounts  for  the  unusual  course 

i  taken  by  some  of  the  streams  after  they  enter  the  main  valley.  On 
entering  the  valleys  of  main  streams,  tributaries  commonly  flow  for  a 
distance  down-valley,  before  joining  their  mains,  with  which  they 
usually  form  acute  angles  up-stream.  In  opposition  to  this  general 
rule,  some  of  the  larger  tributaries  of  this  district  take  very  irregular 

•■  courses  within  the  main  valley,  some  of  them  even  flowing  some  little 
distance  up-valley  before  joining  the  master  river. 

Terraces — In  common  with  certain  other  valleys  of  the  northern 
part  of  the  United   States,  the   lower  -Illinois   is   characterized  by   a 

I  series  of  extensive  flats  at  varying  heights  above  the  flood  plain.  These 
flats  at  varying  heights  above  the  flood  plain  are  terraces.     (Fig.  3; 

I  Fig.  A,  Plate  2;  Plate  3.) 

The  terraces  are  composed  principally  of  sand  and  gravel  of  vary- 
ing degrees  of  coarseness.  Both  their  composition  and  their  struc- 
ture may  be  seen  at  various  sand  and  gravel  pits.  The  material  is  in 
layers,  and  therefore  water-laid.  Layers  of  finer  and  coarser  material 
alternate  frequently,  and  therefore  the  velocity  of  the  depositing  waters 
changed  often  at  a  given  place.  Traced  horizontally,  layers  thin  out 
and  give  place  to  others  of  different  composition ;  hence  the  character 


Fig.  '3.     Diagram  showing  a  terrace  along  the  side  of  a  valley,  and 
lations  to  the  flood  plain  below  and  the  uplands  above. 


of  the  sediment  carried  by  the  depositing  waters  varied  from  point  to 
point  at  a  given  time.  The  thin  division  within  layers  (laminae)  slant 
in  various  directions,  and  meet  each  other  at  varying  angles;  hence 
the  material  was  deposited  upon  an  uneven  bottom  by  irregular  cur- 
rents. The  deposits  of  the  present  flood  plain  have  the  same  structure 
as  these  terrace  beds,  and  are  forming  under  conditions  similar  to 
those  under  which  the  material  of  the  terraces  was  deposited.  We 
I  therefore  conclude  that  the  terrace  beds  are  those  of  ancient  flood 
plains,  and  that  the  surfaces  of  the  terraces  are  parts  of  old  flood 
plains.     Since  the  terraces  are  remnants  of  old  flood  plains,  they  are 


80  YEAR  BOOK   FOR    IOX>7,  [Bull.  No.  8 

remnants  of  flats  which  originally  extended  across  the  valley,  to  the 
edge  of  some  higher  terrace  or  to  the  valley  wall.  The  highest  ter- 
races are  remnants  of  the  oldest  flood  plain,  and  the  lower  terraces 
are  remnants  of  successively  younger  flood  plains.  Since  flood  plains 
decline  down-stream,  remnants  of  a  given  terrace  stand  at  progress- 
ively lower  levels  down-stream. 

The  terraces  are  in  striking  contrast  with  the  present  flood  plain,  in 
that  they  are  in  many  places  made  uneven  ( 1 )  by  sand  hills  built  from 
them,  and  (2)  by  shallow,  steep  sided  valleys  cut  into  them.  Sand 
hills  are  especially  developed  on  the  terraces  at  Chillicothe  and  Pekin. 
At  these  places  they  form  a  complex  of  irregularly  shaped  hills  and 
short  ridges,  often  associated  with  shallow  depressions  without  outlet. 
In  some  instances  the  hills  attain  heights  30  to  40  feet  above  their 
immediate  surroundings,  and  rarely  even  more.  Since  the  terraces 
were  originally  flood-plains,  and  therefore  nearly  flat,  these  sand  hills 
were  obviously  developed  after  the  flood  plain  was  formed.  The  hills 
are  dunes,  that  is,  hills  of  sand,  piled  up  by  the  wind. 

Gravel  from  the  terraces  is  extensively  used  on  wagon  roads  and 
for  railroad  ballast.  The  Santa  Fe  Railway  Company  ships  gravel 
from  its  large  pit  at  Chillicothe  to  all  points  along  its  road  from  the 
vicinity  of  Chicago  to  western  Missouri.  There  are  railroad  pits  also 
at  or  near  Bureau,  Hennepin,  Henry  and  Pekin.  Since  central  Illi- 
nois has  but  limited  supplies  of  good  road  material,  these  terrace 
gravels  are  likely  to  find  a  wide  market  in  the  future.        v 

The  terrace  soils  are  generally  sandy  loams,  though  clay  soils  are 
not  wanting,  especially  near  the  bluffs  where  there  has  been  more  or 
less  wash  from  the  "uplands  since  the  terrace  material  was  deposited. 
Corn  is  the  staple  crop  of  these  "sand  prairies,"  as  they  are  called 
locally.  On  the  terrace  south  of  Spring  Bay,  large  quantities  of 
melons  are  grown  for  the  Peoria  market. 

Every  important  town  of  this  part  of  the  valley  grew  up  upon  a 
terrace,  avoiding  alike  the  bottoms,  subject  to  floods,  and  the  uplands, 
usually  150  or  more  feet  above  the  waterway.  The  early  relations  of 
the  villages  to  the  river  are  reflected  in  the  fact  that  the  streets  in  the 
older  quarters  run  parallel  to  the  river  front,  and  at  right  angles  to  it, 
rather  than  with  the  points  of  the  compass.  The  immediate  location 
of  the  village  upon  the  edge  of  the  terrace  was  in  several  cases  deter- 
mined by  relatively  large  tributary  streams  on  the  opposite  side  of 
the  valley,  the  deposits  of  the  tributary  crowding  the  river  against 
the  terrace  at  the  side  of  its  flood  plain.  Pekin  and  Peoria  appear  to 
be  striking  illustrations  of  this  control.  Peoria  developed  back  from 
the  lower  terraces  to  a  higher  one  and  is  now  spreading  back  u}u^n  the 
upland. 


THE  SALEM  LIMESTONE. 

(By  Stuabt  Weller.) 


Contents. 

Page 

Introduction    82 

Relationship  to  the  Warsaw  formation  of  Hall 83 

Relationship  to  the  St.   Louis  limestone 88 

The  Meramec   group   of  Ulrich 90 

Geographic  distribution  in  Illinois 90 

Hancock    county •  • 90 

McDonough,  Schuyler,  Adams,  Brown,  Pike,  Greene  and  Jersey  counties ....  90 

Madison     county 91 

St.   Clair   county . '. 93 

Monroe    county 94 

Jackson    county 97 

Union  county * • 97 

Conclusion     •  • 98 

Appendix 98 


Si 
-6  G.  S 


82  YEAR   BOOK  FOR    1907.  [Bull.  No.  8 


Introduction. 

The  "Bedford  limestone"  of  Indiana  is  one  of  the  best  known  and 
most  widely  used  building  stones  in  the  United  States  at  the  present 
time.  The  distribution  of  this  limestone  in  Indiana  has  been  shown 
by  Hopkins  and  Siebenthal,*  in  the  reports  of  the  Geological  Survey 
of  that  state,  and  the  same  authors  have  described  the  occurrence 
and  characteristics  of  the  stone,  and  the  methods  of  conducting  the 
quarrying  operations.  In  their  report  these  authors  have  used  the 
trade  name  "Bedford"  as  the  name  of  the  entire  formation  which  is 
called  the  Bedford  limestone,  but  this  useage  is  apparently  ill-advised 
because  of  the  prior  use  of  the  name  Bedford  for  a  formation  in  Ohio 
at  the  base  of  the  Mississippian.f  Cumings  has  proposed  the  name 
Salem  limestone;);  as  a  substitute  for  the  Bedford  limestone  of  Hop- 
kins and  Siebenthal,  and  that  name  is  adopted  in  the  present  paper. 
Ulrich  has  rejected  both  the  names  Bedford  and  Salem,  and  uses  the 
name  Spergen  limestone§  for  the  formation,  but  the  substitution  of 
Spergen  for  Salem  seems  to  be  wholly  unwarranted. 

The  fauna  of  the  Salem  limestone  has  long  been  a  notable  one  in 
the  literature  of  American  paleontology,  because  of  the  remarkable 
condition  of  preservation  of  the  fossils  in  certain  of  the  Indiana  locali- 
ties, and  because  of  the  great  numbers  of  individuals.  The  fauna  was 
first  described  by  Hall,  chiefly  from  material  collected  at  Spergen  Hill 
and  Bloomington,  Indiana,  ||  but  without  illustrations,  the  beds  furnish- 
ing the  fossils  being  referred  to  the  Warsaw  limestone  of  the  Missis- 
sippi river  section.  At  a  later  date  Whitfield^  republished  Hall's  orig- 
inal descriptions  of  these  Indiana  fossils  with  additional  notes,  accom- 
panied by  illustrations  drawn  from  the  original  type  specimens.  Still 
later  Hall  republished  his  original  paper  with  additional  notes,  accom- 
panying the  paper  by  the  same  plates  of  illustrations  which  were  pub- 
lished by  Whitfield.**  These  three  papers  gave  to  this  fauna  such 
notoriety  that  it  has  been  commonly  spoken  of  as  the  Spergen  Hill 
fauna,  and  had  not  Cumings  previously  used  the  name  Salem,  Ulrich's 
name,  Spergen  limestone,  would  have  been  highly  appropriate  as  a 
name  for  the  formation. 


•Th<- HiHford  oolitic  Limestone,  i>y  T.  C.  Hopkins  and  0.  R.  Siebenthal,  iMst  Ann.  Rep 
in<i.  State Geol.  pp.  289427  (1WM5). 

tFor  b  discussion  of  the  usage  ol  the  Dame  Bedford  see  remarks  bj  Oumings,  Siebenthal, 
Ohamberlln  and  Prosser,  Jour.  Geol.,  \»>i.  '•».  pp.  282-285,  267-271:  also  Revised  Nomenclature  ol 
the  Ohio  Geological  Formations,  by  Charles  S.  Prosser,  Geol.  Surv.  Ohio,  it  u  ser.,  Bull.  No. 
7.  pp,  19-20 

f.l.Mir.  QeOl.,    v«'l.  9,    p.  288,   (1!K)1.) 

fjphe  Lead  Zinc  and  Fluorspar  Deposits  of  Western  Kentucky,  by    E.  O.   Olrloh  and  W    9 
t;r  Smith.  U.  S.  G.  S.,    Prof.  Pap.,  No.  86,  pp.  28-80,  (1905.) 


Trans.  Albany  Inst.,  vol.  4,  pp.  2-80  (1856). 

>1.  1,  pp.  89  :>7.  plates  <; :»  <  L882). 
♦♦iL'iii  Ann    i;.p.   ind.  stnto  Gaol.,  pp.  819-870,  plates  29-82   (1888), 


Hull.    Am.    M.is.    Nat    Hint.,   vol.    1,    pp.    89  '-'7.    |-1m(cs  8-9    (1882), 


Wellee.]  THE  SALEM  LIMESTONE.  8$ 

A  peculiar  feature  of  the  Spergen  Hill  fauna  as  it  was  described  by 
Hall  and  by  Whitfield,  is  the  diminutive  form  of  most  of  the  species, 
but  further  investigation  of  the  fauna  in  other  localities  has  shown 
that  many  of  them  often  attain  larger  and  more  nearly  normal  propor- 
tions, and  that  many  of  the  forms  have  a  wide  geographic  distribu- 
tion. In  connection  with  these  later  investigations,  many  additional 
species  have  been  recognized  in  the  fauna,  which  have  been  described 
by  various  authors  in  various  places,  and  have  usually  been  recorded 
as  from  either  the  Warsaw  or  the  St.  Louis  limestone.  The  latest 
contribution  to  our  knowledge  of  this  fauna  is  a  paper  entitled  "The 
Fauna  of  the  Salem  Limestone  of  Indiana,"*  which  has  been  contrib- 
uted to  by  E.  R.  Cumings,  J.  W.  Beede,  E.  B.  Branson  and  E.  A. 
Smith.  In  this  paper  an  attempt  has  been  made  to  gather  together  in 
one  place,  all  information  available  concerning  the  fauna  as  it  occurs 

I  in  Indiana. 
In  the  present  paper  the  occurrence  of  this  formation  in  Illinois  will 
be  discussed.  Its  relations  to  the  other  formations  of  the  Mississippian 
series  will  be  considered,  as  well  as  its  general  physical  characters, 
I  its  geographic  distribution,  and  its  possible  utilization  as  a  building 
stone.  No  attempt  will  be  made  to  describe  in  detail  the  fauna  as  it 
occurs  in  Illinois,  but  as  complete  lists  of  species  as  can  be  made  at 
the  present  time,  will  be  given  in  an  appendix,  for  the  various  localities 
from  which  fossils  have  been  collected. 


j  Relation  of  the  Salem  Limestone  to  the  Warsaw  Formation 

of  Hall. 

- 

It  has  long  been  recognized  that  certain  limestone  beds  in  Illinois 
contain  representatives  of  the  Spergen  Hill  fauna  of  Indiana,  indeed, 
one  locality  above  Alton  was  frequently  mentioned  by  Hall  in  his 
record  of  the  geographic  distribution  of  the  species  in  the  original 
description  of  the  fauna.  This  locality  was  referred  by  Hall  to  the 
;  Warsaw  limestone  formation,  as  were  also  the  beds  in  Indiana  bearing 
the  Spergen  Hill  fauna. 

The  typical  section  of  the  Warsaw  limestone,  at  Warsaw,  Hancock 
county,  Illinois,  as  given  by  Hall,  is  as  follows  :f 

Feet. 
3.    Coarse  calcareous  yellow  sandstone,  in  thick  heavy  beds,  quarried  for 

building. 
2.    Argillaceous  limestone  with  shaly  partings,  containing  abundance  of 

large  Archimedes  and  other  bryozoa;  thickness  at  Warsaw 25 

1.    Magnesian  limestone  of  variable  thickness,   and  sometimes   absent. 

Worthen  did  not  recognize  the  Warsaw  limestone  as  a  distinct  major 
division  of  the  Mississippian  in  Illinois,  but  included  all  the  beds  so 
designated  by  Hall  in  the  "St.  Louis  Group/'  extending  this  interpre- 
tation to  the  limestone  beds  above  Alton  and  to  those  at  Spergen  Hill 


*  30th  Ann.  Rep.  Ind.   State  Geol.,  pp.  1187-1486,  plates   7-47    (1906). 
f  Geol.  Surv.,  Iowa,  vol.  1,  pt.  1,  p.  161. 


84  YEAR  BOOK  FOR  I907.  [Bull.  No.  8 

and  Bloomington,  Indiana.*  In  his  report  on  Hancock  county, 
Worthen  has  as  usual  considered  the  beds  comprising  the  typica 
Warsaw  formation  of  Hall  as  a  part  of  the  St.  Louis  limestone  anc 
has-  given  the  following  section  of  the  beds  as  exposed  at  the  typica 
locality,  f 

Feet 

4.  Concretionary  and  brecciated   limestone 10-3( 

3.  Calcareous  grit  stone 10 

2.  Blue  shales  and  Archimedes  limestone 20 

I.  Magnesian  limestone 8-15 

The  beds  i,  2  and  3  in  Worthen's  section  are  identical  with  those 
given  the  same  numbers  in  Hall's  section ;  No.  4  of  Worthen's  section 
being  the  only  bed  at  this  point  included  in  the  St.  Louis  by  Hall.  In 
Worthen's  section  the  thickness  of  beds  1  and  3  are  mentioned,  giving 
to  the  entire  Warsaw  formation  of  Hall  a  thickness  of  something  over 
40  feet.  Hall  mentions  the  thickness  of  the  median  member  of  his 
formation  only,  and  he  considers  this  bed  to  be  the  typical  expression 
of  his  formation,  faunally  and  physically,  and  in  his  table  of  forma- 
tions;]; he  would  apparently  restrict  the  name  "Warsaw  limestone"  to 
this  median  bed  alone,  and  correlate  with  it  the  limestone  above  Alto 
and  the  beds  at  Spergen  Hill  and  Bloomington,  Indiana. 

In  a  study  of  the  Warsaw  locality  by  the  writer  the  following  sec- 
tion, which  agrees  essentially  with  those  published  by  Jx)th  Hall  anc 
Worthen,  although  worked  out  in  greater  detail,  was  carefully  meas- 
ured along  the  creek  east  of  the  town. 

Feet. 

II.  Dense,  bluish,   brecciated  limestone 10 

10.     More  or  less  cross-bedded  limestone,  yellow  on  weathered  surfaces 

and  granular  in  appearance,  containing  large  numbers  of  broken 

bryozoans;  sometimes  replaced  by  a  calcareous  grit  or  sandstone. . 

.  9.     Thin-bedded   bluish   limestone,   interbedded  with   calcareous   shales. 

;  Fossil  bryozoans  abundant,  especially  Libclema  punctata  and  Arch- 
imedes wortheni 

8.     Fine   blue   shale    

7.     Hard,  light-colored  limestone,  with  few  poorly  preserved  fossils.... 

6.     Fine  blue  shale   

5.  Magnesian  limestone  with  shaly  bands.  Fossils  poorly  preserved, 
usually  rare,  mostly  bryozoans 

4.  Bluish  shales  with  numerous  geodes  which  are  usually  smaller  than 
those  in  the  magnesian  limestone  beds  below 

3.     Magnesian  limestone  with  chert  bands 

2.  Magnesian  limestone  with  numerous  geodes.  Some  beds  more  or 
less  shaly.  Geodes  most  numerous  in  the  middle  pari  of  the  bed. 
Fossils  poorly  preserved  and  rather  rare,  mostly  Imperfect  bryo- 
zoans       15 

1.     Blue  or  grey   crystalline   limestone   with  many  fossils.     Thickness 

not.  known,  the  bed  extending  below  river  level (exposed)     15 

In  tin  section  beds  5  to  to  inclusive  comprise  the  original  Warsaw 
Formation  of  Hall,  Bed  Mo,  9  being  the  typical  Warsaw  limestone  oi 
ih.it  author,  containing  the  large  numbers  Archimedes  and  other  bryoi 
zoans.     Bed   Mo.   to  is  the  calcareous  grit  stone,  Mo.  3,  of  both  thd 

♦  Oeol.  Siirv.  ill.  vol.   i,  pp.  88-84;  also  BJcon.  Geol.  til.  vol.   L,  i-    60 
■   Oeol    Surv.   111.  \"i    L,  p.  838;  also  Boon.  <.v<>i.  [11.,  vol,    1.  pp    270-73 

I  .■  0]      Surv       Imu.i,     VO\     I  .    Pt.      I  •    P,     I"". 


Wellee.]  THE  SALEM   LIMESTONE.  85 

Hall  section  and  the  Worthen  section.  This  bed  is  exceedingly  vari- 
able in  character,  being  at  times  a  nearly  pure,  cross-bedded  limestone, 
as  at  the  quarry  back  of  the  school  building  at  Warsaw,  again  it  is  a 
sandstone  or  a  calcareous  grit  stone.  Hall  mentions  the  occurrence  of 
small  quartz  pebbles  in  some  places.  When  the  formation  is  calcare- 
|i  ous  the  weathered  surfaces  exhibit  great  numbers  of  broken  bryozoans, 
more  or  less  imperfectly  preserved,  and  a  few  brachiopods.  The  fauna 
from  the  quarry  near  the  school  house,  already  mentioned,  is  as 
follows : 

IRhipidomella  dubia  (Hall). 
Spirifer  subaequalis   (Hall). 
Fenestella  serratula  (Ulr). 
Fenestella  multispinosa  (Ulr). 
RTiomhopora  (sp). 
Cystodictya  lineata  (Ulr). 
Worthenopora  spinosa  (Ulr). 

The  fauna  is  notable  for  the  entire  absence  of  Archimedes,  Glyp- 
topora   and   Lioclema,   genera   which    are    most   conspicuous    in   the 
fauna  of  the  subjacent  thin-bedded  limestones  and  shales.     On  the 
other  hand,  all  the  species  recognized  here  occur  commonly  and  are 
usually  among  the  more  abundant  in  the  limestones  further  south, 
near  Alton  and   elsewhere,  which  Hall   considered  as   representative 
of  his  Warsaw  limestone.    Some  or  all  of  the  species  also  occur  more 
[or  less  sparingly  in  the  subjacent  bed  associated  with  the  abundantly 
represented  genera  mentioned   above.     It  is   evident,   therefore,  that 
although  this  uppermost  member  of  the  Warsaw,  as  denned  by  Hall, 
lis  somewhat  closely  related,  faunally,  to  the  subjacent  and  more  typi- 
cal member  of  the  Warsaw  group,  it  is  this  upper  member  rather 
than  the  typical  Archimedes  and  Lioclema  bearing  bed  which  is  to  be 
correlated  with  the  so-called  Warsaw  limestone  above  Alton  and  else- 
where.    Like  the  fauna  of  this  bed  at  Warsaw,  so  the  fauna  of  the 
limestone  farther  south  is  notable  for  the  extreme  rarity  and  usually 
jby  the  entire  absence  of  members  of  the  genera  Archimedes,  Glyp- 
■topora  and  Lioclema,  and  with  the  possible  exception  of  Lioclema,  the 
species  of  these  genera  which  do  rarely  occur  are  usually  if  not  always 
distinct  from  those  of  the  Archimedes  bearing  bed  at  Warsaw. 

The  locality  in  the  region  to  the  south  of  Warsaw  where  the  beds 
under  discussion  are  best  exhibited  for  study  is  not  above  Alton, 
although  that  is  one  of  the  best  fossil  localities,  but  is  in  Missouri,  in 
jthe  neighborhood  of  Meramec  Highlands  west  of  St.  Louis.  The 
;  following  section  at  this  locality  is  compiled  from  several  carefully 
I  measured  sections  in  the  bluffs  of  the  Meramec  river  and  up  the  tribu- 
tary valley  to  the  large  quarry  by  the  Frisco  Railroad  track  east  of 
jthe  Meramec  Highlands  station: 

|i  *  Feet. 

17.  Grey,  granular  or  compact  limestone,  the  successive  beds  more  or 
less  variable  in  character,  with  numerous  horizontal  chert  bands. 
Fossils  rare.     The  top  of  this   limestone  extends  to  the  crusher 

plant  at  the  quarry,  by  the  railroad  track 40 

16.     Massive,  granular,  gray  limestone  with  few  fossils 10 

15.     Shaly  magnesian  beds 2 


86  YEAR  BOOK  FOR  I907.  [Bull.  No.  8 

14.     Limestone  filled  with  fossils  of  the  Spergen  Hill  fauna 5 

13.     Limestone,  somewhat  shaly  and  magnesian  in  places 7 

12.     Fossiliferous  limestone  with  typieal  Spergen  Hill  fauna. 

11.     Limestone,  similar  to  that  above 4 

10.     Yellowish  limestone  filled  with  examples  of  a* Rhynchonelloid  shell. .    2-6 
9.    Limestone  beds,  often  yellowish  in  color,  some  beds  shaley  and  ap- 
parently somewhat  magnesian,   other  beds   filled   with   bryozoans 

and   other  fossils 

8.     No  outcrops,  talus  probably  underlain  by  shale  in  the  lower  part 

and  limestone  above 26 

7.    Shale  exposed. 

6.     No  outcrops,  probably  shale 13 

5.     Blue  shale,  fossiliferous,  Lioclema  punctata,  one  of  the  most  con- 
spicuous   species 

4.     Blue  crystalline  limestone  with  many  Spirifers  at  top 

3.     No  outcrops,  probably  shales  in  large  part 

2.     Shaly  beds  with  intercalated  cherty  limestones, 

1.     Blue  or  gray,  more  or  less  crystalline  limestone,  with  much  chert. . .     2! 

In  this  section  three  rather  well  defined  divisions  may  be  recognizee 
The  first  division  includes  Beds  No.  I  and  No.  2  and  is  well  expose< 
along  the  base  of  the  bluff  to  the  south  of  Meramec  highlands.     Il 
consists   of  extremely  cherty  limestones  which  are   free  from  shale 
partings  below  but  with  more  and  more  conspicuous  shale  parting 
and  beds  above.     These  beds  are  exposed  to  the  extent  of  38  feet  ii 
the  measured  section  recorded  above,  but  all  these  beds  rise  to  th 
north  and  near  the  abrupt  bend  in  the  river  some  60  feet  are  exposec 

The  second,  next  higher  division  consists  largely  of  shales  or  shaly 
limestone  as  is  evidenced  by  the  nearly  complete  talus  covering.    Only 
occasionally,  where  small  ravines  have  been  cut  into  the  bluff,  are  the 
beds  exposed.     No  examples  of  Archimedes  wortheni  have  been  ob 
served  in  this  bed,  but  Lioclema  punctata  does  occur  in  abundance 
where  fossils  have  been  collected.     This  talus  covered  slope  betweei 
the   limestone  outcrops   below   and   above,   is   a  conspicuous   featur 
in   the   bluffs   along    the    river    to    the    south    of    Meramec    hig 
lands.     The  thickness  of  this  bed  is  not  accurately  known  since  the 
talus  is  banked  up  against  the  basal  part  of  the  superjacent  lim< 
stone,  obscuring  the  lower  beds  of  that  division,  but  measured  from 
the  top  of  the  lower  division  to  the  first  exposures  of  the  limestone 
of  the  upper  division,  there  are  67  feet,  which  is  doubtless  too  groat 
the  excess  possibly  being  as  much  as  20  feet. 

The  third  division  is  best  exposed  in  the  quarry  already  mentionec 
and  comprises  beds  9  to  16,  inclusive.  The  basal  part  of  it  is  alsc 
well  seen  in  the  upper  portion  of  the  river  bluffs.  The  beds  of  this  di 
vision  are  more  or  less  variable  in  character,  some  of  them  beiiij 
highly  fossiliferous,  the  fauna  being  the  typical  Spergen  Hill  faun; 
Some  of  the  beds  near  the  base  are  not  unlike,  in  their  lithologic  charai 
tors,  the  calcareous  fades  of  the  uppermost  division  of  the  Warsaw 

group  in    Hancock  county,  Illinois.     These  beds  arc  also  well  expose 

in  the  cuts  along  the  Frisco  railroad  between  Meramec  Highlands  an 
ECeyes  Summit,  and  again  at  the  tunnels  of  the  Missouri  Pacific  rail 
road  ai  Barrett's  Station.  Bed  No,  17,  In  the  general  section  here  dj 
scribed,  differs  from  the  subjacent  limestone  beds  in  its  different  litlu 
logic  characters,  in  the  almost  entire  absence  oi  fossils  and  in  tl 
presence  of  chert;  it  is  in  fact  the  basal  portion  of  the  true  St.  Loui 
limestone  and  need  qoI  be  considered  in  the  present  discussion. 


Weller.]  THE  SALEM   LIMESTONE.  87 

In  the  section  above  Alton  in  the  Mississippi  river  bluffs,  the  con- 
ditions are  essentially  the  same  as  those  at  Meramec  Highlands,  al- 
though the  continuity  of  the  beds  from  the  cherty  limestones  below 
with  shale  partings,  through  the  more  shaly  beds  of  the  second  division 
to  the  limestone  at  the  summit  is  not  so  well  shown  because  of  the 
erosion  of  the  Piasa  creek.     In  the  first  exposures  in  the  bluff  east 

[  of  the  mouth  of  Piasa  creek  near  Lock  Haven,  the  uppermost  beds  of 
the  shaly  division  are  exposed,  followed  by  the  limestones  bearing  the 
Spergen  Hill  fauna.  These  beds  with  an  easterly  dip  are  then  more  or 
less  continuously  exposed  in  the  base  of  the  river  bluff  to  Hopp 
Hollow  above  Alton  where  they  pass  below  the  superjacent  limestones, 
their  total  thickness  being  from  90  to  100  feet. 

In  correlating  the  Meramec  Highlands  section  and  that  in  the 
Mississippi  river  bluff  above  Alton,with  the  section  at  Warsaw,  the 
evidence  indicates  that  the  uppermost  bed  in  the  Warsaw  section,  the 
calcareous  grit  stone  of  Worthen  and  of  Hall,  with  a  thickness  not 
exceeding  10  feet,  increases  in  thickness  to  the  south  until  it  attains  a 
depth  of  approximately  100  feet  in  the  neighborhood  of  Alton  and  St. 
Louis.  In  this  respect  this  bed  resembles  the  typical  St.  Louis  lime- 
stone which  becomes  much  attenuated  in  thickness  to  the  north. 
The  more  typical  expression  of  the  Warsaw  formation  of  Hall,  com- 
prising the  blue  shales  with  intercalated  thin  limestone  beds,  with 
the  Archimedes  and  Lioclema  fauna,  extends  to  the  south  with  no 
great  variation  in  thickness  where  it  is  exhibited  in  the  more  or  less 
talus  covered   shaly  bed  in   the   Meramec  Highlands   section.     The 

>  geode  beds  of  the  Warsaw  section,  usually  considered  as  the  upper 
limit  of  the  Keokuk  limestone,  are  not  present  in  the  more  southern 
region,  the  higher  Keokuk  beds  being  represented  by  the  cherty  lim- 
stones  with  shale  intercalations  in  the  Meramec  Highlands  section. 

The  original  Warsaw  formation  of  Hall  is  therefore  two-fold  in 
its  nature ;  the  upper  division  being  of  but  subordinate  importance  in 
the  typical  section,  but  increasing  in  thickness  to  the  south  until  it  en- 
tirely overshadows  the  lower  and  more  typical  beds.  In  making  such 
a  division  of  the  original  formation  the  name  Warsaw  may  be  re- 

!  stricted  to  the  lower,  more  typical  part  which  includes  much  the  larger 
portion  of  the  beds  in  the  type  section.     The  upper  division,  as  it  is 

I  followed  to  the  south  from  Warsaw,  becomes  an  important  limestone 
formation  which  is  everywhere  characterized  by  the  Spergen  Hill  fauna 
of  Indiana,  and  may  be  definitely  correlated  with  the  Salem  limestone 
of  that  state. 

The  dual  nature  of  the  beds  referred  to  the  Warsaw  formation  by 
various  authors  was  recognized  by  Williams*,  although  he  was  unable 

I  to  straighten  out  the  confusion  from  a  study  of  the  literature  alone. 
Keyesf  also  recognized  the  same  fact  and  united  all  the  beds  of  Hall's 
original  section  with  the  Keokuk,  while  the  so-called  Warsaw  lime- 

:  stones  above  Alton  and  elsewhere  were  considered  as   forming  the 

J  basal  portion  of  the  St.  Louis  limestone.     He  failed  to  recognize  the 


*  Bull.  U.  S.  G.  S.  No.  80,  p.  169  (1891) 
t  Iowa  G.   S.,  vol.   1,  pp.   70-71    (1893). 


88  YEAR   BOOK   FOR    I907.  [Bull.  No.  8 

fact,  however,  that  these  limestone  to  the  south  were  really  the  more 
expanded  extension  of  the  subordinate  upper  member  of  the  Warsaw 
formation  in  its  typical  section. 

Relationship  of  Salem  Limestone  to  St.  Louis  Limestone. 

The  name  St.  Louis  limestone  was  first  applied  by  Englemann*  to  the 
limestones  which  underlie  "the  western  edge  of  the  great  Illinois  coal 
filed."  The  definition  of  the  formation  was  inadequate  according  to 
recent  standards,  and  the  stratigraphic  relations  of  the  beds  were  mis- 
understood since  the  formation  was  supposed  to  overlie  those  beds 
which  we  now  call  Cypress  sandstone  and  Chester  instead  of  being 
subjacent  to  them  as  is  now  known  to  be  the  case. 

In  the  1855  Report  of  the  Geological  Survey  of  Missouri,  both  Swal- 
low, and  Shumard  discuss  the  St.  Louis  limestone,  and  both  are  in 
accord  in  their  interpretation  of  the  formation.  The  best  exposition 
of  the  conception  of  this  limestone  formation  held  by  these  men  is 
given  in  Shumard's  report  on  St.  Louis  County,  f  in  the  description 
of  the  geologic  section  along  the  line  of  the  Pacific  Railroad,  now  the 
Missouri  Pacific  Railroad.  In  this  description  the  beds  exposed  at 
both  tunnels  at  Barrett's  Station,  which  beds  are  referred  to  the  Salem 
limestone  in  this  paper,  are  distinctly  described  as  belonging  to  the 
"Archimedes  limestone,"  a  formation  subjacent  to  the  St.  Louis  lime- 
stone, and  this  relation  is  clearly  shown  in  the  graphic  section  accom- 
panying the  report.  In  the  description  of  the  Archimedes  limestone  by 
SwallowJ  the  strata  on  the  Des  Moines  river  and  near  Keokuk,  Iowa, 
are  mentioned  in  such  a  manner  as  to  show  clearly  that  his  Archimedes 
limestone  is  considered  as  essentially  the  equivalent  of  the  beds  called 
Warsaw  by  Hall  at  a  later  date.  It  is  clear  then  that  these  authors 
who  were  the  first  to  define  the  St.  Louis  limestone  in  a  manner  at  all 
adequate  excluded  from  that  formation  these  beds  which  we  call 
Salem  limestone. 

Hall's  interpretation  of  these  beds  has  already  been  discussed.  He 
followed  essentially  the  interpretation  of  Swallow  and  Shumard,  and 
considered  this  formation  as  distinct  from  the  St.  Louis  limestone,  call- 
ing it  the  Warsaw  limestone. 

Worthen  departed  from  the  interpretation  of  these  earlier  geologists 
and  considered  the  beds  under  discussion  as  a  part  of  his  St.  Louis 
group, §  and  included  also  under  this  head  the  typical  Warsaw  lime- 
stone of  Hancock  county.  It  is  clear,  however,  that  Worthen  did  not 
intend  to  completely  dispense  with  the  name  Warsaw  as  a  formation 
name  as  he  nol  infrequently  mentioned  the  Warsaw  division  of  the 
St.  Louis  in  his  county  reports,  but  lie  at  no  time  distinguished  between 
the  typical  Warsaw  as  thai  formation  would  be  restricted  by  the1 
writer  and  the  higher  division  here  railed  the  Salem  limestone.  Wor- 
then's  usage  of  St.  Louis  as  a  group  name  in  which  was  included  a 


♦  Am.  Jour,  sH.  2nd  Ber.;  vol.  :\,  p,  n<>  (1847). 

u  .1  and  2nd  Ann.  Rep,  Oeol,  Surv.,  m<>..  pt.  8,  p,  168,  I  is 

ll.oc  oil     pi    1.  1 

lOeol.  Surv.  111.,  vol.  1,  p.  88  (1896);  also  Soon.  Geo]   in.,  vol.  1,  p.  65,   (1888.) 


Welijsr.]  THE  SALEM  LIMESTONE.  89 

'subordinate  division,  the  St.  Louis  limestone  proper,  has  led  to  some 
confusion  among  more  recent  authors,  and  the  more  general  conception 
of  late  years  has  been  that  the  St.  Louis  limestone  in  its  original  defi- 
nition included  all  these  limestones  under  consideration. 

Extended  field  observations  by  the  writer  have  shown  that  the  Salem 
limestone  is  as  clearly  defined  a  stratigraphic  unit  in  the  Mississippian 
series  of  the  Mississippi  valley  as  any  of  the  formations  recognized. 
The  formation  may  be  easily  distinguished  from  the  superjacent  St. 
Louis  limestone  on  lithologic  characters  alone,  and  when  the'  faunal 
characters  are  considered  the  difference  is  even  more  striking.  The 
formation  includes  beds  of  more  or  less  variable  lithologic  characters, 

!  the  variable  character  being  perhaps  more  pronounced  in  the  northern 
than  in  the  southern  outcrops.  Usually  the  formation  is  nearly  or  quite 
free  from  chert.  Throughout  its  extent  it  contains  important  beds  of 
light-colored,  nearly  white  limestones,  which  are  not  infrequently  more 
or  less  oolithic  in  texture.    In  some  cases  the  apparent  oolithic  grains 

;;  are  the  shells  of  a  small  foramifera  Endothyra  bailey,  but  again  there 
are  true  oolites.  These  lighter  colored  beds  have  a  peculiar  method  of 
weathering  Which  is  not  often  observed  in  any  other  of  the  Mississip- 
pian formations.  The  more  or  less  vertical  faces  of  the  outcrops  scale 
off  in  a  transverse  direction  to  the  bedding  in  rather  thin,  irregular 
flakes  from  three  to  six  inches  across  and  an  inch  or  less  in  thickness, 
this  fracturing  of  the  rock  evidently  being  due  to  frost  action.  Fine 
grained,  bluish  grey  or  buff  colored  magnesian  beds  of  varying  thick- 
ness are  not  infrequently  interbedded  with  the  more  nearly  pure  lime- 
stones, and  at  two  localities,  one  in  Madison  county  and  the  other  in 
St.  Clair  county,  beds  of  this  character  have  been  extensively  mined  for 
the  manufacture  of  hydraulic  cement,  although  the  deposits  have  not 
been  worked  during  recent  years. 

The  purer  limestones  in  this  formation  are  usually  more  or  less 
abundantly  fossiliferous,  and  the  fossils  often  occur  in  an  excellent 
state  of  preservation.     Among  the  most  conspicuous   forms  are  the 

I  bryozoans,  belonging  to  the  genera  Fenestela,  Polypora  and  Crysto- 
dictya,  which  often  present  a  nearly  pure  white  color  in  the  slightly 
darker  matrix. 

The  Salem  limestone  does  not  contain,  at  least  as  a  conspicuous  ele- 
ment, beds  of  dense,  compact,  bluish  gray  limestones  with  conchoidal 
fracture  and  with  a  texture  almost  of  lithographic  stone,  such  as  are 
commonly  present  in  the  St.  Louis  limestone ;  neither  are  there  present 
the  brecciated  beds  which  are  so  characteristic  of  the  St.  Louis.  The 
two  formations  may  also  be  differentiated  by  reason  of  the  abundance 
of  fossils  in  the  Salem  and  the  comparative  rarity  of  them  in  the  St. 
Louis,  at  least  in  such  a  condition  of  preservation  as  to  be  readily  de- 
termined. In  fact,  most  of  the  so-called  St.  Louis  fossils  in  the  Missis- 
sippi valley  are  in  reality  from  the  Salem  limestone. 

Although  there  is  no  structural  break  between  the  Salem  and  the 
vSt.  Louis,  and  the  sedimentation  was  evidently  continuous  from  the 
lower  to  the  upper  formation,  except  in  the  extreme  northern  exten- 
sion of  the  beds  where  there  is  a  possible  slight  uniformity,  the  dividing 
line  between  the  two  formations  in  any  given  section  may  usually  be 


90  YEAR   BOOK  FOR    1907.  [Bull.  No. 

easily  recognized  within  a  thickness  of  from  five  to  ten  feet.  Thi 
separation  may  ordinarily  be  made  on  the  lithographic  characters  alone 
but  with  the  aid  of  the  fossils  no  mistake  can  be  made. 

The  Meramec  Group  of  Ulrich. 

Ulrich  has  defined  as  the  Meramec  group*  those  beds  included  in  tl 
St.  Louis  group  of  Worthen,  the  name  Meramec  being  substituted  foi 
St.  Louis  in  order  to  avoid  the  usage  of  that  name  in  two  senses.  In 
this  group  he  includes  the  Warsaw,  Spergen  and  St.  Louis.  The 
Warsaw  formation,  however,  should  from  both  physical  and  faunal 
reasons  be  more  properly  joined  with  the  subjacent  Keokuk  formation, 
which  would  bring  it  into  the  Osage  group,  and  there  is  no  more  reason 
for  associating  the  Salem  and  the  St.  Louis  in  one  larger  division  than 
in  bringing  the  St.  Louis  and  the  superjacent  St.  Genevieve  forma- 
tions together.  It  would  seem,  therefore,  that  in  so  far  as  the  Illinois 
stratigraphy  is  involved  the  recognition  of  a  Meramec  group  is  of 
doubtful  utility. 

Geographic  Distribution  of  Salem  Limestone  in  Illinois. 

Hancock  county — As  has  already  been  indicated,  the  northermost' 
point  where  the  Salem  limestone  has  been  recognized  is  at  Warsaw,  in 
Hancock  county,  where  the  formation  is  represented  by  a  bed  of  grit, 
or  arenaceous  limestone  of  variable  lithologic  character,  which  reaches! 
a  thickness  of  only  eight  to  ten  feet.     There  is  no  clearly  defined  un- 
conformity at  this  locality  upon  the  subjacent  Warsaw  limestone  and' 
shale,  but  the  presence  of  the  arenaceous  beds  which  sometimes,  accord-' 
ing  to  Hall,  contain  quartz  pebbles,  is  at  least  suggestive  of  an  uncon- 
formity.    The  unconformity,  however,  if  such  be  present,  is  only  a 
slight  one,  since  a  numberof  species  of  fossils  are  common  to  the  War- 
saw formation  and  the  superjacent  Salem  limestone.     The  species  of 
fossils  which  have  been  identified  in  the  Salem  limestone  of  Hancock 
county  have  already  been  mentioned. 

McDonough,  Schuyler,  Adams,  Brown,  Pike,  Greene  and  Jersey, 
counties — In  these  counties  no  examination  of  the  Salem  limestone  lias 
been  made  by  the  writer  except  in  Adams  and  Calhoun.  In  all  of 
them,  however,  the  St.  Louis  limestone  is  described  by  Worthen.  f  and 
from  reading  his  descriptions  one  can  usually  recognize  certain  of  the 
lower  beds  which  should  doubtless  be  referred  to  the  Salem  lime- 
stone. In  ^dams  county,  where  the  formation  has  been  seen,  but  not 
carefully  Studied  the  beds  are  similar  in  character  to  the  equivalent 
beds   further  south.     In  Calhoun  county  the  Salem  limestone  occurs 


1    a  1  ■.  S.,  Prof,  pap  So  86,  pp.  28-81 

tMcDonoucrh  Co..  Geol.  Surv.  111 ..  vol  5,  p,  260;  also  Boon.  Geol.  of  111.  vol.  8.  p.  878.    SohUB 
ol.  Surv.  111.    vol.  4    p.  84;  also  Econ.  Geol.,  vol.  2,  |>.  330.     Adams  Co..  <  leol.  Surv.  til. 
vol.  4,  pp    >1  oon.  Geo)    [11..  vol.  2.  pp.  298-896.     Brown    Co.  Geol.  Surv.    [11..    vol 

lilsn  Kcon.  Gnol.  111.,  vol.  2.  pp.  813-314       IMlcr  Co..  (Jrol.  Surv.  111.,  vol.    |.  p.  31>;  also  ' 
ill.,  vol.  2,  p.  272.    Calhoun  Co..  Geol.,  Surv.  Ill  .  vol.  4,  p.  Ifi:  also  Koon   Cool    111 
,.   268      Grci  "I    Surv.  111.,    vol    3,   pp    127- 12N;  also   Kcon.    (leol.    111.,     vol.    2.    pp 

1  ieol.  Surv.  ill.,  vol.  8,  pp   ni-iii!;  UK,,  Boon.  Geol.  [11.,  vol,  8,  pp  82  88 


Wbller.]  THE  SALEM   LIMESTONE.  91 

in  only  a  single  limited  area  adjacent  to  the  Cap  au  Gres  fault.  The 
exposures  are  much  weathered  and  appear  to  be  porus,  brown,  mag- 
nesian  limestone  in  which  the  fossils  are  imperfectly  preserved.* 

In  passing  southward  from  Hancock  county  the  formation  becomes 
thicker,  but  does  not  attain  its  normal  thickness  of  nearly  ioo  feet  until 
Madison  county  is  reached. 

Madison  county — In  Madison  county  the  Salem  limestone  is  exposed 
in  the  Mississippi  river  bluffs  from  near  the  mouth  of  Piasa  creek  to 
Hopp  Hollow,  two  miles  above  Alton.  In  the  bluffs  %  mile  below 
the  mouth  of  Piasa  creek  the  lower  beds  of  the  formation  are  exposed 
resting  upon  the  subjacent  Warsaw  shales.  In  passing  down  the  river 
higher  and  higher  beds  are  exposed  by  reason  of  the  gentle  dip  of 
the  rocks  to  the  east,  until,  at  Hopp  Hollow,  the  formation  passes  be- 
neath the  surface.  A  series  of  measured  sections  have  been  studied 
in  these  bluffs,  which  give  the  total  thickness  of  the  formation  as  94 
feet. 

The  first  of  these  sections  is  J4  of  a  mile  east  of  the  Piasa  creek, 
above  the  tracks  of  the  C.  P.  &  St.  L.  Railroad,  in  which  the  following 
beds  were  recognized. 

Feet 
13    Thin  bedded  limestone,  very  fine  in  texture,  of  grey  or  yellowish 
color;   beds  %  to  1  inch  in  thickness,  almost  shale-like  in  ap 

pearance,  93-100  feet 7 

12    Talus  covered  slope.    79-93  feet 14 

11  Limestone  of  variable  character,  apparently  more  or  less  mag- 
nesian,  some  beds  more  magnesian  than  others.  Mostly  rather 
thin  bedded,  but  some  beds  1  foot  in  thickness.    Partially  covered 

with  talus.     69-79   feet 10 

10    Gray  or  buff  limestone,  granular  in  texture,  heavy  bedded,  with 

scaly  weathered  surface.    Fossils  abundant.     (W93).     58-69  feet    11 
9    Fine  grained,  gray  or  blue  magnesian  bed,  similar  in  texture  to 

the  cement  bed  formerly  mined  near  Clifton.     56-58  feet 2 

8    Limestone  with  coarse,  irregular  texture,  with  numerous  crinoid 

stems  and  bryozoans  showing  on  the  weathered  surface.  55-56  feet      1 

7    Yellowish,  impure  magnesium  limestone.     54-55 1 

6    Fine    grained    granular    limestone,    gray    or    yellowish    in    color. 
Good  fossils  not  common  although  the  entire  bed  is  composed 

of  worn  organic  fragments.     42-54  feet 12 

5     Impure,  brownish  limestone,  more  or  less  thin  bedded.  39-42  feet..       3 
4    Yellowish,  granular,  crystalline  limestone,  with  abundant  fossils, 

some  of  which  are  well  preserved.    (W92).     34*4-39  feet 4% 

3    Limestone   similar   to  that  above   but   with  the   fossils   less   per- 
fectly preserved.     This  bed  is  in  two  ledges  with  a  shaly  band 

between.     28-34%  feet  6% 

2    Talus  slope  with  no  exposure.     3-28  feet  25 

1    Blue   shale   exposed   a   few   rods   above   the   point   where   the   re 

mainder  of  the  section  was  measured.  0-3  feet   3 

In  this  section  bed  No.  1  is  doubtless  a  part  of  the  shaly  Warsaw 
formation,  although  no  fossils  were  secured.  The  talus  slope  between 
3  and  28  feet  is  probably  in  large  part  underlain  by  the  Warsaw 
shales,  although  the  basal  part  of  the  superjacent  Salem  limestone 
may  also  be  covered.  Beds  Nos.  3  to  13  are  all  to  be  included  in  the 
Salem  limestone. 


tBull.  111.  State  Geol.  Surv.,  No.  4,  p.  228. 


92  YEAR  BOOK  FOR  1907.  .  [Bull.  No 8 

The  next  section  in  the  series  is  in  the  bluff  above  Riehl's  Static  t, 
on  the  C,  P.  &  St.  L.  railroad,  where  the  following  beds  were  reccf 
nized : 

Pe 

9     Granular,  gray  limestone,  with  scaly  weathering,  thinner  bedded 

above,  the  weathered  surface  covered  with  fragmentary  crinoid 

stems    and    other    fossils.     54-65    feet    1] 

8     Oolitic  limestone  filled  with  fossils  (W95).  52-54  feet 21 

7     Dense,    more    or    less    irregularly    bedded    limestone,    apparently 

somewhat    magnesian.      47-52    feet    El 

6     Granular,  gray  or  yellowish  limestone  exhibiting  scaly  weathering. 

37-47    feet    '. 1( 

5     Heavy  bedded  limestone  with  many  fossils.  26%-37  feet 1(| 

4     Limestone  which  is  apparently  in  part  magnesian.     Fossil  bryo- 

zoans.     24^-26%  feet  SI 

3     Heavy  ledge  of  limestone  which  is  probably  the  same  as  bed  No.  3 

in  the  last  section.     20-24%  feet . 41 

2     Limestone,  variable  in  character  with  a  one  foot  fossil  band   at. 

elevation  12-13  feet  (W94).     10-20  feet  1( 

2     Blue,   gritty  shales,   similar  to  that  at  the  base  of  last  section. 

0-10    feet    K 

The  shale  at  the  base  of  this  section,  bed  No.  i,  is  the  same  as  t 
shale  at  the  base  of  the  last  section  and  is  doubtless  a  part  of  t 
Warsaw  formation.  The  remainder  of  the  section  is  entirely  witr 
the  Salem  limestone. 

Below  Riehl's  Station  these  beds  are  again  well  exposed,  althou 
the  Warsaw  shales  at  the  base  soon  pass  below  the  surface  becatu 
of  the  easterly  dip  of  the  strata.  A  little  distance  east  of  the  railroi 
trestle  below  the  station  a  small  collection  of  fossils  was  made  fret 
No.  4  of  the  above  section  where  this  bed  has  dropped  to  a  level  of  abet 
16  feet  above  the  railroad  track  (W96),  and  another  collection  frcl 
the  same  locality  from  the  same  limestone  just  above  the  last,  si 
inches  to  one  foot  in  thickness  (W97). 

The  next  section  in  this  series  starts  from  the  mouth  of  a  sml 
ravine  known  as  Hull's  Hollow  about  one  and  one-half  miles  bek? 
Clifton  Terrace  station,  and  was  measured  to  the  top  of  the  bill 
west  of  the  ravine.    The  beds  recognized  are  as  follows : 


15     Heavy,  brecciated  or  conglomeratic  limestone.     171-183  feet LS 

14     Limestone  of  variable  character,  thick  and  thin  bods,  some  layers 

apparently  magnesian   and  some  layers  shaly.     117-171  feet 64 

i::      Brecciated    limestone.      110-117    feet     7 

12     Hard,     gray     limestone    with    numerous    plates    and     spines    of 

Arciiacocirfaris  on  the  weather  surfaces.    i<>-  km  feet  8 

ii     Hard,  gray  limestone.     07-1 02  feel    5 

in     Limestone    ledges    more    or    loss    talus    covered,    some    beds    slialy. 

63  97   feel    

:i     Hard,  fossiliferous  limestone  (W45).    59-61  feet   

s    Limestone,  mostly  in  heavy  beds,  with  Borne  thinner  Bhaly  beds. 

Fossils  not   abundant.     88-59   feel    21 

7     I'.uff  colored,  Bhaly,  magneslac  bed.     84-88  feet 

0    Hardj  fin*    grained,  gray  limestone  exposed  in  lower  v:\rt  of  old 

Quarry.     26  ::t   feel    8 

..    'i  alui    covered.     20  26   feet 6 


WBLLEB.]  THE  SALEM   LIMESTONE.  93 

4  Gray,   fossiliferous    limestone   forming   the   lower   waterfall   near 

the  mouth  of  the  ravine  ( W44) .     10-20  feet 10 

3  Hard  limestone  ledge,  oolitic  in  part,  with  a  large  Spergen  Hill 

fauna   (W43).     9-10  feet 1 

2    Earthy  magnesian  bed,  with  texture  similar  to  that  of  the  "cement 

bed"  formerly  mined  near  Clifton.     7-9  feet 2 

1    No  exposure  from  river  level.    0-7  feet 7 

In  this  section  beds  Nos.  1-9  may  be  included  in  the  Salem  lime- 
stone, the  higher  beds  being  a  part  of  the  St.  Louis  limestone.  It  was 
probably  from  beds  Nos.  3  and  4  of  this  section,  or  from  Hopp  Hollow, 
the  section  next  to  be  described,  that  Hall's  material  mentioned  as 
coming  from  above  Alton  in  his  paper  on  the  Spergen  Hill  fauna  of 
Indiana,  was  obtained.  The  oolitic  portion  of  bed  No.  3  is  especially 
rich  in  fossils  and  contains  a  large  portion  of  the  same  species,  in  a 
very  perfect  condition  of  preservation,  as  the  Spergen  Hill  and  Rloom- 
ington  beds  of  Indiana.  This  bed  is  also  probably  the  equivalent  of 
bed  No.  8  in  the  Riehl's  Station  section,  where  it  occurs  at  an  elevation 
of  from  52  to  54  feet  above  the  railroad  track. 

In  the  quarry  of  the  Blue  Grass  Crusher  Co.,  just  west  of  Hopp 
Hollow,  the  upper  beds  of  the  Salem  limestone  are  exposed  with  the 
superjacent  St.  Louis  limestone.  The  measured  section  at  this  point 
is  as  follows : 

Feet. 

13    Brecciated  limestone.     130-142  feet   12 

12    Gray  to  buff  limestone,  becoming  somewhat  thinner  bedded  above. 

108-130  feet    22 

11    Brown  limestone.     105y2-108  feet  2y2 

10    Dense    gray    limestone    with    numerous    sections    of    brachiopods 

shown  upon  the  weathered  surface.  103%-105% 2 

9  Gray  limestone,  thin  bedded  in  one  inch  layers,  with  occasionally 
brownish    layers.      Ripple     marked     surface     at     elevation     83. 

81-103%   feet   22% 

8    Limestone,   heavy  bedded  below,  becoming,  thinner  bedded  above 

to  top  of  quarry.     64-81  feet   17 

7    Yellow,  earthy  layer,  probably  magnesian.     60-64  feet 4 

6  Impure  limestone  in  thick  and  thin  beds,  some  shaly  layers,  six 
inches  of  blue  clay  shale  at  the  base.  Towards  the  top  the  beds 
become  thicker,  being  hard,  dense  limestone.     47-60  feet 13 

5  Impure  limestone  with  much  chert,  somewhat  earthy  in  texture. 

Yellowish  in  color,  probably  magnisian.     34-47  feet 13 

4  Magnesian  (?)  limestone,  shaly  below.     31-34  feet 3 

Dense  limestone  with  some  chert     26-31  feet 5 

Limestone  similar  to  that  below,  but  more  dense,  a  little  darker  in 

color,  with  some  hard  masses  and  some  chert.     18-26  feet 8 

1    Light  gray,  granular  limestone,  with  an  abundance  of  fossils  in 

pockets  and  bands.     No  chert  (W42).     0-18  feet 18 

In  this  section  bed  No.  1  represents  the  summit  of  the  Salem  lime- 
stone, all  the  higher  beds  being  of  the  St.  Louis  limestone.  The  fauna 
of  this  bed  is  somewhat  extensive  and  is  the  typical  Spergen  Hill 
fauna  of  Indiana.  Below  this  quarry  the  Salem  quickly  passes  out 
of  sight  by  reason  of  the  eastward  dip  of  the  strata. 

St.  Clair  county. — On  the  Illinois  side  of  the  Mississippi  river,  the 
outcrop  of  the  Mississippian  beds  is  interrupted  between  the  northern 
part  of  Madison  county  and  the  southern  part  of  St.  Clair,  by  the 
broad  American  bottom,  the  alluvial  deposits  extending  eastward  to 


94  YEAR   BOOK   FOR    1907 '.  [Bull.  No.  8 

beyond  the  line  separating  the  Mississippian  and  the  Pennslyvanian 
series.  At  the  point  where  the  bluffs  of  Mississipian  limestone  re- 
appear in  southern  St.  Clair  county,  the  beds  exposed  are  typical 
St.  Louis  limestone,  with  a  gentle  northerly  dip.  Following  the  bluffs 
to  the  south  the  beds  arise  until  the  Salem  limestone  appears  in  the 
base  of  the  bluffs  and  finally  constitutes  nearly  or  quite  all  of  the 
limestone  beds  exposed  in  the  bluff.  Before  the  Monroe  county  line 
is  reached,  however,  the  crest  of  an  anticline  is  passed  and  the  beds 
again  pass  beneath  the  surface.  In  the  point  of  the  hill  just  northwest 
of  Sugar  Loaf  school  house  the  St.  Louis  limestone  beds  of  the 
southwestern  limb  of  the  anticline  exhibit  a  dip  of  31  degrees,  which 
is  much  more  abrupt  than  the  dip  of  the  opposite  limb. 

In  the  upper  part  of  the  ravine  extending  back  from  the  river  at 
Sugar  Loaf  school  house  where  the  old  cement  mine  is  located,  a 
good  section  is  exposed,  the  base  of  the  section  being  shown  in  the 
bank  of  the  creek  back  of  the  house  occupied  by  Mr.  James  Bergen, 
and  the  upper  beds  at  the  cement  mine. 

Feet 
13     Ledges  of  thick  and  thin  bedded  limestones,  more  or  less  granular 
and  crystalline  in  texture,  usually  light  in  color  with  gray  or 
brown  tints,  some  thin  beds  apparently  magnesian  and  occasion- 
ally shaly  partings.     All  these  beds  are  more  or  less  covered 

with  talus.     47-80  feet 33 

12  Cement  bed.  Earthy,  bluish  or  gray  magnesian  limestone  with 
uniform  texture.  Exactly  similar  in  texture  to  the  cement  bed 
in  the  Salem  limestone  near  Clifton  Terrace  in  Madison  county. 

39-47  feet    8 

11     Thin  bedded  limestones.     36-39  feet  3 

10     Thin  bedded  blue  limestone  with  large  numbers  of  fossil  Spirifers 

(W250).     35-36   feet    1 

9     Thin  bedded  limestone  similar  to  the  beds  above.     33-35  feet 2 

8     Limestone  similar  to  that  above  with  numerous  fossils    (W249). 

32-33  feet    1 

7     Thin  bedded   limestone  with   bands  of  shales.   30-32   feet 2 

6     Possiliferous  limestone  (W248).     29-30  feet  1 

5     Buff  or  blue  shales  with  occasional  thin  beds  or  lenses  of  lime- 
stone.     18-29    feet    11 

4     Buff  colored   fossiliferous   shales    (W247).     16-18   feet    2 

3     Buff  or  blue  shales  with  occasional  thin  beds  or  lenses  of  lime- 
stone.    6-16  feet   10 

2     Irregularly  thin  bedded,  fossiliferous  limestone  strata  with  inter- 
bedded  shale   (W246) .     4-6  feet   2 

1     Blue  and  buff  fossiliferous  shales  (W245)     0-4  feet 4 

In  this  section  a  little  over  40  feet  of  the  higher  beds  including  th 
cement  bed   are   referable  to  the  Salem  limestone.     The   lower  bed 
represent  the  shaly  Warsaw  formation  as  it  is  so  well  developed  it 
Louis  county,  Missouri,  and  as  it  occurs  in  northern  Madison  county 

Monroe  county — A  quarry  in  the  Salem  limestone  was  former!] 
worked  in  the  southwest  quarter  of  section  14,  about  a  mile  southets 
of  Columbia.  \t  ibis  point  a  thickness  of  about  48  feet  of  lime-ton 
is  exposed  which  is  more  or  less  variable  in  color  and  texture.  Tt 
characters  agree  well  with  those  of  the  Salem  limestone  expose 
the  river  blurts  of  southern  St.  Clair  county.  In  the  bed  oi  the  quan 
is  a  shaly  bed  which  is  abundantly  fossiliferous,  the  fauna  being 


Vbller.]  THE  SALEM   LIMESTONE.  QC 

rharacteristic  assemblage  of  the  Salem  limestone  (U  48).  At  another 
ocality  one  and  one-half  miles  south  of  Columbia,  in  the  southeast 
quarter  of  section  2J,  the  Salem  limestone  is  exposed.  The  rock  at 
his  locality  is  similar  in  its  physical  and  faunal  characters  to  the  beds 
>f  similar  age  further  north.  Fossils  are  somewhat  abundant  (U  56). 
At  both  of  the  last  localities  the  Salem  limestone  has  been  brought 

0  the  surface  by  the  anticlinal  folding  of  the  beds,  exhibited  in  the 
•iver  bluff  in  southern  St.  Clair  county.  In  the  Mississippi  river 
>luffs  the  Salem  limestone  is  not  exposed  in  Monroe  county  until  a 
joint  south  of  Fountain  creek  is  reached  where  the  rocks  begin  to 
ise  to  the  anticlinal  axes  exhibited  in  the  outcrop  of  the  Kimmswick 
imestone  at  Valmeyer.  The  outcrops  in  this  portion  of  the  bluff  have 
lot  been  studied  in  detail,  and  no  collections  have  been  made,  but  the 
observations  which  have  been  made  indicate  that  the  characteristics 
»f  the  formation  are  not  different  here  from  other  localities.  Im- 
mediately south  of  the  Valmeyer  anticline,  the  Salem  .limestone  is  not 
learly  shown  in  the  Mississippi  river  bluffs.  All  the  beds  which  are 
xposed  where  one  would  expect  to  find  the  Salem  limestone  seem  to 
ielong  in  the  St.  Louis  formation;  the  Salem  is  either  covered  with 
he  talus  at  the  foot  of  the  bluff  or  the  strata  have  been  faulted  in  such 
.  manner  as  to  obscure  the  beds  in  question.  This  region  has  been 
xamined  only  in  a  hasty  manner  and  a  few  days  detailed  work  will 
loubtless  make  the  relations  clear. 

Below  Chalfin  Bridge  P.  O.  the  Salem  limestone  again  appears  in 
he  base  of  the  bluffs,  the  summit  of  the  formation  rising  to  a  height 
>f  59  feet  above  the  bottom  lands  in  the  northwest  corner  of  section 
,  a  little  over  one-half  mile  southeast  of  the  post  office.  At  this 
oint  the  following  section  was  carefully  measured. 

Feet. 
Hard,  blue  or  gray  limestones,  more  or  less  variable  in  texture 
and  variously  bedded,  having  the  typical  characteristics  of  the 
St.    Louis    limestone.      213-231    feet 18 

8    Limestone  filled  with  large  and  small  colonies  of  the  coral  Lith- 

ostrotion.     198-213  feet 15 

7    Limestones   in   every   way   similar   to   those   above   the   corraline 

bed.     151-198  feet  47 

6    Limestone  filled  with  fossil  cephalopods  of  various  genera  (W237). 

150-151  feet 1 

5  Limestone  beds  similar  to  those  higher  up,  passing  into  an  exceed- 
ingly hard,  dense  blue  limestone,  just  beneath  the  cephalopod 
layer.     86-150  feet    64 

4    Hard,  siliceous  limestone  having  almost  the  appearance  of  a  very 

hard  sandstone.     85-86   feet 1 

3  Beds  variable  in  character,  for  the  most  part  magnesian,  earthy 
limestones,  buff  or  brown  in  color,  with  bluish  beds  near  the 

top.     59-85  feet   16 

Light  colored,  grayish  or  yellowish  limestones,  having  the  features 
characteristic  of  the  Salem  limestone.  Fossils  common  (W236). 
30-59  feet   29 

1  No  exposures  to  the  level  of  the  bottom  land.    0-30  feet 30 

The  Salem  limestone  is  represented  by  bed  No.  2  of  this  section, 
lis  being  the  upper  portion  of  the  formation.  The  higher  beds  are 
II  St.  Louis  limestone. 


g6  YEAR   BOOK   FOR    IOXT/.  [Bull.  No.  8 

One  mile  southeast  of  the  last  section,  opposite  the  residence  of  Mr. 
William  Maeys,  the  Salem-St.  Louis  contact  is  only  25  feet  in  eleva- 
tion above  the  river  bottom,  the  section  being  as  follows : 

5     Thin  bedded  magnesian  limestones.     84-94  feet 10 

4     Chert    band.      83-84    feet    1 

3     Magnesian  limestone,  quarry  ledge.     77-83  feet 6 

2     Thin  bedded  magnesian  limestones.     25-77  feet  52 

1     Limestone  having  the  characteristic  features  of  the  Salem  exposed 

above,  covered  with  talus  below.     0-25  feet   25 

From  this  point  the  summit  of  the  Salem  limestone  rises  gently  and 
regularly  for  a  distance  of  a  little  over  three  and  one-fourth  miles, 
to  the  ravine  which  intersects  the  bluff  about  one  mile  below  the 
northwestern  boundary  of  the  Renault  grant,  just  south  of  which 
the  Salem-St.  Louis  contact  occurs  at  an  elevation  of  66  feet  above 
the  river  bottom.  Just  below  this  point  the  continuity  of  the  forma- 
tion is  interrupted  by  a  fault  and  one-half  mile  to  the  southeast  the 
contact  is  recognized  at  an  elevation  of  176  feet. 

Continuing  along  the  bluffs,  the  beds  rise  gently  at  first  and  then 
more  abruptly  to  an  anticlinal  axis  which  intersects  the  bluff  opposite 
the  village  of  Renault.  Over  the  anticline  the  Salem  limestone  beds 
have  been  practically  removed  so  that  the  contact  between  it  and  the  St. 
Louis  limestone  has  not  been  seen,  but  the  base  of  the  Salem,  resting 
upon  the  subjacent  Keokuk- Warsaw  formation,  may  be  seen  at  an  ele- 
vation of  145  feet  in  the  bluff  just  below  the  intersection  of  the  road 
to  Renault  with  the  river  road  in  the  northeast  quarter  of  Section  1. 
Assuming  the  thickness  of  the  Salem  as  100  feet,  which  is  as  close  as 
it  can  be  estimated  for  Monroe  county,  the  Salem-St.  Lauis  contact 
would  be  at  an  elevation  of  245  feet.  Continuing  to  the  southeast  the 
beds  descend  rapidly  upon  the  southern  limb  of  the  anticline,  the  Salem- 
St.  Louis  contact  having  an  elevation  of  95  feet  about  one  mile  from 
Randolph  county  line,  and  65  feet  at  a  point  about  one-half  mile  below. 
Before  reaching  the  Randolph  county  line,  the  formation  has  passed 
below  the  level  of  the  river  bottom  and  is  not  again  exposed  until  the 
neighborhood  of  Grand  Tower,  in  Jackson  county,  is  reached. 

Throughout  Monroe  county  wherever  the  formation  occurs,  the  litho- 
logic  expression  of  the  Salem  limestone  is  uniform  and  it  can  be  easily 
recognized.  It  is  furthermore  characterized  throughout  by  the  char-, 
acteristic  Spergen  Hill  fauna.  At  some  points  certain  beds  oi  the  lime-! 
stone  might  be  satisfactorily  and  profitably  developed  as  building 
stone.  The  Iron  Mountain  Railroad,  running  the  entire  length  of  the 
county  between  the  bluffs  and  the  river  would  furnish  good  transporta-' 
lion  facilities.  The  locality  where  the  formation  seems  to  he  most' 
favorably  situated  for  quarry  purposes  is  about  one  mile  above  the 
Randolph  county  line  in  the  point  of  the  bluff  west  i^\  the  road  which 
runs  in  a  northerly  direction  to  the  Village  ^\  Renault.  \t  this  point 
the  rock  occurs  in  more  than  usually  heavy  beds  ;  it  is  apparently 
Uniform    in    texture    and    color,    and    resists    the    action    ^\    weathering 

Furthermore,  it  is  not  covered  at  this  point  by  heav}  ledges  of  the 
superjacent  St.  Louis  limestone  and  a  large  quarrj  might  be  opened 
with  but  a  minimum  amount  of  stripping.     Careful  tests  would  be 


Weller.]  THE  SALEM  LIMESTONE.  97 

necessary  to  determine,  whether  the  rock  at  this  point  would  be  equal 
for  purposes  of  construction,  to  the  celebrated  "Bedford  stone"  of 
Indiana,  but  the  superficial  examination  of  the  locality  would  seem  to 
indicate  this  to  be  the  case.  ci 

Jackson  county — In  the  vicinity  of  Grand  Tower,  in  Jackson  county, 
three  conspicuous  hills  rise  abruptly  above  the  broad  alluvial  plain 
which  extends  from  the  Mississippi  to  the  Big*  Muddy  river.  The 
first  and  largest  of  thesje  hills  is  known  as  "Big  Hill"  or  "Fountain 
Bluff."  This  elevation  is  several  miles  in  length,  its  southern  extrem- 
ity being  two  miles  north  of  the  town ;  the  constituent  rock  strata  are 
of  Chester  age  below,  passing  upward  into  the  Mansfield  sandstone  and 
conglomerate  of  the  Pennsylvanian.  Just  northwest  of  the  town, 
along  the  river  bank,  is  the  long  narrow  ridge  known  as  the  "Devil's 
Back  Bone,"  which  is  entirely  of  Devonian  rocks.  Northeast  of  the 
town  is  the  third  elevation  which  is  much  broader  and  less  abrupt  than 
the  "Back  Bone ;"  at  its  southern  extremity  the  rocks  are  of  Devonian 
age,  but  at  its  northern  end  they  are  Mississippian  limestones.  In  the 
extreme  northern  part  of  this  hill  a  quarry  known  as  the  "City  Quarry" 
has  been  opened  in  which  the  Salem  and  St.  Louis  limestones  are  ex- 
posed. The  beds  at  this  point  dip  to  the  northeast  at  an  angle  of  about 
24  degrees  so  that  the  lower  strata  are  exposed  in  the  southwestern 
part  of  the  quarry.  Certain  of  these  lower  beds  exhibit  features  which 
are  highly  characteristic  of  the  Salem  limestone  elsewhere,  with  the 
typical  Spergen  Hill  fauna  represented  by  an  abundance  of  both  spec- 
ies and  individuals.  The  dividing  line  between  the  Salem  and  the  St. 
Louis  is  not  so  distinctly  shown  here  as  in  Monroe  county,  but  the 
lower  beds  in  the  quarry  are  none  the  less  distinctly  Salem  limestone. 

Union  county — The  stratigraphy  of  the  Mississippian  formations  in 
Union  county  was  misinterpreted  by  Worthen  because  of  his  failure 
to  recognize  the  extensive  faulting  of  the  strata  which  has,  taken  place 
in  the  southern  part  of  the  State.  In  the  east  and  west  section  passing 
through  Jonesboro  and  Anna  he  recognized  a  succession  of  higher 
and  higher  beds  passing  from  the  Devonian  black  shale  through  the 
Mississippian  series  in  regular  succession,  except  that  the  St. 
Louis  limestone  was  believed  to  follow  immediately  after  the  sup- 
posed Kinderhook  shales,  the  limestone  along  Swan  creek, 
east  of  Anna,  being  considered  as  the  upper  beds  of  the 
:St.  Louis*.  A  reconnaissance  survey  of  this  part  of  the 
State  by  the  writer  has  shown  that  the  structural  features  are;  by 
no  means  so  simple  as  Worthen's  interpretation  would  indicate.  The 
succession  of  the  beds  is  perfectly  normal  through  the  Kinderhook, 
Burlington,  Keokuk-Warsaw,  Salem  and  St.  Louis,  but  their  relations 
have  been  obscured  by  faulting.  A  fault  with  a  general  north-south 
[direction  seems  to  pass  along  Swan  creek  with  the  upthrow  on  the  east, 
J  so  that  the  supposed  upper  St.  Louis  beds  of  Worthen  appear  to  be  the 
Salem  limestone.  The  fauna  of  the  limestone  exposed  in  the  old 
I quarries  along  Swan  creek  is  nearly  the  typical  Spergen  Hill  fauna, 
and  this  occurrence  of  the  fauna  in  beds  supposed  to  be 
upper  St.  Louis  is  perhaps  one  of  the  facts  which  led  Worthen  to 
combine  the  Salem  and  St.  Louis  limestones  in  one  formation:     The 

*Geol.  Surv..  111.,  vol.  3,  pp.  41-44:  also  Econ.  Geol.  111.,  vol.  1,   pp.  483-487. 
—7  G  S 


98  YEAR  BOOK  FOR  I907.  [Bull.  No.  8 

fauna  at  this  locality  has  some  features,  however,  which  suggest  that 
it  is  a  representative  of  the  recurrent  Spergen  Hill  fauna  of  the  Ste. 
Genevieve  limestone  lying  above  the  St.  Louis.  The  true  relations  oi 
the  beds  in  this  region  can  only  be  determined  by  more  detailed  study. 
In  its  lithologic  character  the  supposed  Salem  limestone  of  Union 
county  resembles  the  same  formation  elsewhere  except  that  some  of  th< 
beds  are  more  cherty  than  is  usually  the  case  with  the  formation.  Th< 
survey  of  the  region  has  not  yet  been  carried  far  enough  to  determine 
the  extent  of  the  formation  in  the  county,  and  as  yet  it  has  onh 
been  observed  along  Swan  creek,  where  it  is  represented  by  at  least 
100  feet  of  strata. 

Conclusion. 

The  Salem  limestone,  as  has  been  shown  in  the  preceding  pages,  is 
widely  distributed  in  Illinois,  from  Hancock  to  Union  counties,  al- 
though the  outcrops  of  the  formation  are  not  continuous  at  the  surface 
through  this  entire  area.  Its  lithologic  characters  are  more  or  less 
uniform  throughout  the  State  and  it  can  usually  be  differentiated  from 
the  superjacent  St.  Louis  limestone  without  difficulty.  The  faunal 
characters  of  the  formation  are  even  more  uniform  than  the  physical. 
and  are  identical  with  the  faunas  of  the  typical  expression  of  the  forma- 
tion in  Indiana..  These  beds  which  appear  at  intervals  along  the 
western  side  of  the  Illinois  coal  field,  are  doubtless  continuous  beneath 
it  across  the  entire  width  of  the  State  and  a  part  of  Indiana,  coming  to 
the  surface  again  near  the  eastern  border  of  the  coal  field  in  .the  latter 
State.  In  Indiana  the  formation  affords  one  of  the  most  valuable 
building  stones  of  America.  In  Illinois  it  is  apparently  not  usually. so 
well  adapted  for  such  purposes  as  in  Indiana,  either  because  of  th< 
physical  characters  of  the  rock  itself  or  because  of  the  overlying 
heavy  beds  of  St.  Louis  limestone,  but  at  certain  localities  in  Monroe 
county  extensive  beds  could  probably  be  quarried  which  would  prov 
to  be  the  equal  of  the  Indiana  "Bedford  stone"  in  all  respects. 


Appendix. 

Preliminary  lists   of  species   in   the   Salem  limestone   faunulcs   col- 
lected in  Illinois. 

W.  56.    Wabsaw,  Hancock  County.     (See  p.  85.) 

Rhipidomella   dubia   Hall.  Rhombopora  sp. 

Rpirifer    aubaequalia    Hall.  Cystodictya  lineata  Ulr. 

Fenestella  serratula  Ulr.  Worth  en  opora   spinosa   Ulr. 
Fenefttella  multispi n oaa  Ulr. 

W  92.    Near  Ix>ck  Haven,  Madiron  County.     (See  p,  91.) 
WigtuHpora  sperpenensl*   Rom  Spirifer  subacquaiis  Hall. 

Rhipidomrlla   <lnhni    Hall  Sj)irifcr    lateralis    Hall. 

Otthothetet    minutiis   (Mini  Ffeminula  trfottcted  Hall. 

Product  us    Sp 


Welleb.  ] 


THE  SALEM  LIMESTONE. 


99 


W  93.     Near  Lock  Haven,  Madison  County.     (See  p.  91.) 


Endothyra   baileyi   Hall. 
Zaphrentis  spergenensis  Worthen. 
Zaphrentis  sp. 

Talarocrinus  simplex  Shum. 
Stenopora  sp. 
Fenestella  serratula  Ulr. 
Hemitrypa  prouti  Ulr. 
Hemitrypa   beedei  Cum.? 
Cystodictya  Hneata  Ulr. 


Worthenopora  spatulata    (Prout) 
Productus  altonensis  N.  &  P. 
Productus  biseriatus  Hall. 
Productus  indianensis  Hall. 
Camarophoria  subuneata  Hall. 
Dielasma  formosa  Hall. 
Spirifer  bifurcatus  Hall. 
Spirifer  subcardiiformis  Hall. 


W  94.    Riehl,s  Station,  Madison  County.     (See  p.  92.) 


Fistulipora    spergenensis    Rom. 
Polypora  simulatrix  Ulr.? 
Cystodictya  Hneata  Ulr. 
Spirifer  bifurcatus  Hall. 


Spirifer  subaequalis  Hall. 
Spirifer  lateralis  Hall. 
Reticularia  pseudolineata  Hall. 
Platyceras  sp. 


W  95.    Riehl's  Station,  Madison  County.     (See  p.  92.) 


Endothrya  baileyi  Hall. 
Zaphrentis  spergenensis  Worthen. 
Archaeocidaris  sp. 
Pentremites  conoideus  Hall. 
Rhombopora    bedfordensis    Cum.? 
Cystodictya  Hneata  Ulr. 
Worthenopora  spatulata  (Prout). 
Ofthothetes  minutus  Cum. 
Productus  biseriatus  Hall. 
Pugnax  grosvenori  Hall. 
Dielasma  formosa  Hall. 


Dielasma  turgida  Hall. 
Spirifer  bifurcatus  Hall. 
Spirifer  subaequalis   Hall. 
Eumetria  marcyi   (Shum.) 
Seminula  trinuclea  Hall. 
Cliothyris  hirsuta  Hall. 
Nuclua  shumardi  Hall. 
Microdon  oblongus  Hall. 
Straparollus  spergenensis  Hall. 
Holopea  proutana  Hall. 
Cladodus  sp. 


W  96.    East  of  Riehl's  Station,  Madison  County.     (See  p.  92.) 


Monuopora  beecheri  Brab. 
Pentremites  conoideus  Hall. 
Fistulipora  spergenensis  Rom. 
Fenestella  tenax  Ulr. 


Orthothetes  minutus  Cum. 
Rhipidomella  dubia  Hall. 
Spirifer  bifurcatus  Hall. 
Reticularia  pseudolineata  Hall. 
Cliothyris  hirsuta  Hall. 


W  97.    Bast  at  Riehl's  Station,  Madison  County.       (See  p.  92.) 


Rhipidomella  dubia  Hall. 
Productus  sp. 


Spirifer  lateralis  Hall. 
Seminula  trinculea  Hall. 


W  43.    Hull's  Hollow,  Madison  County.     (See  p.  93.) 


Endothyra  baileyi  Hall. 
vaphrentis  cassedayi  E.  &  H. 
Enallophyllum  grabaui  Green. 
Pentremites  koninckana  Hall. 
Poteriocrinus  sp. 
Talarocrinus   simplex   Shum. 
spirorbis  annulatus  Hall. 
Fenestella  tenax  Ulr. 
Fenestella  exigua  Ulr. 
Hemitrypa  proutana  Ulr. 
Hemitrypa  nodosa  Ulr. 
Polypora  simulatrix  Ulr. 
Polypora  varsoviensis   (Prout). 


Olyptopora  sp. 
Orthothetes  minutus  Cum. 
Rhipidomella  dubia  Hall. 
Productus  altonensis  N.  &  P. 
Productus  biseriatus  Hall. 
Rhynchonella  wortheni  Hall. 
Rhynchonella  macra  Hall. 
Pugnax  grosvenori  Hall. 
Dielasma  formosa  Hall. 
Dielasma  turgida  Hall. 
Spirifer  bifurcatus  Hall. 
Spirifer  subaequalis  Hall. 
Spirifer  subcardiformis  Hall. 


IOO 


YEAR  BOOK  FOR  I907. 


[Bull.  No.  8 


Spirferina  spinosa  N.  &  P. 
Reticularia  setigera  Hall. 
Eumetria  marcyi  t^Shum.) 
tSeminula  trinuclea  Hall. 
Cliothyris   hirsuta  Hall. 
Nucula  shumardana  Hall. 
Conocardium   catastomum   Hall. 
Conocardium   meekanum  Hall. 
Myalina  sp. 
AincttZopectew  sp. 
Goniophora  plicata   Hall? 
Microdon   subellipticus   Hall. 
Microdon  oblongus  Hall. 
Microdon  ellipticus  Whitf.? 
Cypricardinia  indianensis  Hall. 
Dentalium  sp. 
Lepteopsis  levettei  (White). 


Pleurotomaria  humilis  Hall. 
Pleurotomaria  piasaensis  Hall. 
Pleurotomaria  meekana  Hall. 
Pleurotomaria  subglobosa  Hall. 
Pleurotomaria    (several   sp.) 
Bellerophon   sublaevis   Hall. 
Straparollus   spergenensis    (Hall) 
Murchisonia  vermicula  (Hall). 
Cyclonema  levenworthna  Hall. 
Naticopsis  carleyana  Hall. 
Bulimorpha  elongata  Hall. 
Holopea  proutana  Hall. 
Platyceras  acutirostris  Hall. 
Orthoceras  sp. 
Leperditia  carbonaria  Hall. 
Phillipsia   sp. 


W  44.    Hull's  Hollow,  Madison  County.     (See  p.  93.) 


Zaphrentis  sp. 

Platycrinus  huntsvilliae  Troost. 
Fistulipora  spergenensis   Rom. 
Fenestella  serratula  Ulr.? 
Cystodictya  lineata  Ulr. 
Worthenopora  spatulata    (Prout., 
Orthothetes  minutus  Cum. 
Rhipidomella  dubia  Hall. 
Productus  altonensis  N.  &  P. 
Productus  biseriatus  Hall. 
Camarophoria  subcuneata  Hall. 
Pugnax  grosvenori  Hall. 
Dielasma  formosa  Hall. 


Bielasma  turgida  Hall. 
Spirifer  bifurcatus  Hall. 
Spirifer  subaequalis   Hall. 
Spirifer  subcardiiformis  Hall. 
Reticularia  setigera  Hall. 
Eumetria  marcyi   (Shum.) 
Seminula  trinuclea  Hall. 
Cliothyris   hirsuta  Hall. 
Conocardium  meekanum  Hall. 
Bellerophon  sublaevis  Hall. 
Straparollus   spergenensis   Hall. 
Holopea  proutana  Hall. 
Platyceras  circularis  Rowley. 


W  45.     Hull's  Hollow,  Madison  County.     (See  p.  92.) 

Reticularia  pseudolineata  HalL 


Pentremites  conoideus  Hall 
Productus  biseriatus  Hall. 


W  42.    Hopp  Hollow,  Madison  County..    (See  p.  93.) 


Monilopora   beecheri  Grab. 
Fistulipora  spergenensis  Rom. 
Anisotrypa  fistulosa  Ulr.? 
Fenestella  tenax  Ulr. 
Fenestella  serratula  Ulr. 
Fenestella   multispinosa  Ulr. 
Hemitrypa   proutana   Ulr. 
Polypora   simulatrix  Ulr. 
Polypora  varsoviensis  Prout? 
Polypora   internodata   Cum. 
Polypora  spininodata  Ulr. 
Rhombopora  bedfordensis  Cum.?, 
Cystodictya  lineata  Ulr. 
Proutella  discoidea  (Prout) 

Worthenopora   spat u lata    (Prout.) 
Orthothetes    minutus    Cum. 
Product  us    altonensis    N.    &   P. 


Productus  biseriatus  Hall. 
Productus  indianensis  Hall. 
Pugnax  grosvenori   Hall. 
Dielasma  formosa  Hall. 
Dielasma  turgida  Hall. 
Spirifer  bifurcatus  Hall. 
Spirifer  subaequalis   Hall. 
Spirifer  subardiifonnis  Hall. 
Spiriferina  sp. 

Reticularia  pscinlolincta  Hall. 
Eumetria  marcyi   (Shum.) 
Seminula   trinuclea   Hall. 
Cliothyris   hirsuta   Hall. 
St?'aparollus  spergenensis   Hall. 
drifjithides  sp. 
Philli))sia    sp. 


Weller.  ] 


THE  SALEM  LIMESTONE. 


IOI 


U  48.    Near  Columbia,  Monroe  County.     (See  p.  95.) 


Zaphrentis  spinulosa  B.  &  H. 
Zaphrentis  sp. 
Amplexus  sp. 
Monilopora  beecheri  Grab. 
Pentremites  conoideus  Hall. 
Tricoelocrinus    obliquatus    Roem. 
Metablastus  bipyramidatis  Hall. 
Synbathocrinus  swallovi   Hall? 
Batocrinus  irregularis  Casseday. 
Dichocrinus   oblongus  W.  &  W. 
Talarocrinus    simplex    Shum. 
Archaeocidaris  sp. 
Stenopora  sp. 

Lioclema  punctata    (Hall). 
Fenestella  tenax  Ulr. 
Fenestella  compressa  Ulr. 
Fenestella  regalis  Ulr.? 
Polypora  biseriata  Ulr. 
Fenestralia  st.   ludovici  Prout. 
Rhombopora  bedfordensis  Cum. 
Cystodictya  lineata  Ulr. 


Worthenopora   spatulata    (Prout.) 
Worthenopora  spinosa  Ulr. 
Orthothetes  minutus  Cum. 
Rhipidomella  dubia  Hall. 
Productus  altonensis   N.  &  P. 
Prqductus   biseriatus  Hall. 
Strophalosiaf  sp. 
Pugnax  grosvenori  Hall. 
Dielasma  turgida  Hall. 
Spirifer  bifurcatus  Hall. 
Spirifer  subaequalis  Hall. 
Spirifer  subcardiiformis  HalJ. 
Spiriferina  spinosa  N.  &  P. 
Reticulari  apseudolineata  Hall. 
Eumetria  marcyi   (Shum.) 
Seminula  trinuclea  Hall. 
Gliothyris    hirsuta   Hall. 
Platyceras  acutirostris  Hall. 
Phillipsia  sp. 
Fish  teeth. 


U  56.    1%  Miles  South  of  Columbia,  Monroe  County.     (See  p.  95.) 


Zaphrentis  spergenensis  Worthen. 
Pentremites  conideus  Hall. 
Talarocrinus  simplex  Shum. 
Stenopora  sp. 
Fenestella  tenax  Ulr. 
Hemitrypa   proutana   Ulr. 
Rhombopora   bedfordensis   Cum. 
Cystodictya  lineata  Ulr. 
Cystodictya  ocellata  Ulr. 


Worthenopora  spatulata  (Prout.) 
Productus  altonensis  N1.  &  P. 
Productus  biseriatus  Hall. 
Dielasma  formosa  Hall. 
Spirifer  bifurcatus  Hall. 
Spirifer  subcardiiformis  Hall. 
Deltodus  sp. 
Cladodus  sp. 


W  236.    Near  Chalfin  Bridge,  Monroe  County.     (See  p.  95.) 


Orthothetes  minutus  Cum. 
Rhipidomella  dubia  Hall. 
Productus  altonensis  N.  &  P. 
Pugnax   grosvenori    Hall. 
Spirifer  bifurcatus  Hall. 


Reticularia  pseudolineata  Hall. 
Eumetria  marcyi  (Shum.). 
Seminula  trinuclea  Hall. 
Allorisma  sp. 
Deltodus  sp. 


W  235.    Near  Brownsburg,  Monroe  County. 


Orthothetes  sp. 
Rhipidomella  dubia  Hall. 


Spirifer  subcardiiformis  Hall. 
Seminula  trinuclea  Hall. 


W233.   Mississippi  River  Bluff,  Opposite  Renault  Station,  Monroe  Co. 


Zaphrentis  cassedayi  E.  &  H. 
Fistulipora  spergenensis  Rom. 
Fenestella  sp. 
Cystodictya   sp. 
Orthothetes  minutus  Cum. 
Rhipidomella  dubia  Hall. 
Productus  altonensis  N.  &  P. 
Productus    biseriatus   Hall. 
Pugnax  grosvenori  Hall. 
Dielasma  turgida  Hall. 
Spirifer  bifurcatus  Hall. 


Spirifer  subcardiiformis  Hall. 
Reticularia  pseudolineata  Hall. 
Eumetria  marcyi   (Shum.). 
Athris  densa  H.  &  C. 
Seminula  trinuclea  Hall. 
Macrodon  sp. 
Aviculopecten  sp. 
Bellerophon  sublaevis  Hall. 
Platyceras  acutirostris  Hall. 
Griffjthides  sp. 


102 


YEAR  BOOK  FOR  I907. 


[Bull.  No.  8 


W  263.     Abandoned  Quarries,  Swan  Creek,  East  of  Anna,  Union  County. 


Endothyra   baileyi   Hall. 
Zaphrentis   spergenensis   Worthen? 
Zaphrentis  sp. 
Cystelasma  rugosum  Ulr.? 
Syringopora  sp. 

Palaeacis  cuneiformis  E.  &  H. 
Pentremites  koninckana  Hall. 
Platycrinus  huntsvillae  Troost. 
Melonites?  (plates). 
Rhipidomella   dubia  Hall. 
Productus   punctatus   Martin. 
Productus  cora  D'Orb. 
Camarophoria  wortheni  Hall. 
Dielasma   formosa   Hall. 
Dielasma  turgida  Hall. 
Reticularia  pseudolineata  Hall. 
Eumetria  marcyi   (Shum.) 


Seminula  trinuclea  Hall. 
Cliothyris  hirsuta  Hall. 
Nucula  shumardana  Hall. 
Aviculopecten  sp. 
Goniophorat  plicata  Hall. 
Dentalium  sp. 
Eotrochus  concavus  (Hall.) 
Bellerophon  sp. 
Bucanopsis  textiles  Hall. 
Straparollus  spergenensis  Hall. 
Strophostylus  carleyana  Hall. 
Bulimorpha  bulimiformis  Hall. 
Orthoceras  epigrus  Hall. 
Gri-ffjthides  sp. 
Psammodus  sp. 
Ctenacanthus  sp. 


W.  264.     Outcrop  by  Roadside,  Swan  Creek,  a  Little  Less  Than  V>   Mile 
North  of  Last  Locality,  Union  County. 


Orthothetes   sp. 
Productus  cora  D'Orb. 
Productus  sp. 
Dielasma  formosa  Hall. 
Dielasma  turgida  Hall. 
Spirifer  bifurcatus  Hall. 


Eumetria  marcyi   (Shum.), 
Seminula  trinuclea  Hall. 
Cliothyris  hirsuta  Hall. 
AincwZopecten  sp. 
Enchostoma  sp. 


W.  265. 


Outcrop  by  Roadside,  Swan  Creek,  a  Little  Less  Than  ^4  Mile 
North  of  Last  Locality,  Union  County. 


Pentremites  konincki  Hall. 
Orthothetes  sp. 
Productus  sp. 
Dielasma  formosa  Hall. 
Dielasma  turgida  Hall. 
Spirifer  bifurcatus  Hall. 
Eumetria  marcyi   (Shum.) 
Seminula  trinuclea  Hall. 
Cliothyris   hirsuta   Hall. 


Nucula  shumardana  Hall. 

Nucula  sp. 

Goniophora?  plicata  Hall. 

Lepetopsis  sp. 

Bembexia  elegantula  (Hall)? 

Porcellia  sp. 

Strophostylus  carleyana  Hall. 

Griffithides  sp. 


LOWER  PALEOZOIC  STRATIGRAPHY  OF  SOUTH- 
WESTERN  ILLINOIS.* 

(By  T.  E.  Savage.) 


Contents. 

Pages 

Introduction 104 

Earlier  geological   work 104 

Composite  section   of  the  Pre-Mississippian 105 

Ordovician 109 

Galena-Trenton     109 

Richmond-Maquoketa     110 

Middle   Silurian 110 

Alexandrian     11C 

Silurian    •  • Ill 

Clinton HI 

Devonian  112 

Helderbergian   112 

Oriskanian     113 

Onondaga    113 

Hamilton 114 

Upper    Devonian 115 

Conclusion 115 


*  Previously  published  in  briefer  form  in  the  American  Journal  of  Science,  May,  190$ 


I03 


104  YEAR  BOOK  FOR  IQO/.  [Bur.L.  No.  8 


Introduction. 

The  following  paper  is  a  preliminary  statement  concerning  the  pre- 
Mississippian  formations  that  occur  in  the  southwest  portion  of  Illinois. 
A  detailed  report  on  the  stratigraphy  and  paleontology  of  these  ter- 
ranes  -in  the  above  mentioned  area  is  in  preparation  by  the  writer.  The 
field  work  on  which  the  report  is  based  was  done  during  the  summer 
of  1907,  under  the  auspices  of  the  Illinois  Geological  Survey ;  while 
the  paleontological  study  was  made  at  the  Peabody  Museum,  Yale 
University,  under  the  direction  of  Professor  Charles  Schuchert.  To 
the  latter  the  writer  wishes  to  acknowledge  his  indebtedness  for  valu- 
able assistance  in  the  study  and  interpretation  of  the  faunas  and  the 
data  that  were  collected. 

The  pre-Mississippian  beds  in  this  portion  of  the  State  underlie 
the  surficial  materials  over  an  area  150  miles  in  extent.  They  appear 
in  the  southwest  corner  of  Jackson  county  in  the  Back  Bone  and  Bake 
Oven  ridge,  at  the  south  end  of  Walker  ridge,  and  at  Bald  Rock  and 
southward  on  the  east  side  of  Big  Muddy  river.  In  Union  and  Alex- 
ander counties  they  extend  from  the  flood-plain  of  the  Mississippi  east- 
ward to  a  general  line  passing  within  about  one  mile  west  of  the  town? 
of  Alto  Pass,  Mountain  Glen,  Jonesboro  and  Mill  Creek,  to  a  point 
nearly  two  and  one-half  miles  southeast  of  Elco,  whence  the  line  sep- 
arating the  Devonian  from  the  younger  formations  trends  toward  'the 
southwest  past  the  Diswood  postomce,  to  near  the  middle  of  section  28. 
T.  15  S.,  R.  2  W.  Eastward  they  are  bordered  by  Mississippian  beds, 
while  along  the  southern  edge  sands  and  clays  of  Tertiary  age  lie  upon 
the  flanks  of  these  older  formations.  Occasional  patches  of  Tertiary 
gravels  occur  within  the  region  under  discussion. 

This  small  area  is  exceedingly  interesting  geologically  because  of 
the  fact  that  some  of  the  formations  here  represented  do  not  appear 
further  north  anywhere  in  the  Mississippi  valley.  The  successive  beds 
were  deposited  in  a  basin  of  the  Interior  or  Mississippian  sea  which, 
during  a  great  part  of  the  time,  was  more  or  less  separated  from  that 
in  which  the  older  strata  in  other  portions  of  the  State  were  laid  down. 
Owing  to  its  proximity  to  Ozarkia  this  basin  was  subjected  to  vertical 
movements  and  therefore  to  variable  conditions  of  sedimentation,  very 
different  from  those  that  prevailed  during  the  same  time  over  the 
more  northern  areas. 

Earlier  Geological  Work. 

Tn  volume  TTT  of  the  Geological  Survey  of  Illinois.  Professor  Wor- 
then  published  reports  on  the  geology  of  Jackson.  Union  and  Alexan 
der  counties  in  which  he  describes,  in  a  general  way,  the  stratigraphy 
of  the  region  under  discussion.    Tn  1807  Dr.  Weller*  published  a  list 
of  fossils  collected  at  the  Bake  Oven,  in  Jackson  county,  with  a  discus 

sion  of  the  relations  of  these  to  the  Middle  Devonian   faunas  of  other 

tecalities. 

•  Weller!  Jour.  Qeol.,  vol.  •>.  pp,  626-686     L897 


Savage.  ] 


PALEOZOIC  OF  SOUTHWESTERN   ILLINOIS. 


I05 


No  careful  detailed  study  of  the  lower  Paleozoic  beds  of  this  region 
as  a  whole  has  ever  been  attempted  previous  to  the  present  work. 
This  neglect  was  doubtless  due,  in  part,  to  the  small  size  of  the  area ; 
to  the  absence  of  the  more  important  economic  deposits ;  and  to  the 
fact  that  the  deformations  and  unconformities  occuring  in  this  region 
have  made  the  geological  relations  of  the  beds  obscure ;  and  that  many 
of  the  formations  present  here  cannot  be  correlated  with  those  in  other 
portions  of  the  State. 

Composite  Section  "of  the  Pre-Mississippian  Strata  Occurring  in 
Southwestern  Illinois. 

The  general  relations  of  the  Lower  Paleozoic  formations  in  south- 
western Illinois  may  be  represented  in  a  generalized  section  as  follows : 


Correlations. 


Location 

of 
sections. 


Descriptions  of  horizons. 


I _  §t 

S  oj  c3  qJ  o> 

^   03   O   OS   03 


a    .(M  S3  ^ea 

g-^rig^ri 


10c.  Oreenish-blue  shale,  fossils  almost  none — 
29  ft. 

10b.  Black  shale  with  few  fossils,  but  carrying 
numerous  very  small  balls  of  ironpyrite 
from   %   to   %   inch  in  diameter — 21  ft. 

10a  Brown  to  black,  siliceous  shale  or  shaly 
limestone  with  Leiorhynchus  gloouli- 
formis   and  Reticulwria  laevis — 36%    ft. 


S3  QJ 


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9c.  Light  gray  siliceous  limestone,  in  part 
oolitic,  characterized  byChonetes  cor- 
onatus,  Cranaena  romingeri,  Spirifer 
pennatus,  8.  audaculus,  Tropidoleptus 
carinatus  and  Vitulina  pustulosa — 7  ft. 

9b.  Yellowish-brown  siliceous  or  shaly  lime- 
stone   with    few    fossils — 25    ft 

9a.  In  the  north  are  dark  colored,  fine  grained 
limestones  with  Microcyclus  discus, 
Ghonetes  yandellanus,  Eunella  attenuata, 
Parazyga  hirsuta,  Spirifer  fornaoula  and 
S.  pennatus.  In  the  south  are  gray  or 
leached  limestones  with  Athyris  apiri- 
1  feroides.  Delthyris  sculptilis,  Spirifer 
granulosus,  Rhipidomella  penelope — 38 
ft. 


d    -O 

StoP£ 


8a.  Rather  soft  shale  weathering  to  a  yellow- 
ish-brown color,  with  Leiorhynchus  limi- 
tdre — 28  ft. 

This    horizon    is    not    present    at    the 
north   in   Jackson   county. 


The  Onondaga  is  well  developed  in 
Jackson  county  where  it  passes  without 
a  break  into  the  Hamilton.  In  the 
southern  part  of  Union  county  there  is 
a  break,  and  the  Onondoga  is  represented 
only  by  the  basal  sandstone,  7a  of  sec- 
tion. 


106  YEAR  BOOK  FOR  IQOJ .  I  Bull.  No.  8 

Composite  Section  of  the  Pre-Mississippian  Strata — Continued. 


Correlations. 


Location 

of 
sections. 


Descriptions  of  horizons. 


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7L  Heavy  layers  of  very  hard,  gray,  coarsely 
crystaline  limestone ;  containing  corals, 
Chonetes  konickianus,  Pholido  atrophia 
iowensis,  Productella  spinulicosta  and 
Stropheodonta  •  concava.  Strophalosia 
truncata  is  abundont  in  the  lower  half, 
while  Productella  spinulicosta  is  common 
in  the  upper  part — 26ft. 

7h.  Layer  of  dark  colored  limestone  largely 
composed  of  shells  of  Chonetes  konicki 
anus  var. — 3  5-6  ft. 

7g.  Thin  bedded,  hard,  gray  limestone,  layers 
2-10  inches  thick.  Fossils  rare,  Chon- 
etes konickianus  var.  common  in  the 
upper  part  and  C.  pusillus  with  Stopheo- 
donta  concava  in  the  lower — 15  ft. 

7f.  Hard,  gray,  impure  limestone  with  few 
fossils — 21   ft. 

7e.  Dark  gray,  impure  limestone  with  thin 
chert  bands  near  the  top.  Fossils  numer- 
ous, Nucleocrinus  verneuili,  Rhynchonella 
gainesi,  Meristella  barrisi,  Spirifer  acum- 
inatus,  Stropheodonta  patersoni,  etc. — 
8Ys  ft 

7d.  Dark  gray,  impure,  fine-grained  limestone. 
Chonetes  mucronatus  abundant  in  a  zone 
near  the  middle.  Other  fossils  are  Rhip- 
idomella  vanuxem,  Spirifer  prieri, 
Stropheodonta  patersoni,  S.  perplana, 
and  Phacops  cristata — 11  ft. 

7c.  Heavy  layers  of  light  gray,  subcrystalline 
limestone.  Fossils  abundant.  Coscinium 
cribriformis,  Gentronella  glansfagea, 
Spirifer  duodenarius,  S.  macrothyris  and 
Odontocephalus  aegeria  present  through- 
out— 38  ft. 

7b.  Alternating  layers  of  light  gray,  arenac- 
eous, subcrystalline  limestone  and  coarse- 
grained sandstone,  containing  Ccntron- 
ella  glansfagea,  Meristella  near  lenti- 
formis,  Rhipidomella  cf.  musoulosa,  Spir- 
ifer duodenarius  and  S.  macrothyris — 
15%  ft 

7a.  Bed  of  more  or  less  iron-stained  sand- 
stone, in  places  soft  and  friable,  at  other 
points  cemented  by  a  deposit  of  iron  or 
silica,  containing  Michclinia  stylopom, 
Aulacophyllum  sp.,  Centronelto  glans- 
fagea, Spirifer  duodenarius,  S.  macro- 
thyris and  Odontocephalus  arcnarius — 
18  ft 


SAVAGE.]  PALEOZOIC  OF  SOUTHWESTERN  ILLINOIS.  107 

Composite  Section  of  the  Pre-Mississipian    St?ata — Continued. 


Correlations. 


Location 

of 
sections. 


Descriptions  of  horizons. 


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6e.  Bed:  of  light  gray  chert  in  layers  3-9  inch- 
es thick,  Amphigenia  curta,  Chonostro- 
phia reversa,  Eodevonaria  melonica-, 
Schuchertella  pandora  and  Spirifer 
worthenanus   abundant — 5%    ft. 

6d..  Reddish-brown,  friable  sandstone  with 
Michelinia  stylopora,  zaphrentis  sp., 
Amphigenia  curta  and  Spirifer  duodenar- 
ius — 2  5-6  ft. 

6c.  Layers  of  light  gray  chert,  4-8  inches 
thick.  Anoplia  nucleata,  Chonostrophia 
reversa,  Eodevonaria  melonica,  Schucher- 
tella pandora  and  Spirifer  worthenanus 
—IY2    ft. 

6b.     Reddish-brown,   friable   sandstone — 2  ft. 

6a.  Bed  of  light  colored  chert  layers,  in  qlaces 
alternating  with  impure  siliceous  lime- 
stone, and  at  other  points  composed 
wholly  of  chert  bands.  Fossils  most 
abundant  in  the  upper  part.  Amphi- 
genia curta*,  Anoplotheca  flabellites,  Ea- 
tonia  peculiaris,  Eodevonaria  melonica, 
Chonostrophia  reversa,  Schuchertella 
pandora,  Spirifer  worthenanus,  and  S. 
hemicyclus  common  in  the  upper  part 
—225  ft. 

(In  the  southern  part  of  Union  county 
the  lower  chert  layers  are  massive  and 
contain  but  few  fossils.  In  the  pit 
worked  by  the  M.  &  O.  railroad,  1% 
miles  north  of  Tamms,  in  Alexander 
county,  may  be  seen  an  exposure  of 
more  that  100  feet  in  which  few  fossils 
were  found.) 


A    break    in    sedimentation. 


AM?     M° 


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5b.  Heavy  bedded,  light  colored,  coarsely  crys- 
talline limestone,  with  Eatonia  singu- 
laris,  Spirifer  macropleura,  S.  perlameh 
losus,  Stropheodonta  beckii,  and  Stroph- 
onella  punctulifera — about  58  ft. 

5a.  Layers  of  impre,  shaly  limestone  alternat- 
ing with  bands  and  nodules  of  chert ; 
in  the  upper  portion  occur  Dalmanella 
subcarinata,  Meristella  laevis,  Spirifer 
cyclopterus,  S.  pcrlamellosus  and  Strop- 
honella  punctulifera — 100  ft. 

(The  horizon  of  5a  appears  to  belong 
immediately  below  5b.  It  is  present  at 
Bald  Rock,  and  in  the  river  bluffs 
further  south,  but  the  fossils  were  not 
so  abundant  at  the  later  points.) 


io8 

YEAR  BOOK  FOR  IGO/.                                  [Bull.   No.  ij 
Composite  Sectio?i  of  the  Pre-Mississippian  Strata — Continued. 

a 

a? 

Correlations. 

Location 

of 
sections. 

Descriptions  of  horizons. 

A  long  break  in  sedimentation. 

03 
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Oh 
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d 

Clinton— Dayton,  Ohio— Clinton 

Interior   or   Western    Clinton.    75 
feet. 

2  miles  N.  E.  of  Gale.  N.    W.   H 
sec.  27,  T.  14  S.,  R.  3  W.,  also  H 
mile  S.  and  S.  E.  of  Gale,  Alex- 
ander county. 

4c.  Pink,  mottled  limestone,  in  layers  10-4 
inches  thick,  containing  many  small  in 
mature  brachiopods,  with  which  occu 
Plectanibonites  transversalis,  Rafinet 
quina  mesacosta  and  Spirifer  near  su. 
cata — 23  ft 

4b.  Layers  of  gray  to  drab  colored  limestone 
2-6  inches  thick,  alternating  with  thi: 
bands  of  chert  and  characterized  by  sue 
typical  Clinton  fossils  as  StHcklandini 
triplesiana  and   Triplecia   ortoni — 6  ft. 

4a.  Bed  of  tough,  gray  limestone  in  layers  3- 
inches  thick  which  are  imperfectly  sej. 
arated  by  2  to  4-inch  partings  of  *cher 
Fossils  rare — 0-46  ft. 

(4a  is  wanting  at  some  points  in  thi? 
area. ) 

A  break  in  deposition. 

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Along   the   river    1^2   miles    north    of 
Thebes,    and   also   1   mile    south    of 
Thebes,  in  Alexander  county. 

3c.  Coarse-grained,  somewhat  oolitic  limeston* 
in  layers  12-18  inches  thick;  Atryp 
rugosa,  Rhynchotreta  sp..  Schucherteil 
subplanus,  Whitfieldella  billingsana  an 
Lichas  breviceps  clintonensis   common- 

sy2  ft.                                         < 

3b.  Fine-grained,  dark  colored,  shaly  limeston< 
in  layers  4-10  inches  thick,  character 
ized  by  Raftnes quina  mesacosta,  Schi. 
chert  ella  subplanus  and  Dalmanitt 
danae — 2%   ft. 

3a.  Cape  Girardeau  limestone:  Fine-graine< 
black,  brittle  limestone,  layers  1-4  inchc 
thick,  separated  from  each  other  1 
thin  lenses  or  partings  of  calcareous  sha 
on  the  surface  of  which  are  expose^ 
cxinoids,  Rafinesquina  mesacosta,  Rhyi. 
chotrema  sp.,  Schuchcrtella  missour 
ensis  and  Cornulitcs  tenuistriata — 33-3 
feet. 

A  probable  short  break  in  sedimentation. 

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East  bank  of  Mississippi 
river  *$  mile  south  of 
Gale,  Alexander  county. 

9b  in  the  south  part  of 
Thebes.) 

2b.  Bed  of  grayish-blue  shale  in  which  1-inc 
bands  of  more  resistant  calcareous  shal 
occur  4-0  inches  apart,  bearing  Rhy. 
chotrema  inacquivalvef,  Strophometi 
sulcata:'  Zygospira  recurvirostra,  Conri 
(hllti  sp.  and  Isotelua  sp.  not  rare — 18  f 

2a.  Thebes  sandstone  and  shale:  Bluish  t 
brown,  shaly  sandstone  In  layers  >_.  t 
'2V>  (cot  Muck;  the  upper  prtion  Hiii 
ner  bedded  with  a  larger  admixture  i 
shale.  Lingula  cf.  covingtonentin  th 
only  fossil  found  in  the  upper  par 
while  Isotelus  sp..  occurs  near  the  ba*e- 
73  ft. 

Savage. J  PALEOZOIC  OF  SOUTHWESTERN  ILLINOIS.  IO9 

Composite  Section  of  the  Pre-Mississippian  Strata—  Concluded. 


Correlations. 


Location 

of 
sections. 


Descriptions  of  horizons. 


A  break  in  Deposition. 


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la.  Light  gray,  coarsely  crystalline  limestone, 
in  regular  layers  3-48  inches  thick  ;  the 
upper  part  characterized  by  the  fossils 
Receptactdites  oweni,  Hebertella  near 
occidentalis,  PlatystropMa  Mforata. 
Plectorthis  plioatella,  Oytolites  ornatu* 
and  Platymetoous  cucullus;  while  the 
lower  portion  is  marked  by  Receptacul- 
ites  oweni,  Rhynchotrema  inaequivalve, 
ParastropMa  hemiplica<i  and  Triplecia 
sp.— 68-80   ft. 


Ordovician. 

Galena-Trenton — A  thickness  of  68  to  80  feet  of  this  formation  is 
exposed  in  Alexander  county.  It  appears  at  two  points  adjacent  to  the 
Mississippi  river  where  the  waters  of  that  stream  have  cut  across  low 
arches  which  bring  the  Galena  limestone  above  the  level  of  the  water. 
One  of  these  exposures  is  a  short  distance  below  Thebes,  where  a  thick- 
ness of  about  68  feet  of  the  limestone  may  be  studied.  The  second 
fold  crosses  the  river  about  two  miles  north  of  Thebes,  a  short  distance 
west  of  the  village  of  Gale,  where  the  limestones  may  again  be  seen 
on  Little  Rock  Island. 

The  Galena  formation  is  here  a  light  colored,  crystalline,  non-roag- 
nesian  limestone,  in  layers  from  a  few  inches  to  four  feet  in  thickness, 
which  is  imperfectly  exposed  in  the  upper  part.  The  lowest  layers 
contain  in  abundance,  Re cept acuities  oweni,  H\eberteila  near  occiden- 
\talis,  Parastrophia  hemiplicata,  Platystrophia  biforata,  Rafinesquina 
■alternata,  Rhynchotrema  inaequivalve,  Strophomena  emaciata,  Trip- 
lecia n.  sp.,  and  the  trilobites  Bronteus  lunatus,  Bumastus  trentonensis, 
Illaenus  americanus,  Isotelus  maximus,  and  Platymetopus  cucullus. 
Eighteen  feet  above  low  water  Crania  trentonensis,  Cyrtolites  ornatus, 
Plector.this  plicatella  and  Remopleurites  striatulus  are  assosiated  with 
:most  of  the  above  mentioned  forms.  In  the  middle  and  upper  parts 
the  white  color  is  in  places  mottled  with  pink,  and  the  fossils  become 
much  less  abundant.  Receptaculites  oweni  is  still  common  while  Crania 
trentonensis,  Hebertella  near  occidentalis,  Platystrophia  biforata, 
Rafinesquina  alternata,  Rhynchotrema  inaequivalve  and  Triplecia  n.  sp. 
persist  in  diminished  numbers. 

This  fades  of  the  Galena  resembles,  in  its  fossils  and  lithology,  the 
[Kimmswick  limestone  of  Ulrich,  also  described  by  Weller  from  Jersey 
and  Calhoun  counties.*  The  basin  in  which  it  was  deposited  was 
probably  somewhat  separated  from  that  which  received  the  sediments 
of  the  more  northern  dolomite  phase  of  the  Galena. 


'Weller:  Illinois  State  Geol .  Surv.,  Bull.  No.  4.  p.  222. 


110  YEAR  BOOK  FOR  1907.  [Bull.  No.  8 

Richmond-Maquoketa — The  beds  that  belong  to  the  Richmond  for- 
mation have  an  aggregate  thickness  of  91  feet.  This  formation  suc- 
ceeded that  of  the  Galena  after  a  long  land  interval.  All  of  the  Vtica 
and  Lorraine  deposits  are  wanting,  and  seemingly  much  of  the  Rich- 
mond is  also  absent.  The  formation  in  southwest  Illinois  consists  of 
two  members,  2a  and  2b  of  the  general  section.  The  lower  one  (2a) 
is  a  sandstone  or  sandy  shale — ''Thebes  sandstone  and  shale" — which 
is  exposed  along  the  flanks  of  the  Thebes  and  Gale  anticlines,  and  in 
the  intervening  trough.  The  materials  are  reddish  brown  where  weath- 
ered, and  blue  where  not  changed  by  the  atmosphere.  The  lower  part 
is  a  sandstone,  thick  bedded  and  in  regular  layers,  which  is  well  ex- 
posed at  the  east  end  of  the  railroad  bridge  at  Thebes.  In  the  upper 
half  the  layers  are  thinner  and,  where  much  weathered,  appear  de- 
cidedly argillaceous.  This  more  shaly  horizon  is  well  exposed  in  the 
river  bank  three-fourths  of  a  mile  south  of  Gale.  Lingula  cf.  coving- 
tonensis  occurs  sparingly  throughout  the  sandy  shale  of  this  member. 

The  upper  member  is  a  bed  of  fossiliferous,  bluish  shale  (2b  of  the 
section.)  It  is  exposed  in  the  bank  of  the  river  and  in  a  cut  along  the 
Illinois  Central  railway  about  three-fourths  of  a  mile  south  of  Gale, 
where  it  overlies  the  "Thebes  sandstone  and  shale"  member.  The  bed 
has  a  thickness  of  18  ft.,  and  contains  Cyclocystoides  n.  sp.,  Phylloporina 
near  granistriata,  Dalmanella  testudinaria,  Plectambonites  sericea, 
Rhynchotrema  inaequivalvef,  Strophomena  sulcata?,  zygospira  recurv- 
irostra,  Conradella  near  Umbriata,  and  species  of  Isotclus  resembling 
/.  susae  and  /.  platycephalus.  The  lithologic  and  faunal  change  from 
the  Thebes  sandstone  member  to  this  blue  shale  is  abrupt,  which  may 
indicate  a  break  between  the  two  beds.  The  fauna  reminds  one  much 
of  the  Black  river  formation,  but  as  it  occurs  above  the  Rhynchotrema 
capax  zones  in  Missouri,  and  its  life  assemblage  is  not  at  all  that  of  the 
overlying  Cape  Girardeau  limestone,  it  must  belong  in  the  Richmond 
with  the  Thebes  sandstone. 

Neither  of  these  members  contain  Rhynchotrema  capax,  the  widely 
distributed  guide  fossil  to  the  Richmond.  However,  across  the  river, 
in  the  vicinity  of  Cape  Girardeau,  Mo.,  were  found  thin  layers  of  gray, 
sub-crystalline  limestone,  5-7  feet  thick,  which  contain  Rhynchotrema 
capax  and  other  Richmond  fossils  in  abundance.  This  zone  occurrs 
just  above  the  white,  heavy-bedded  Galena  limestone,  and  immediately 
below  the  Thebes  sandstone.  The  same  limestone  horizon,  bearing 
R.  capax,  is  doubtless  present  in  Ilinois,  but  the  contact  between  th* 
Galena  and  the  Richmond  formations  was  nowhere  found  exposed. 

The  above  shales  and  sandstone  do  not  extend  so  far  north  as  does 
the  underlaying  limestone.  The  sea  in  which  they  were  deposited  prob- 
ably washed  the  shores  of  the  O'zarkian  land  area  a  few  miles  to  the 
west  which,  during  late  Richmond  time,  was  the  source  of  the  sedi 
ments  that  make  up  these  terrigenous  beds. 

Middle  Silurian. 

Alexandrian — The  beds  referred  to  this   formation  are  exposed  in 

Alexander  count  \  to  a  thickness  of  44  feet.  They  include  the  (ape 
Girardeau  limestone  and  the  overlying  beds  containing  Dalmanites  datUH 
and   IVhitficlrfclla  billiugsana.     The  Cape  Girardeau   limestone  is  well 


Savage.]  PALEOZOIC  OF  SOUTHWESTERN  ILLINOIS.  Ill 

exposed  about  two  miles  south  of  Thebes,  in  the  bank  of  the  river  and 
along  the  streams  in  that  immediate  vicinity.  It  is  also  seen  in  a  cut 
along  the  Illinois  Central  railroad  and  in  the  river's  bank  one  and  one- 
half  miles  north  of  Thebes.  In  the  former  locality  this  member  is  near- 
ly 40  feet  thick,  and  consists  of  black,  fine  grained,  brittle  limestone,  in 
thin  layers  which  are  often  separated  by  narrow  partings  of  dark, 
calcareous  shale.  This  zone  has  a  rich  fauna  that  appears  abruptly  at 
this  horizon.  Among  the  forms  are  several  species  of  crinoids,  Dal- 
manella  near  elegantula,  Homoeospira  n.  sp.,  Leptaena  rhomb oidalis, 
Raiinesquina  mesacosta,  Rhynchotreta  n.  sp.,  Schuchertella  missourien- 
sis,  Zygospira  n.  sp.,  Cornulites  tenuistriata,  C.  incurvus,  Platyostoma 
near  niagarensis,  Strophostylus  sp.,  Acidaspis  halli,  Calymene  sp., 
Cyphaspis  girardeauensis  and  Encrinurus  sp. 

At  the  exposure  north  of  Thebes  the  Cape  Girardeau  limestone  rests 
directly  upon  the  fossiliferous  blue  shale  (2b  of  section).  This  mem- 
ber is  succeeded  by  a  bed  of  dark  gray  limestone,  oolitic  in  the  upper 
part,  which  contains  Favo sites  sp.,  Stromatopora  sp.,  Atrypa  rugosa, 
Clorinda  n.  sp.,  Homoeospira  n.  sp.,  cf  Hindella  umbonata,  Leptaena 
rhomboidalis,  Platystrophia  biforata,  Raiinesquina  mesacosta,  Rhy- 
nchotreta n.  sp.,  Schuchertella  subplanus,  (probably  a  coarse  form  of 
S.  missouriensis)  Strophomena  sp.,  WhitHeldella  billingsana,  Dalman- 
ites  danae,  Dalmanites  sp.,  and  Lichas  breviceps  clintonensis. 

There  are  here  no  diagnostic  fossils  of  the  Richmond.  The  genera 
Favosites,  Stromatopora,  Atrypa,  Whitfield ella,  Homoeospira,  Schu- 
chertella and  Clorinda  do  not  occur  in  American  Ordovician  strata, 
while  Atrypa  rugosa  and  Lichas  breviceps  clintonensis  are  found  in  the 
Silurian.  On  the  other  hand  the  fauna  is  not  directly  related  to  that 
of  the  Clinton,  from  which  formation  it  is  separated  by  a  marked 
erosional  unconformity.  Schuchert  cites*  a  fauna  from  Edgewood  in 
eastern  Missouri,  collected  by  Ulrich,  which  corresponds  closely  with 
the  above.  Since  there  seems  to  be  no  direct  time  equivalent  of  these 
beds  in  the  Ordovician  or  in  the  Silurian,  as  generally  defined,  the  hori- 
zons 3a  to  3c  are  classed  as  Middle  Silurian  strata  that  more  or  less 
completely  bridge  the  lost  interval  between  the  Cincinnation  and  the 
Clinton.  For  these  beds  the  time  term  Alexandrian  is  proposed,  from 
Alexander  county,  Illinois,  where  they  are  well  exposed;  the  term  to 
have  the  same  rank  as  Cincinnatian,  which  it  immediately  follows. 

Silurian. 

Clinton — The  limestone  of  this  formation  has  here  a  maximum  thick- 
ness of  75  feet.  One-half  mile  southeast  of  Gale  it  immediately  overlies 
the  shale  member  (2d  of  section)  above  the  Thebes  sandstone, 
all  of  the  Alexandrian  beds  having  been  cut  out  by  erosion  prior 
to  the  deposition  of  the  Clinton.  One  and  one-half  miles  north  of 
Thebes  the  Clinton  limestone  rests  on  the  WhitHeldella  billingsana  zone 
(3c  of  section),  while  two  miles  south  of  Thebes  it  immediately  over- 
lies the  Cape  Girardeau  limestone  (3a  of  section).  The  upper  part  of 
the  Clinton  (4c  of  section)  consists  of  heavy  bedded,  pink  or  mottled 


♦Journal  of  Geology,  Vol.  XIV.  pp.  728-729.  1906. 


112  YEAR  BOOK  FOR  I907.  [Bulu  No.  8 

limestone..  23  feet  thick,  which  contains  many  small,  immature  brach- 
iopods  besides  Plectambonites  transz'ersalis,  Rafinesqidna  mesacosta, 
Spirifer  near  sulcata,  Illaemts  sp.,  and  a  few  new  species  of  Orthoceras. 
Below  this  pink  limestone  lie  6  feet  of  thin  bedded,  dark  gray  limestone 
with  narrow  bands  of  chert  (4b  of  the  section).  The  limestone 
layers  contain  Favosites  favosus,  Halysites  catenulatus,  Stromatopora 
sp.,  Atrypa  rugosa,  Orthis  cf  davidsoni,  Orthis  dabellites,  Plectam- 
bonites transver salts,  and  var.  elegantula,  Stricklandinia  triplesiana  and 
Triplecia  ortoni. .  The  above  fauna  corresponds  with  that  of  the  In- 
terior or  Western  Clinton,  as  described  by  Foerste  from  the  region  of 
Dayton,  Ohio. 

The  lower  portion  of  this  formation  (4a)  is  well  exposed  in  the 
vicinity  of  Gale  and  two  miles  further  north  along  Sexton  creek,  in  the 
N.  W.  34  of  sect-  27>  T.  14  S.,  R.  3  West,  where  it  consists  of  46  feet 
of  thin  bedded,  gray  limestone,  the  layers  of  which  are  separated  by 
narrow  chert  bands. 

The  thickness  of  the  Clinton  is  variable.  It  does  not  exceed  29  feet 
in  the  exposure  south  of  Thebes,  while  near  Gale,  and  along  Sexton 
creek  and  in  the  river  bluff  two  miles  east  of  McClure,  the  aggregate 
thickness  is  75  feet.  Where  the  formation  is  thinnest  it  is  the  lower 
and  not  the  upper  layers  that  are  absent. 


Devonian. 


Helderbergian — The  rocks  of  Helderbergian  age  in  Illinois  corre- 
spond with  the  New  Scotland  formation  of  New  York.  They  succeed 
the  Clinton  after  an  exceedingly  long  land  interval  represented  by  all 
of  the  Silurian  after  the  Clinton,  and  the  Coeymans  of  the  Lower 
Devonian.  In  New  Scotland  time  the  Interior  or  Mississippian  sea  was 
much  more  restricted  than  during  the  Clinton.  It  extended  as  an 
embayment  from  the  gulf  region  as  far  north  as  Jackson  county,  Illi- 
nois. It  spread  west  to  Oklahoma  and  east  as  far  as  southeast 
Tennessee.  It  was  separated  by  a  land  barrier  from  the  Atlantic 
embayment (  Cumberland  basin)  which  occupied  parts  of  New  York, 
Maryland  and  northeastern  Tennessee;  and  it  is  probable  that  the 
Kankakee  barrier,  as  defined  by  Schuchert,  prevented  its  spreading 
far  to  the  north  and  northwest. 

The  New  Scotland  formation  in  Union  and  Jackson  counties  has  ! 
an  aggregate  thickness  of  more  than  160  feet.  The  lower  portion,  i 
for  a  thickness  of  100  feet,  consists  of  shalv  limestone  with  interbedded 
bands  of  chert.  This  phase-  is  exposed  in  the  lower  part  of  Bald 
Rock,  four  miles  southeast  of  Grand  Tower  on  the  Big  Muddy  river. 
It  appears  in  the  cast  bluff  of  the  Mississippi  river  for  some  distance 
south  from  this  point.  It  makes  up  Tower  Rock,  in  the  Mississippi 
river  channel,  west  of  Grand  Tower,  and  it  is  exposed  on  the  Missouri 
side  of  the  river,  in  the  quarry  and  in  the  cut  made  by  the  Frisco 
railroad   company,   a    short    distance   south  and   west   i)\    this   rock.      At 

the  latter  point  wov  collected  Streptelasma  recta,  Dalmmiclla  sub- 
carinata,  Leptaena  rhomboidalis,  Lcptaenisca  adnascens,  Meristelh 
laevis,  Spirifer  cyclopterus,  S.  peramellosus,  Straphcodonta  punctuli- 

fern,  1 1  (lusiiKiiniKi  sp.  and   /'//(/<  c/w  !<>^inii  var. 


Savage.]  PALEOZOIC  OF  SOUTHWESTERN  ILLINOIS.  II3 

The  upper  58  feet  of  the  New  Scotland  formation  consists  of  light 
gray,  heavy  bedded,  coarsely  crystalline  limestone.  This  facies  is 
exposed  in  the  south  end  of  the  Back  Bone  ridge  where  a  fault  brings 
it  above  the  level  of  the  flood  plain.  It  forms  the  upper  part  of  Bald 
Rock  where  another  fault  has  raised  it  to  the  level  of  the  adjacent 
Chester  limestone,  of  Mississippian  age.  It  occurs  in  the  east  bank  of 
Clear  creek  in  sections  23  and  24,  T.  11  S.,  R.  3  West.  The  beds 
furnished  Aspidocrinus  scutellaeformis,  Anoplotheca  concava,  Eatonia 
singulis,  Leptaenisca  concava,  Megalanteris  condoni,  Meristella  arcu- 
ataf,  Oriskania  smuata  n.  var.,  Spirifcr  concinnus,  S.  cyclopterus,  S. 
macro  pleura,  S.  perlamellosus,  Stropheodonta  beckii,  S.  varistriata, 
and  var.  arata,  Strophoella  punctulifera,  Uncinulus  nobilis?  and  U. 
nucleolata. 

Oriskanian  (Clear  Creek  cherts,  Camden  cherts) — The  Clear 
Creek  formation  consists  of  light  gray  to  yellowish  colored 
cherts  that  are  usually  in  thin  layers  but  which  in  the  lower  part  are 
sometimes  three  to  five  feet  in  thickness.  At  some  points  the  cherts 
are  thoroughly  leached  and  decomposed,  and  occur  as  a  fine  white 
powder  that  can  be  dug  with  a  shovel,  and  is  utilized  for  commercial 
purposes.  This  formation  rests  with  erosional  unconformity  upon 
the  New  Scotland  beds  at  the  south  end  of  the  Back  Bone  ridge.  Its 
fauna  corresponds  with  that  of  the  Camden  cherts  in  western  Ten- 
nessee. The  beds  represent  deposits  of  the  Upper  Oriskany  time,  as  is 
indicated  by  the  interwedging  of  the  upper  chert  layers  with  those 
of  the  basal  portion  of  the  succeeding  Onondaga  (see  6a  to  6e  of 
section).  The  chert  formation  has  a  thickness  in  Illinois  of  about 
237  feet.  Fossils  are  somewhat  rare  in  the  lower  portion  but  in  the 
middle,  and  especially  in  the  upper,  part  there  is  a  rich  fauna, 
including  Michelinia  n.  sp.,  Ambocoelia  cf.  umbonata,  Amphigenia 
curta,  Anoplia  nucleata,  Anoplotheca  flabellites,  A.  Umbriata,  Cen- 
tronella  glansfagea,  Chonostrophia  reversa,  Cyrtina  hamiltonensis, 
Eatonia  peculiaris,  E.  cf.  whitHeldi,  Eodevonaria  melonica,  Stropheo- 
donta perplana,  Megalanteris  condoni,  Oriskania  sinuata,  n.  var., 
Pholidops  terminalis,  Rhipidomella  musculosa,  Spirifer  worthenanus, 
S.  duo  denarius,  S.  macro  thyris,  S.  hemicyclus,  S.  tribulis,  S.  cf.  mur- 
chisoni,  Schuchertella  pandora,  Acidaspis  tuberculata,  Odontocephalus 
arenarius  and  Phacops  cristata. 

These  upper  Oriskany  beds  were  deposited  near  the  north  end  of 
:the  Mississippian  embayment  which  at  this  time  was  even  more  con- 
tracted than  during  the  Helderbergian.  The  basin  was  remote  from, 
and  not  connected  with,  the  New  York-Maryland  province  (Cumber- 
land basin).  It  covered  western  Kentucky  and  Tennessee,  and  lapped 
over  the  southeast  corner  of  Missouri  and  the  east  side  of  Arkansas, 
1  spreading  an  arm  across  northern  Alabama. 

Onondaga — The  sedimentation  of  the  Upper  Oriskany  time  con- 
'tinued  without  a  break  into  the  Onondaga  or  Corniferous.  The  latter 
period  was  initiated  by  disturbances  to  the  westward,  in  Ozarkia, 
which  increased  mechanical  sedimentation  in  the  Illinois  area.  These 
resulted  for  a  time  in  the  deposition,  along  the  eastern  shore  of 
Ozarkia,  of  layers  of  sand  containing  Onondaga   fossils   alternating 

— 8  G  S 


114  YEAR  BOOK  FOR  I907.  [Bull.  No.  8 

with  the  return  of  the  Oriskanian  limestone  conditions.  Eventually 
sand  deposition  prevailed  and  there  was  spread  over  the  region  the 
basal  sandstone  of  the  Onondaga  formation  (7a  of  section),  contain- 
ing Michelinia  stylopora,  Aulacophyllum  sp.,  Amphigenia  curta,  Cen- 
tronella  glansfagea,  Meristella  near  lentiformis,  Rhipidomella  muscu- 
losa,  Spirifer  duodenarius,  S.  macrothyris,  Conocardium  cuneus  and 
Odontocephalus  arenarius. 

Early  in  Onondaga  time  an  elevation  in  the  southern  portion  of 
Union  and  in  Alexander  county  put  a  stop  to  further  deposition  in 
that  locality,  while  farther  north,  in  Jackson  county,  sedimentation 
was  uninterrupted. 

At  the  cut  through  the  Back  Bone  and  at  the  Bake  Oven,  a  short 
distance  north  of  Grand  Tower,  there  is  exposed  a  continuous  section 
of  the  Onondaga  formation  showing  a  thickness  of  115  feet.  The 
beds  consist  largely  of  light  colored,  regularly  bedded,  more  or  less 
crystalline  limestone  which  becomes  arenaceous  in  the  lower  part. 
Fossils  are  abundant  throughout  the  section. 

The  upper  layers  are  marked  by  Chonetes  konickanus,  Leptaena 
rhomb oidalis,  Pentamerella  arata,  P.  papilionensis,  Meristella  rostrata, 
Rhynchonella  gainesi,  Spirifer  acuminatus,  S.  grieri,  S.  macra,  Stro- 
pheodonta  pater  soni,  Conocardium  trigonale  and  Onychodus  sigmoid es. 
In  the  lower  part  Nucleocrinus  verneuili,  Coscinium  cribriform  is,  Cen- 
tronella  glansfagea,  Leptaena  rhomb  oidalis,  Meristella  barrisi,  Pen- 
tamerella arata,  Spirifer  acuminatus,  S.  duodenarius,  S.  macrothyrisl 
Stropheodonta  pater  soni,  Dalmanites  calypso,  Odontocephalus  aegerid 
and  Onychodus  sigmoides  are  common. 

During  the  Onondaga  and  the  succeeding  Hamilton  time  the  warm 
waters  from  the  gulf  region,  with  their  successive  faunas,  spread 
towards  the  northeast  across  Illinois  and  Indiana,  passing  around  the 
north  end  of  the  Cincinnati  axis,  and  mingled  with  those  of  the 
eastern  embayment  in  western  New  York.  Such  water  connections 
permitted  free  migrations  within  this  sea,  and  explains  the  close  corre- 
spondence between  the  various  Middle  Devonian  faunas  of  south- 
western Illinois  and  those  of  western  Ontario  and  New  York. 

Hamilton — Throughout  Hamilton  time  the  Kankakee  barrier  or 
peninsula,  extending  from  Ozarkia  towards  the  northeast  across  Illi- 
nois, was  largely  effective  in  preventing  the  waters  of  the  Interior 
or  Mississippian  sea  from  uniting  with  those  of  the  Northwestern 
or  Dakotan  basin  towards  the  northwest.  As  a  result  of  this  separa-  : 
tion  the  deposits  and  the  faunas  of  Hamilton  time,  in  Illinois,  belong 
to  two  distinct  provinces.  The  phase  of  the  Hamilton  in  the  vicinity 
of  Rock  Island,  and  in  Jersey  and  Calhoun  counties,  belongs  to  thr 
Northwestern  or  Dakotan  province;  while  that  iA  the  southwest  Illi- 
nois belongs  to  the  New  York  province. 

The  New  York  faunal  phase  of  the  Hamilton  is  well  developed  in 
the  SOUth  part  of  Union  county,  in  the  north  half  of  sect.  34,  T.  1 3  S., 
R.  2  West,  and  further  north  in  the  N.  E.  \  \  oi  sect.  34,  T.  11  S., 
R.  2  West.     The  formation  is  also  represented  by  the  upper  beds  near 

the  north  end  of  Back  Bone  ridge,  in  fackson  county. 


Savage.]  PALEOZOIC  OF  SOUTHWESTERN  ILLINOIS.  115 

At  the  first  mentioned  exposure  there  is  at  the  base  of  the  Hamilton 
28  feet  of  yellowish-blue  shale  which  contains  Leiorhynchus  limitare, 
both  the  character  of  the  sediment  and  the  fossils  reminding  decidedly 
of  the  Marcellus  shale  of  New  York.  This  shale  rests  unconformably 
(erosional)  upon  the  basal  sandstone  member  (7a)  of  the  Onondaga. 
It  is  succeeded  by  a  few  feet  of  limestone  which,  in  places,  is  much 
leached  and  very  fossiliferous.  Athyris  spirifer  oides,  Delthyris  sculp- 
tilis,  Rhipidomella  penelope,  Spirifer  granulosus  and  Stropheodonta 
concava  being  very  common.  At  points  further  north  the  lower  beds 
of  the  Hamilton  consist  of  dark  colored,  impure  limestone  which 
succeeds  the  Onondaga  without  any  apparent  break.  The  characteris- 
tic fossils  of  these  layers  are  Microcyclus  discus,  Athyris  vittata, 
Eunella  attenuata,  Spirifer  fornacula,  Conocardium  cuneus  and  Ony- 
chodus  sigmoides. 

The  middle  portion  of  the  Hamilton  limestone  is  dark  colored  and 
evenly  bedded,  and  contains  Ambocoelia  umbonata,  Chonetes  yandel- 
lanus,  C.  pusillus,  Cranaena  romingeri,  Parazyga  hirsuta,  Pholidops 
oblata  and  Spirefer  pennatus.  Above  this  horizon  occurs  about  25  feet 
of  yellowish-brown,  impure  siliceous  limestone  with  few  fossils.  Near 
the  top  of  the  formation  occurs  a  few  feet  of  hard,  gray  limestone 
containing  Chonetes  coronatus,  Rhipidomella  vanuxemi,  Spirifer  <iudac- 
ulus,  S.  pennatus,  Tropidoleptus  carinatus  and  Vitulina  pustulosa. 

Upper  Devonian — During  Upper  Devonian  time  the  Mississippian 
sea  continued  to  expand,  spreading  the  materials  of  this  formation 
more  widely  than  those  of  the  preceding.  In  the  N.  E.  %  of  section 
34,  T.  11  S.,  R.  2  West,  the  lower  deposits  of  the  Upper  Devonian 
are  comfortable  upon  the  Hamilton.  There  is  here  exposed  a  thick- 
ness of  33  feet  of  yellowish-brown  (black  where  unweathered) ,  silice- 
ous, shaly  limestone,  cherty  near  the  top,  and  marked  by  Leiorhynchus 
globuliformis,  L.  mesacostalis,  Reticularia  laevis  and  Spirifer  pennatus. 
At  other  points  this  cherty  phase  is  succeeded  by  50  or  more  feet  of 
greenish  to  black,  almost  barren  shales.  These  siliceous  and  dark 
colored  shales  are  probably  the  equivalent  of  the  calico  rock,  a  mottled 
and  leached,  siliceous  shale,  present  further  south  in  Union  and  Alex- 
ander counties.  They  doubtless  correspond  with  the  Chattanooga 
black  shale,  Ohio  black  shale,  New  Albany  black  shale,  and  the  Lower 
Portage  beds  of  other  states. 

Conclusion. 

The  present  studies  have  shown  that  the  pre-Mississippian  beds 
have  a  much  wider  distribution  in  southwestern  Illinois  than  was 
formerly  supposed.  They  have  distinguished  the  presence  of  a  bed 
of  blue,  fossiliferous  shale  (2b  of  section)  containing  the  Cyclo- 
cyst  oides  and  Phylloporina  fauna,  immediately  overlying  the  Thebes 
^andstone  and  shale  horizon.  They  have  demonstrated  the  presence, 
in  this  region,  of  Silurian  beds  corresponding  with  the  Clinton  forma- 
tion in  Ohio.  They  have  shown  that  the  massive,  crystalline  lime- 
stone underlying  the  Clear  Creek  cherts  in  Jackson  and  Union  coun- 
ties, belongs  to  the  New  Scotland  formation  of  the  Helderbergian. 
They  have  demonstrated  the  Upper  Oriskany  age  of  the  Clear  Creek 


Il6  YEAR  BOOK  FOR  I907.  [Bull.  No.  8 

cherts.  They  have  disclosed  the  absence  of  the  greater  portion  of  the 
Onondaga  formation  in  Alxander  county  and  in  the  southern  portion 
of  Union;  and  they  have  shown  that  the  Hamilton  formation,  in 
Union  county,  continues  upward  without  a  break  into  the  Lower  Port- 
age beds  of  the  Upper  Devonian. 


NOTES  ON  THE  SHOAL  CREEK  LIMESTONE. 

(By  Jon  A.  Udden.) 


Contents 

Page 

Introduction 118 

Earlier    investigations  .....* 118 

Known    distribution 120 

Description    of    exposures 120 

Macoupin     county 120 

Madison  county 122 

Bond    county 122 

Clinton    county 122 

Washington    county •  • 125 

Summary 125 


117 


Il8  YEAR  BOOK  FOR  I907.  [Bull.  No.  8 


Introduction. 


A  fundamental  problem  in  the  investigation  of  the  coal  fields  of 
Illinois  is  the  correct  correlation  of  the  productive  veins.  Sixteen 
different  coal  seams  were  recognized  by  the  old  geological  survey, 
and  were  grouped  in  two  divisions,  the  "Upper"  coal  measures,  includ- 
ing the  thin  and  unproductive  coals,  and  the  "Lower"  coal  measures, 
containing  the  thick  and  productive  seams.  A  limestone  formation 
supposed  to  be  more  or  less  continuous  throughout  the  coal  measure 
area  of  the  State,  and  commonly  called  Carlinville  or  Shoal  Creek 
limestone,  was  believed  to  mark  the  plane  separating  these  two  divis- 
ions. During  the  past  season,  several  weeks  were  devoted  by  the 
writer  to  an  attempt  to  trace  the  outcrops  of  this  limestone  in  the 
southwest  part  of  the  State. 

Earlier  Investigations. 

This  limestone  formation  has  been  known  under  various  names. 
In  Illinois,  Indiana  and  Kentucky,  no  less  than  six  different  local 
names  have  been  applied  to  limestones,  all  of  which  are  probably  to 
be  referred  to  this  one  horizon.  The  names  Curlew,  Shoal  Creek, 
Carthage  (?),  Carlinville,  New  Haven  and  Somerville  limestones  are 
all  believed  to  be  synonomous  for  localities  described  in  this  State. 
Observations  have  not  yet  been  carried  far  enough  to  make  this  quite 
certain. 

The  earliest  observations  on  the  limestone  under  consideration  were 
made  by  Owen,  in  Kentucky.  The  Carthage  limestone  was  noted  in 
Union  county,  Kentucky,  "one  mile  below  Uniontown."*  Its  strati- 
graphic  position  in  the  Kentucky  sectionf  is  between  the  Kentucky 
coals  numbers  17  and  18.  It  is  described  as  having  a  thickness  of 
seven  feet. 

The  Kentucky  and  Indiana  coal  fields  were  studied  earlier  ■  than 
the  Illinois  field,  and  attempts  were  made  in  these  early  report 
correlate  all  of  the  coal  horizons  with  those  of  the  Pennsylvania  fields, 
whose  sections  were  better  known.  The  first  attempt  at  correlation 
of  this  kind  was  made  by  (  hven  in  his  report  on  the  Kentucky  coal 
measurcs,|  where  the  relation  of  the  Curlew  sandstone  and  limestone 


•Kentuoky  Geol.  Surv.,  vol.  1.  p.  60,  1856 
^Kentucky  Geol.  Surv.,  vol.  :i.  p  18,  1861 
tKentuck)  Geol.  Surv.,  vol.8,  pp.  18-88,  1867;  vol.  4,  p.  887,  1861 


Udden.J  SHOAL    CREEK    LIMESTONE.  II9 

was  shown  graphically,  the  limestone  occurring  beneath  a  heavy  ledge 
of  sandstone  and  above  a  thick  conglomerate,  the  Curlew  sandstone 
being  considered  the  equivalent  of  the  Mahoning  sandstone  of  Penn- 
sylvania. 

Lesquereux  in  his  Report  on  the  Distribution  of  Geological  Strata  in 
the  Coal  Measures  of  Indiana*  discusses  the  possible  occurrence  of 
the  Curlew  limestone  in  a  section  at  Rockport,  Spencer  county,  Indiana. 
It  is  doubtful,  however,  if  the  limestone  in  this  section  is  the  equiva- 
lent of  the  Curlew  limestone  of  Kentucky,  since  no  thickness  equivalent 
to  that  given  in  the  section  has  ever  been  noted  at  other  nearby  localities. 

In  Illinois  the  earlier  investigators  aimed  to  correlate  the  sections  of 
the  coal  measures  with  the  Kentucky  and  Indiana  sections.  Lesquereux 
was  no  doubt  the  first  one  to  record  the  extensive  development  of  this 
limestone  formation  in  Illinois,  the  Curlew  limestone  being  noted  in  a 
section  at  Shawneetown  in  his  report  on  the  coal  fields  of  Illinois. 
He  regarded  this  bed  at  Shawneetown  as  identical  with  the  limestone 
in  a  section  near  Hollaway,  in  Henderson  county,  in  Kentucky.  In 
the  same  report  the  author  mentions  the  following  localities  where 
the  Curlew  limestone  was  observed,  "on  the  Kaskaskia  river,  two 
miles  south  of  the  town  of  Carlyle"  and  "at  Joloffs  old  mill  site,  ten 
miles  south  of  Carlyle." f  In  Macoupin  county  the  Curlew  limestone 
was  observed  in  the  vincinity  of  Carlinville4 

There  seems  to  be  an  error  on  the  part  of  Lesquereux  in  the  correla- 
tion of  this  limestone.  In  Kentucky  his  so-called  Curlew  limestone  is 
not  identical  with  Owen's  Carthage  limestone.  The  Carthage  lime- 
stone occurs  some  940  feet  higher  up  in  the  "Connected  Section  of 
Upper  and  Lower  Coal  Measures  of  Kentucky."§  In  Macoupin  and 
Clinton  counties,  Illinois,  the  Curlew  limestone  is  the  equivalent  of 
the  Carthage  limestone. 

In  his  report  on  the  Geology  of  Washington,  Clinton  and  Jefferson 
counties,  ||  Englemann  characterizes  quite  fully  the  limestone  as  it  is 
developed  in  these  counties  and  calls  it  the  Shoal  Creek  limestone, 
apparently  because  of  its  excellent  exposures  along  this  creek  in  Clinton 
county.  In  describing  the  Geology  of  Gallatin  county  $  Cox  identified 
limestone  near  New  Haven  with  "Owens  Carthage  limestone,"  and 
in  a  report  on  the  Geology  of  Bond  county,**  Broadhead  identified 
the  limestone  occurring  along  Locust  Fork  creek  as  the  Shoal  Creek 
limestone. 

In  a  detailed  generalized  section  of  the  coal  measures  of  Illinois  ft 
constructed  by  Worthen,  the  Shoal  creek  limestone  was  placed  between 
coals  number  9  and  10.  Both  the  litho logical  and  paleontological 
characters  were  briefly  described  and  typical  localities  at  which  the 
formation  is  best  exposed  enumerated.  In  LaSalle  county  %  X  tne  same 
author  referred  a  limestone,  number  3  in  his  section,  of  the  river 
bluff  in  the  neighborhood  of  Peru,  to  the  Carlinville  limestone. 

*IndianaGeolReconn.  Report  1859-60,  p.  310,  1862. 

till.  Geol.  Surv.,  vol.  1,  p.  222,  1866. 

till.  Geol.  Surv.,  vol.  1,  p.  227,  1866. 

§Kentucky  Geol.  Surv.  vol.  3,  pp.  18-23,  1857. 

Hill.  Geol.  Surv.,  vol.  3,  pp.  148,  159-164,  175,  220;  1868. 

Hill.  Geol.  Surv.,  vol.  6,  p.  212,  1875. 

♦♦Ill  Geol.  Surv.,  vol.  6,  pp.  129  and  133,  1875. 

ttlll.  Geol.  Surv.,  vol.  6,  p.  3,   1875. 

Ulll.  Geol.  Surv.,  vol.  7,  pp.  47  and  48.  1863. 


120  YEAR  BOOK  FOR   1907.  [Bull.  No.  8 

The  name  Somerville  has  been  used  more  recently  by  Fuller  and 
Clapp  in  the  "Patoka  Folio"*  for  a  limestone  which  is  probably  the 
equivalent  of  the  Shoal  Creek  limestone. 

Known  Distribution. 

The  most,  northern  point  at  which  a  possible  equivalent  of  the  Shoal 
Creek  limestone  has  been  observed  is  at  LaSalle.  From  this  point  its 
outcrops  have  been  traced  to  the  southeast,  passing  into  Indiana  a  little 
north  of  the  point  where  the  Wabash  river  enters  the  State,  and  to 
the  southwest,  reaching  their  westernmost  point  at  Carlinville  in 
Macoupin  county.  From  here  they  are  found  in  a  belt  extending 
southeastward,  reaching  their  most  southern  extension  in  Saline 
county.  A  few  more  localities  are  known  in  Gallatin  and  White 
counties. 

These  are  approximately  the  boundaries  of  the  Shoal  Creek  lime- 
stone as  mapped  by  the  former  survey.  In  the  detailed  mapping  now 
in  progress  some  minor  deviations  from  this  outline  will  no  doubt  be 
found.  Within  these  boundaries  the  limestone  when  present  lies  at 
some  distance  below  the  surface,  ranging  from  less  than  ioo  down 
to  700  feet.  Exposures  are  limited  to  the  bordering  belt  and  are 
rarely  met  with,  owing  to  the  drift  cover. 

Description  of  Exposures. 

The  data  collected  in  Macoupin,  Madison,  Bond,  Clinton  and  Wash- 
ington counties,  can  best  be  presented  in  the  form  of  a  descriptive  list 
of  the  localities  where  the  rock  was  noted.     (See  map,  plate  4.) 

Macoupin  county — 1.  The  most  northern  exposure  observed  is  located  on 
the  Walker  farm  in  Macoupin  creek  in  the  northeast  quarter  of  section  35, 
T.  10  N.,  R.  VII  W.,  where  the  following  section  was  noted: 

Feet. 

3.  A  chocolate  colored,  coarse  grained  limestone,  in  beds,  one  half  to 
six  inches  in  thickness.  This  limestone  has  a  fauna  abounding  in 
Producti  and  Bellerophons.  In  examining  the  fossils  the  following 
were  identified:  Productus  longispinus,  Productus  punctatus,  Pro- 
ductus  cora,  Productus  nebraskensis,  Productus  semireticulatus, 
Bellerophon  montfortanus,  BelleropJion  percarinatus,  Bellerophon 
meekanus,  Aviculopecten  occidentale,  Straparollus  subquadrata, 
Chonetes  variolata,  Orthoceras  rushense,  Derbya  crassa.  Spirifer 
caweratus,    Lophophyllum    proliferum,    Seminula   argent  ea.    Spiri- 

ferina  kentuckiensis,  Myalina,  sp.  und.,  Murchisonia,  sp.  und 3% 

2.     Grayish  colored  shales 10 

1.  A  very  hard,  bluish  gray  limestone,  occurring  in  seams  varying  from 
8,  S  to  1-  inches  in  thickness.  On  weathering  the  limestone  turns 
brown,  containing  such  fossils  as  Seminula  argcnlca,  IxC/icnlaria 
perplexa,  Productus  longispinus,  Hustcdia  mormonit  Pugnax  uta, 
Dielasma  boivedens,  Ambocciia  planoconvexa,  Spirifer  kentuck- 
iensis         i! 

2.     Between  three  and  ;i  half  and  tour  miles  west  of  the  last   locality,  on 

Harrington  creek  in  the  northwesl  quarter  of  section  31,  T.  9  N.,  K.  Yii  \\\. 

tine  limestone  ns  number  one  of  locality  number  one  was  observed,    its 

thirl  iboul  6  feet,  and  on  fresh  exposure  has  a  bluish  gray  color,  but 

♦it.  s .  * :    s   1 UlaaoftheTJ    B     Patoka  Folio,  No.  105,  1904. 


State   Geological    Survey,. 


Bulletin    No.    8.    Pi.    4. 


Map  showing  distribution  of  Shoal  Creek  Ldrnestone. 


Uddbn.]  shoal  CREEK  LIMESTONE.  121 

on  weathering  it  turns  brown.  The  beds  vary  in  thickness  from  6,  12  to  18 
inches.  Fossils  are  rather  few  in  number  and  the  most  conspicuous  form 
being  a  gasteropod,  apparently  a  Naticopsis,  which  is  associated  with  Spirifer 
cameratus,  Reticularia  perplexa.  Seminula  argenea,  Lophophyllum  pro- 
liferum, and  an  undetermined  pelycypod. 

3.  On  the  east  side  of  Spanish  Needles  creek,  in  the  southwest  corner  of 
the  northwest  quarter  section  21,  T  9  N.,  R.  VII  W.,  the  following  section 
was  observed: 

Feet. 

2.  A  bluish  gray  limestone  very  hard,  in  beds  9,  12  and  18  inches  in 

thickness,  breaking  into  very  irregular  splintery  pieces.  It  weathers 

to  brown 7 

1.  Grayish  shale  with  some  bituminous  partings 3-4 

4.  In  a  small  tributary  to  Spanish  Needles  creek,  in  the  northwest  quarter 
of  section  28,  T.  9  N.,  R.  VII  W.,  limestone  and  shale  was  observed  in  the 
same  relation  as  in  locality  number  three. 

The  Shoal  Creek  limestone  can  be  traced  along  the  greater  part  of  Cahokia 
creek  from  its  headwaters  in  section  36,  T.  8  N.,  R.  VII  W.,  to  section  25, 
T.  7  N.,  R.  VII  W. 

5.  Along  the  Cahokia  creek  east  of  Mount  Glare,  close  to  the  center  of 
section  36,  T.  8  N.,  R.  VII  W.,  the  following  section  appears: 

Feet.  Inches 

4.  Dark  gray  colored  limestone,  in  beds  varying  from  6  to  18  in- 
ches in  thickness,  on  weathering  turning  brown.  This  lime- 
stone assumes  a  pebbly  appearance  on  weathering,  and  this 
is  due  to  the  unequal  hardness  of  the  different  parts  of  the 
rock.  The  following  fossils  were  observed:  Reticularia  per- 
plexa, Spirifer  cameratus,  pugnax  uta,  Hustedia  mormoni, 
Seminula  argentea,  Lophophyllum  proliferum,  Productus 
longispinus,  and  an  undetermined  gasteropod 6-7 

3.  Dark  shale 1 

2.  Coaly   seam 1  10 

1.  Dark  colored  shale 4 

6.  Further  south  along  the  same  creek  in  the  southeast  quarter  of  section 
12,  T.  7  N.,  R.  VII  W.,  the  same  limestone  was  observed  with  a  thickness 
approximately  7  feet. 

7.  In  the  northeast  quarter  of  section  13,  same  township  and  range,  along 
the  same  creek,  limestone  overlies  a  shale  as  below. 

Feet. 

2.  Grayish  colored  limestone,  with  an  abundance  of  the  corals  Lopho- 

phyllum proliferum  and  Campophyllum  torquium 5 

1.    Grayish  colored   shale 7 

8.  Another  locality  is  on  a  small  tributary  to  Cahokia  creek  in  the  north- 
east quarter  of  section  19;  in  the  northwest  quarter  of  section  20,  and  in  the 
south  half  of  section  17,  T.  7  N.,  R.  VI  W.  The  thickness  of  the  limestone 
is  about  5%  feet,  dark  gray  in  color,  occurring  in  beds  6  and  12  inches  in 
thickness.  On  weathering  the  limestone  assumes  a  brown  color.  A  few 
fossils  were  noted,  especially  a  gasteropod,  which  has  been  observed  fre- 
quently in  other  places  besides  Productus  longispinus,  Reticularia  perplexa 
and  Seminula  argentea. 

9.  About  one  and  a  half  mile  west  of  Staunton,  along  the  creek  running 
north  and  south  through  the  center  of  sections  24,  25  and  26,  T.  7  N.,  R.  VII 
N.,  limestone  is  fairly  well  exposed.  In  the  southwest  quarter  of  section  30, 
T.  7  N.,  R.  VI  W.,  a  quarry  has  been  worked  in  this  limestone,  and  the  follow- 
ing relations  were  observed: 


122  YEAR  BOOK   FOR   I907.  [Bull.  No.  8 

Feet. 

4.  Worthen's  chocolate  colored  limestone.  A  very  coarse-grained  lime- 
stone, in  places  resembling  a  calcareous  sandstone.  It  varies  in 
color  from  yellow  to  brown.  On  weathering  this  rock  has  become 
very  porous  and  readily  disintegrates.  It  contains  numerous  fos- 
sils, such  as  different  Producti  and  a  number  of  Bellerophons.  On 
account  of  the  extensive  weathering  that  the  rock  has  suffered,  the 
fossils  are  usually  poorly  preserved 34 

3.  Grayish  blue  shale  without  fossils 15 

2.  A  bluish  gray  colored  limestone,  in  seams  varying  in  thickness  from 

9,  12,  18  and  24  inches.    On  weathering  the  limestone  turns  brown.   6}4 

1.  A  grayish  colored  shale.     A  small  seam  about  3  inches  in  thickness 

immediately  underneath  the  Shoal  Creek  limestone  was  very  fossil- 
if erous,  containing  a  great  number  of  Chonetes 4 

Madison  county — 10.  The  most  conspicuous  exposure  of  the  Shoal  Creek 
limestone  observed  in  this  county  is  to  be  found  near  the  village  of  Saline, 
on  A.  J.  Craft's  place,  in  the  northwest  quarter  of  section  4,  T.  4  N.,  R.  V  W., 
on  Silver  creek.  The  following  section  was  noted  in  quarry  operated  by 
Mr.  Craft: 

Feet 

4.  Light  colored  shale  calcareous 2% 

3.  Dark  gray  limestone,  rather  fine-grained,   tough  and  breaking  into 

small  irregular  splinters.  Containing  fossils  such  as  Seminula 
argentea,  Pugnax  uta,  Productas  longispinus,  Spirifer  cameratus 
and  Naticopsis  altonensis ; 4^ 

2.  A  small  seam  of  dark  colored  shale  that  contains  a  rather  large  num- 

ber of  fossils,  especially  a  Chonetes,  Derby  a  crassa  and  Product  us 

longispinus    1 

1.     A  black  slate,  very  stiff  and  with  a  great  number  of  joints,  containing 

no   fossils 2^4 

11.  In  the  creek  near  the  south  line  of  the  southeast- quarter  of  section  31, 
T.  3  N.,  R.  V  W.,  near  by  to  the  north  the  rock  was  formerly  quarried. 

12.  A  little  to  the  west  of  the  Buckeye  school  house  in  section  20,  T.  3  N., 
R.  V  W. 

13.  In  the  bed  of  the  main  creek  near  the  north  line  of  the  northeast 
quarter  of  section  19  the  limestone  is  exposed  for  a  distance  of  10  rods  or 
more.  In  a  ravine  joining  this  creek  from  the  south  in  the  northwest  quarter' 
of  the  same  section  it  also  appears  in  a  face  6  feet  high. 

14.  In  the  bed  of  the  main  creek,  some  rods  northwest  of  the  center  of 
the  northwest  quarter  of  section  1,  T.  3  N.,  R.  VI  W.,  were  broken  blocks 
somewhat  disturbed. 

15.  About  two  miles  north  and  one  mile  west  of  Highland  the  limestone 
is  exposed  in  a  creek.    It  here  overlies  a  black  carbonaceous  slate. 

Bond  county. — 16.  East  of  the  center  of  section  33,  T.  4  N.,  R.  IV  W. 
undisturbed  ledges  of  limestone  overlie  some  black  slate,  under  which  is  a 
two  inch  seam  of  impure  coal.  The  ledges  appear  in  the  north  bank  of 
the  main  creek  running  from  west  to  east  through  the  section.  Disturbed 
blocks  of  the  limestone  appear  further  up  in  the  creek. 

17.  In  the  southwest  corner  of  section  34,  T.  4  N.,  R.  IV  W,  the  lower 
ledges  of  the  limestone  form  the  bed  in  the  creek  running  north  for  a  dis- 
tance of  some  150  yards.  The  overlying  sandy  shales  were  seen  in  the  wagon 
road  to  the  south.  Slabs  of  black  slate  in  the  rubble  indicate  other  exposures 
further  up  the  creek.  In  the  bank  of  the  creek  near  the  bridge  in  the  center 
of  the  southwest  quarter  of  section  35,  T.  4  N.,  R.  VI  W,  the  limestone  shows 
in  ledges  of  considerable  thickness. 

Clinton  county. — In  the  ravine  running  from  west  to  oast  through  the 
center  of  the  south  half  of  sections  2.  T.  3  N..  R.  IV  w.  the  limestone  ap 
pears  in  Beveral  places,  the  greatest  thickness  noted  is  four  feet.    About  two 

feel   of  the  underlying  idack  stiff  slate  was  also  seen,  but   no  COal. 


Uddbn.]  SHOAL  CREEK   LIMESTONE.  I23 

19.  The  same  rock  occurs  again  in  the  ravine  running  east  through  the 
northeast  quarter  of  section  11,T.  3  N.,  R.  IV  W.  In  the  west  bank  of  Shoal 
creek  at  the  ford  near  the  east  quarter  post  of  the  section  shreds  of  the 
limestone  were  seen  under  the  drift  and  overlying  some  24  feet  of  sandy 
bluish  shales,  which  has  several  bands  or  layers  with  concretion  of  iron 
carbonate.  These  are  mostly  flattened  bodies  about  two  inches  and  four 
inches  wide. 

20.  Near  the  center  of  the  north  half  of  section  14,  T.  3  N.,  R.  IV  W,  in 
the  south  bank  of  the  creek  which  runs  east,  the  following  section  was  noted: 

Ft.     In. 
6.    Limestone    2 

5.  Three   layers   of   limestone   measuring   respectively    2,    3    and    4 

inches  in  descending  order  9 

3.  Seam  of  clay 1 

2.    Limestone    2         8 

1.    Limestone  in  slabs  apparently  slightly  displaced  3 

The  ledges  at  this  place  have  a  notable  dip  to  the  east  which  was  estimated 
at  no  less  than  two  feet  in  one  hundred.  The  lower  three  feet  of  the  rock 
exhibits  the  habit  noted  elsewhere  of  developing  parting  seams  at  intervals 
of  about  three  inches.  The  rock  has  been  quarried  in  a  ravine  some  sixteen 
rods  to  the  northwest  of  this  exposure. 

21.  Near  the  east  line  of  section  23,  T.  3  N.,  R.  IV  W,  the  limestone 
was  noted  in  the  south  bank  of  Shoal  creek,  where  this  crosses  the  east  line 
of  the  section  about  one-third  of  a  mile  north  of  the  northeast  corner  of  the 
section.  It  lies  at  an  elevation  of  about  ten  feet  above  the  bottom  of  the 
creek. 

22.  In  the  north  half  of  the  northeast  quarter  of  section  27,  T.  3  N.,  R. 
IV  W.,  the  bed  of  the  creek  running  east  exposes  the  limestone  for  a  dis- 
tance of  several  rods.  There  is  a  thickness  of  about  five  feet.  The  weather- 
ing has  brought  out  the  quite  uniform  three-inch  layers  in  the  ledges,  es- 
pecially in  the  upper  ones.  The  upper  surfaces  of  these  layers  present  a 
knotty  appearance  due  to  numerous  irregular  elevations  of  an  inch  or  more, 
from  six  inches  to  a  foot  wide. 

,  23.  One-fourth  of  a  mile  north  of  the  center  of  section  26,  T.  3  N.,  R.  IV  W., 
two  feet  of  limestone  was  again  noted  in  the  same  creek  as  above. 

24.  In  the  north  bank  of  the  creek  in  the  northeast  corner  of  section  34, 
T.  3  N.,  R.  IV  W.,  the  Timmerman  quarry  is  located  and  this  limestone  has 
ibeen  quite  extensively  worked.    The  section  is  as  follows: 

Ft.     In. 

6.  Limestone  in  three  ledges   measuring   respectively   from  above 

downward  8,  12  and  12   inches.     The  following  fossils  were 
noted:    Aviculopecten   occidentale,   SeminuJa   argentea   and   a 

Productus  2        8 

5.    Limestone  in  two  ledges,  upper  8  inches,  lower  12  inches 1      8 

4.  Dark  clay  shale 4 

|3.    Limestone    9 

1 2.    Stony  or  indurated  shale  with  crystals  of  selenite  5 

1.  Bluish  gray  sandy  limestone  weathering  brown  disposed  to  ex- 
hibit on  weathering  bedding  seams  about  two  and  one-half 
inches   apart    4        3 

25.  Half  a  mile  further  south,  in  a  ravine  which  joins  this  creek  from 
the  south,  this  rock  has  been  quarried  for  a  lime  kiln.  It  is  seen  to  overlie 
a  black  slate.    This  is  in  section  35  same  township  and  range. 

i  26.  At  the  old  mill  site  on  the  west  bank  of  Shoal  creek  in  the  southeast 
quarter  of  section  11,  T.  2  S.,  R.  IV  W.,  the  following  section  was  noted 
above  the  water  during  a  rise  in  the  creek: 


124  YEAR  BOOK  FOR  I907.  [Bull.  No.  8 

Ft.  In. 

7.    Limestone   in   one   strong  ledge    2 

6.     Blue  clay  shale 3 

5.     Limestone    3 

4.  Blue  shale   3 

3.  Limestone  with  alternating  clayey  layers  6 

2.  Blue  clay  shale   4 

1.  Limestone   2        6 

Almost  the  entire  outcrop  shows  seams  from  one-half  to  three  inches  apart. 
These  always  run  in  irregular  curves  up  and  down  corresponding  to  in- 
equalities on  the  surface  of  the  slabs  into  which  much  of  the  rock  is  broken. 
A  syringoporoid  coral  was  noted  in  profusion  in  a  block  in  the  masonry  of 
the  old  dam. 

27.  Near  the  southwest  corner  of  section  13,  T.  2  N.,  R.  IV  W.,  several 
feet  of  the  limestone  are  to  be  seen  in  the  bed  of  the  creek  near  the  wagon 
bridge  close  to  the  Breese  pumping  station. 

28.  One-fifth  of  a  mile  west  of  the  northeast  corner  of  section  8,  T.  2  N., 
R.  V  W.,  Knaus  quarry  is  located.  The  section  shown  in  the  quarry  is  as 
below: 

Ft.     In. 

5.  Marly  soft  shale  or  clay  with  many  fossils 6 

4.  Limestone  in  three  subequal  ledges  separated  by  marly  and  fossil- 

iferous  clay  partings    2 

3.  Dark  shale 6 

2.  Bluish  gray  compact  limestone '. 5        8 

1.  Bluish  gray  shale   : 2 

29.  In  the  west  bank  of  Sugar  creek  in  the  southeast  quarter  of  section 
34,  T.  2  N.,  R.  V  W.,  large  blocks  of  limestone  were  seen  in  several  places, 
and  a  short  distance  to  the  west,  limestone  has  been  blasted  out  of  a  well 
under  some  forty  feet  of  drift. 

31.  In  the  bed  of  the  creek  running  east  and  west  through  the  north  half 
of  the  northeast  quarter  of  section  27,  T.  2  N.,  R.  V  W. 

32.  A  quarry  has  been  worked  on  a  small  scale  in  a  ravine  south  of  the 
B.  &  O.  S.-W.  railroad  near  the  west  line  of  section  22,  T.  2  N.,  R.  V  W. 

33.  Quarries  have  been  worked  on  both  sides  of  the  main  creek  near  the 
center  of  section  21,  T.  2N.,  R.  V  W. 

34.  Large  loose  blocks  of  the  Shoal  creek  limestone  lie  in  the  bed  of  the 
creek  a  little  east  of  the  center  of  the  south  line  of  section  17,  T.  3  N.  R. 
IV  W. 

35.  North  of  the  wagon  bridge  over  the  main  creek  near  the  center 
of  the  northwest  quarter  of  section  9,  T.  2  N.,  R.  V  W.,  the  rock  was  also 
noted. 

36.  Southwest  of  Oarlyle  about  two  miles  and  a  half,  in  the  northeast 
quarter  of  section  35,  on  Stone  Quarry  creek,  a  quarry  has  been  operated 
where  the  following  section  was  observed: 

Ft.    In. 

4.  A  grayish  colored  limestone,  weathering  brown,  in  seams  3  and 

12  inches  in  thickness,  containing  a  great  number  of  crinoid 
stems   3 

3.  Dark  colored  shale  with  crinoid  stems  and  Derbya  crassa 6      12 

2.  Shoal  creek  limestone,  gray  color,  very  hard  and  breaking  up  into 

irregular  splinters,  in  beds  6  and  18  inches  thick,  with  a  great 
abundance   of   Productus   longispinus   between   bedding   planes     6      7 
1 .     A  very  black  slate,  to  bottom  of  creek   3 

in  the  Qorthwesl  quarter  of  section  3F»  in  the  same  township  and  ranfl 

limestone    Bimilar    to    number    4    Of    locality    nG    was    observed.       Fossils    are 

more  abundant  and  :i  greal  number  of  a  Chonetes  and  a  Productus  were 
noted.  The  limestone  is  more  sandy  and  :i  greal  number  of  Imbedded  flakes 
of  mica   were  observed.     The  total  thickness  amounted  to  about   three  foot. 


Uddbn.]  SHOAL   CREEK   LIMESTONE.  1 25 

37.  In  a  ravine  north  of  the  cemetery  north  of  Carlyle  in  section  18, 
T.  2  N.,  R.  II  W.,  a  limestone  similar  to  the  above  is  observed  with  a  thick- 
ness about  four  feet.  The  limestone  is  greatly  weathered  and  showed  the 
sandy  appearance  and  contains  flakes  of  mica.     Fossils  are  rather  abundant. 

Washington  county. — About  one  mile  north  of  Nashville  along  the  west 
side  of  the  creek  in  the  northwest  quarter  of  the  section  13,  T.  2  S.,  R.  Ill 
"W-,  limestone  has  been  quarried.  It  is  approximately  four  and  a  half  feet 
in  thickness,  bluish  gray  in  color,  very  hard  and  containing  Reticularia  per- 
plexa,  Productus  longispinus,  Seminula  argentea,  and  an  undetermined 
gasteropod.  Beneath  the  limestone,  a  grayish  colored  shale  was  observed 
about  one  foot  in  thickness  containing  many  fossils  such  as  a  Ghonetes, 
Derbya  crassa  and  Productus  longispinus. 

39.  A  similar  limestone  has  been  quarried  about  two  miles  west  of  Nash- 
ville in  section  22,  T.  2  S.,  R.  Ill  W. 

40.  Along  Beaucoup  creek  quarries  have  been  worked  in  the  Shoal  creek 
limestone.  On  Mr.  Merkles'  place  in  the  southwest  quarter  of  section  34, 
T.  2  S.,  R.  II  W.,  the  following  section  was  noted: 

Ft.    In. 

1.  Bluish  gray  colored  limestone.    Very  hard,  breaking  into  irregu- 

lar pieces  and  weathering  brown.  The  following  fossils  were 
observed:  Productus  longispinus,  Spirifer  cameratus,  Pugnax 
uta,  Reticularia  perplexa,  Seminula  argentea  and  an  unde- 
termined gasteropod   4        5 

2.  A  very  black  slate  to  bottom  of  creek 2 

In  digging  a  well  at  Mr.  Wm.  Merkles'  place  it  was  observed  that  this 
slate  had  a  thickness  of  four  feet,  below  which  a  gray  shale  or  "soapstone" 
some  25  feet  in  thickness  is  reported. 

41.  This  same  limestone  was  observed  in  the  northeast  quarter  of  section 
34,  T.  2  S.,  R.  II  W.,  and  also  (along  the  creek  crossing  the  east  and  west 
highway  between  section  23  and  26  same  township  and  range. 

Summary. 

In  the  exposures  that  have  been  described,  the  following  succession 
appears  above  and  below  the  Shoal  Creek  limestone 

5.  Chocolate  colored  limestone,  4  feet. 

4.  Gray  shales,  15  feet. 

3.  Shoal  creek  limestone,  7  feet. 

2.  Gray  shales,  4  feet. 

1.  Black  slate,  6  inches  to  4  feet. 

The  topmost  limestone  (number  5)  is  coarse  grained  and  brown  in 
color.  In  some  places  it  has  the  appearance  of  a  sandstone,  containing 
some  quartz  sand  and  flakes  of  mica.  Fossils  are  numerous,  but  in 
most  cases  poorly  preserved  on  account  of  its  rapid  disintegration  on 
weathering. 

The  grayish  colored  shales  (number  4)  vary  in  different  localities 
in  both  color  and  texture.  Occasionally  they,  contain  bituminous 
partings.  No  fossils  have  been  observed  in  their  upper  portion,  but 
a  few  have  been  noted  in  the  shale  resting  on  the  Shoal  Creek  limestone. 

The  Shoal  Creek  limestone  (number  3)  is  generally  bluish  gray,  com- 
pact, close  textured,  and  very  hard,  breaking  into  irregular  splintery 
pieces.  On  weathering  it  assumes  a  rusty  color.  It  averages  about 
seven  feet  in  thickness.  There  are  two  features  that  are  characteristic 
of  this  limestone,  one  a  blotchy  appearance,  and  another  its  tendency 
to  weather  into  seams  two  and  one-half  or  three  inches  in  thickness. 


126  YEAR  BOOK  FOR  I907.  [Bull.  No.  8 

It  is  interesting  to  note  the  relative  abundance  of  the  fossils  in  the 
Shoal  Creek  limestone.  The  fauna  of  this  limestone  excluding  the 
shaly  partings  occurring  between  the  different  beds,  is  quite  limited  in 
forms.  Only  four  fossils  are  abundant:  Productus  longispinus,  Reti- 
cularia  perplexa,  Seminula  argentea  and  a  gasteropod,  probably  Nati- 
copsis  alt  on  ens  is.  usually  found  in  the  upper  foot  of  this  limestone  in 
a  poor  state  of  preservation.  Associated  with  these  one  occasionally 
finds  Hustedia  mormoni  and  Pugnax  uta. 

On  comparing  the  fauna  of  number  5  of  the  above  section,  with  that 
of  the  Shoal  Creek  limestone,  one  is  impressed  with  the  difference 
between  the  two.  There  are  present  in  the  upper  rock  an  abundance 
of  Producti  such  as  P.  longispinus,  P.  punctatus,  P.  cora,  P.  nebras- 
kensis,  P.  semireticulatus,  and  Bellerophon  Meekanus,  and  with  these 
are  a  number  of  Chonetes  variolata  and  Spirifer  cameratus. 

The  grayish  colored  shales  (number  2)  varies  in  thickness  from  one 
to  four  feet.  Fossils  have  been  found  in  the  upper  three  or  four  inches 
which  lie  in  contact  with  the  limestone.  There  is  usually  found  a 
great  abundance  of  Chonetes  mesoloba  and  Derbya  crassa. 

The  black  slate  (number  1)  is  cut  up  by  joints  which  are  usually 
five  or  six  inches  apart,  and  breaks  readily  into  thin  pieces  along  the 
lamination  planes.  Another  peculiarity  of  this  slate  is  that  it  contains 
some  grayish  white  traversions  resembling  fucoid  markings.  (Plate  5.) 
These  run  parallel  with  the  bedding  planes  and  are  from  an  eighth  to 
more  than  half  an  inch  in  breadth  and  run  variously  in  straight  and 
sinuous  courses  through  the  slate.  Their  forms  suggest  that  these 
may  be  tracks  of  animals  which  inhabited  the  mud  which  formed  the 
slate. 

There  are  a  number  of  small  stone  quarries  throughout  this  area, 
although  none  are  worked  on  a  large  scale.  No  building  stone  is 
exported,  and  such  quarries  as  these,  merely  supply  the  local  demand 
for  building  stone  and  in  one  place  for  road  material. 


-State  Geological   Survey. 


Bull.    No.    8,   PI.   5. 


Fuccidal  markings  in  black  slate  associated  with  the  Shoal  Creek  limestone. 


:ment  making  materials  in  the  vicinity 
of  la  salle. 

(By  Gilbert  H.  Cady.) 


Contents. 

Pagb 
Natural  cement  materials 128 

Analyses    130 

Portland  cement  materials 130 

Analyses    133 


127 


128  YEAR  BOOK  FOR  I907.  [Bull.  No.  8 


Introduction. 

Both  Portland  and  natural  cement  are  manufactured  in  the  vicinity 
of  LaSalle,  Illinois.  The  deposite  used  for  making  natural  cement  is 
the  Lower  Magnesian  limestone;  the  LaSalle  limestone,  and  in  some 
cases  a  carbonaceous  shale  immediately  underlying  it,  are  used  in  the 
manufacture  of  Portland  cement. 

Natural  cement  materials — A  single  deposit,  containing  within  itself 
the  necessary  chemical  ingredients  in  such  proportions  as  to  afford  a 
natural  mixture  suitable  for  a  good  hydraulic  cement,  while  less  eagerly 
sought  after  since  the  enormous  and  rapid  growth  of  the  Portland 
cement  industry,  is  still  of  considerable  economic  interest.  Further- 
more, the  Utica  cement  companies,  some  of  which  have  operated  in  the 
locality  nearly  one-half  a  century,  enjoyed  a  considerable  local  repu- 
tation in  this  and  neighboring  states  previous  to  any  large  pro- 
duction of  Portland  cement  in  this  country.  There  still  continues  to 
be  a  sufficient  demand  for  this  cement  to  warrant  the  two  existing 
companies  manufacturing  1500  to  2000  barrels  a  day.  With  the  added 
interest  that  this  is  the  single  locality  in  the  State  where  natural  hy- 
draulic cement  is  made,  we  have  sufficient  reason  for  devoting  some  at- 
tention to  the  character  and  extent  of  the  deposits  at  this  place. 

The  Lower  Magnesian  limestone  outcrops  in  a  one  hundred-foot  cliff 
forming  the  north  bluff  of  the  Illinois  river  for  a  distance  of  about 
two  miles  from  a  point  on  the  west  called  Split  Rock,  one  mile  and  a 
half  east  of  LaSalle,  to  a  point  on  the  east  within  one-half  mile  of  the 
town  of  Utica.  (See  plate  6.)  Likewise  it  underlies  the 
flood-plain  of  the  Illinois  river  to  the  south  of  the  cliff,  and 
is  found  at  the  base  of  the  bluff  on  the  south  side  of  the  river.  About 
midway  along  the  cliff  is  the  gorge  of  Pecumsaugum  creek.  Lip  this 
gorge  the  limestone  continues  for  nearly  a  mile,  where  it  ends  abruptly. 
The  upper  surface  of  this  limestone  is  an  erosion  surface,  not  a  bedding 
plane  surface,  so  that  an  unconformity  exists  between  it  and  over- 
lying strata,  and  the  extent  of  its  outcrop  is  everywhere  determined 
by  the  slope  of  this  eroded  surface. 

This  limestone  is  the  oldest  geological  formation  in  the  State,  lying 
at  the  base  of  the  Ordovician  series  or  at  the  top  of  the  Cambrian. 
Exclusive  of  less  extensive  outcrops  in  Ogle  and  one  in  Calhoun 
county,  this  is  its  only  occurrence  in  the  State  As  in  all  the  other 
9  where  it  is  found,  it  is  here  brought  to  the  surface  by  struc- 
tural deformation,  in  this  case  the  LaSalle  anticline.  The  axis  of  this 
anticline  extends  from  Wisconsin  southeast  through  the  neighborhood 


State  Geological  Survey. 


RANGE  1  EAST 


Bull.   No.   8,    PI. 

RANGE    2   EAST 


Portland  Cement  Rock 
Portland  Cement  Plant 


Natural  Cement  Rock 
A       Natural  Cement  Plant 


Map  showing  distribution  of  cement  plants  and  materials  near  LaSa'.le. 

Portland  plants. 

1.  German-American  Portland  Cement  Co. 

2.  Chicago  Portland  Cement  Co. 

3.  Marquette  Portland  Cement  Co. 

Natural  cement. 

1.  Illinois  Hydraulic  Cement  Mfg.  Co. 

2.  TJtica  Hydraulic  Cement  Co. 

3.  Hydraulic  cement  (plant  not  in  operation.) 


cady.j  cement  materials  at  lasalle.  129 

of  Freeport,  is  to  be  observed  between  Oregon  and  Dixon,  where  it 
brings  to  the  surface  the  Trenton  limestone,  to  be  used  by  the  Sandusky 
Portland  Cement  Company  of  Dixon  as  a  source  of  cement  material, 
and  passes  just  east  of  LaSalle,  continuing  across  the  Illinois  river  in 
the  direction  of  the  Illinois  field.  It  is  usually  a  "simple  low  arch  or 
anticlinal  swell,"  but  in  this  locality  the  western  limb  of  the  anticline  is 
much  shorter  and  has  a  stronger  dip  to  the  west,  so  that  within  the  one- 
half  mile  lying  west  of  the  Lower  Magnesian  limestone,  400  feet  of  coal 
measure  strata  and  75  to  100  feet  of  St.  Peters  sandstone  are  brought 
to  the  surface,  dipping  west  at  angles  varying  from  30  degrees  in  the 
case  of  the  sandstone  to  5  degrees  or  10  degrees  in  the  case  of  the  coal 
measures.  The  dipping  beds  of  St.  Peters  sandstone  lie  in  unconform- 
ity upon  the  sloping  irregular  surface  of  the  Lower  Magnesian  lime- 
stone, and  so  cut  across  the  nearly  horizontal  beds  of  the  limestone. 
The  strata  of  the  limestone  seem  not  to  have  been  affected  along  the 
same  axis  of  folding  as  the  overlying  formation,  but  dip  rather  uni- 
formly in  three  directions,  east,  west  and  south,  from  a  point  near  the 
mouth  of  Pecumsaugum  creek.  The  upper  surface  attains  its  height 
further  west  or  near  the  main  axis  of  folding,  and  is  relatively  flat 
or  slightly  sloping  toward  the  east  at  the  point  of  maximum  uplift  of 
the  formation.  Thus,  the  center  of  deformation  of  the  limestone,  which 
seems  to  form  the  core  of  the  anticline,  lies  on  the  east  side  of  the  main 
axis  of  folding. 

The  beds  of  natural  cement  material  are  of  course  affected  by  the 
deformation.  The  lowest  bed  of  the  Lower  Magnesium  strata  is  ex- 
posed near  the  Pecumsaugum  gorge.  This  is  the  site  of  an  old  cement 
plant  recently  abandoned  to  other  uses.  Here  the  two  beds  of  natural 
cement  deposits  are  both  above  ground.  The  lower  bed  occurs  at  the 
base  of  the  cliff,  and  the  upper  one  about  20  feet  above.  Each  of  these 
beds  is  from  six  to  eight  feet  in  thickness.  These  beds  dip  toward  the 
east  at  such  a  rate  that  one  mile  farther  east  at  the  Illinois  Hydraulic 
Cement  Manufacturing  Company's  plant  the  upper  level  is  about  4  feet 
above  the  base  of  the  cliff,  and  the  lower  mine  is  15  to  20  feet  below. 
Here  the  lower  horizon  is  said  to  be  12  or  14  feet  in  thickness.  The  up- 
per bed  continues  to  be  from,  6  to  8  feet  thick.  Still  farther  east  and 
a  little  south,  the  Utica  Hydraulic  Cement  Co.  quarry  the  upper  hori- 
zon out  of  the  floor  of  the  valley,  and  the  lower  level  is  reached  by  a 
vertical  shaft. 

The  structural  irregularities  affect  the,  methods  of  mining,  but  not 
the  character  of  the  deposit,  which  remains  relatively  constant  through- 
out the  district.  The  limestone  is  a  fine  grained  silicious  to  argillaceous 
limestone,  light  gray  to  buff  in  color,  having  an  irregular  laminated 
appearance  due  to  the  alternation  of  thin  hard  and  soft  layers.  The 
rock  weathers  to  a  rather  smooth  surface  and  is  quite  soft. 

There  is  no  distinguishing  characteristic  to  separate  the  productive 
horizons  from  the  non-productive.  The  determination  is  largely  a 
matter  of  chemical  analysis  and  experimental  testing.  Analyses  of  the 
rock  used  by  the  Illinois  Hydraulic  Cement  Mfg.  Co.  show  the  follow- 
ing percentages  of  ingredients : 

— 9  G  S 


130 


YEAR  BOOK  FOR  I907.  [Bull.   No.  8 

ANALYSES  OF  THE  UTICA  NATURAL  CEMENT  ROCK. 


1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

Silica 

Iron 

29.84 
1.52 
3.36 
30.17 
20.69 
10.24 

95.82 

27.70 
1.41 
2.33 
29.94 
20.01 
16.03 

97.52 

26.46 
1.36 
3.39 
30.30 
20.81 
13.38 

95.70 

11.89 
1.35 
11.61 
29.51 
20.38 

27.60 

.80 
10.60 
33  04 
17.26 

15.02 
8.20 

14.42 
11.34 

Alumina 

25.40 
12.50 
38.54 

99.66 

26.12 

Magnesia 

9.82 

38.70 





100.50 

1.  2,  3,  C.  B.  Lihme,  Analyst.  4,  5,  Quoted  from  Eckels:  "Cements,  Limes.  Plasters." 
6.  Upper  bed.  Analyzed  by  State  Geological  Survey.  7.  Lower  bed.  Analyzed  by  State  Ge- 
ological Survey. 

The  two  companies  operating  at  present  in  this  locality  are  the  Illinois 
Hydraulic  Cement  Manufacturing  Company,  and  the  Utica  Hydraulic 
Cement  Co.  Each  plant  has  two  kilns,  each  kiln  having  a  daily  capacity 
of  about  400  barrels. 

Farther  north  in  this  district  there  are  two  other  occurrences  of 
Lower  Magnesian  limestone ;  an  irregular  outcrop  extending  at  inter- 
vals for  a  mile  above  the  junction  of  the  Tomahawk  creek  and  the 
Little  Vermilion  river,  and  a  less  extensive  outcrop  along  the  Little 
Vermilion  river  in  Section  22,  Range  1  East,  Township  34  North. 
Both  of  these  outcrops  occur  along  the  axis  of  the  LaSalle  anticline. 
The  strata  are  nearly  horizontal  and  lithologically  the  rock  resembles 
the  limestone  near  Utica.  Whether  or  not  this  is  a  natural  cement 
rock  is  not  determined. 

Portland  Cement  materials — The  manufacture  of  Portland  Cement 
in  Illinois  from  natural  deposits  of  cement  material  is  largely  centered 
in  the  LaSalle  district.  The  three  plants  located  there  manufactured 
during  the  past  year  a  product  valued  at  2,600,000  dollars. 
The  present  capacity  of  the  three  plants  is  about  6,000  barrels  per 
day,  and  the  almost  compljeted  extension  of  one  plant  will  increase 
that  capacity  to  about  8,000  barrels.  The  source  of  the  cement  material 
is,  as  has  been  stated,  the  LaSalle  limestone,  and  in  two  cases  the  car- 
bonaceous shale  immediately  underlying  the  limestone. 

The  LaSalle  limestone,  like  the  Lower  Magnesian  limestone,  is  geo- 
graphically best  described  in  reference  to  the  LaSalle  anticline.  It 
occurs  along  the  west  flank  of  the  fold.  As  it  is  the  highest  format  ion 
it  is  usually  found  outcropping  along  a  line  where  the  folding  is  first 
perceived,  and  so  is  parallel  to  the  main  axis  of  the  anticline. 

Two  other  features  of  the  geography  bearing  close  relationship  to 
the  outcropping  limestone  and  the  anticline,  are  the  Vermilion  and 
Little  Vermilion  rivers.  From  Lowell  to  the  Illinois  river,  the  Vermil- 
ion river  runs  in  a  very  meandering  course  near  the  edges  of  the  lime- 
stone, sometimes  parallel  and  again  transverse  to  the  main  line  o\  the 
folding.  The  irregularities  of  the  river  from  Lowell  to  its  month  givefl 
three  excellent  exposures  <>f  the  anticlinal  structure,  north  and  south 
of  Den-  Park  and  « »n  both  sides  of  the  river,  and  again  east  of  Bailey's 
Falls  along  what    is  kimwn  as  the  "great    bend." 

North  of  the  [llinois  river  the  Little  Vermilion  river  flowing  from 
the  north,  encounters  the  limestone  ledge  on  its  west  bluff  about  .j  miles 


cady.]  cement  materials  at  lasalle.  131 

north  of  LaSalle,  where  the  strata  are  dipping  toward  the  west.  The 
river  runs  southwest,  parallel  to  the  general  direction  of  folding  for 
about  2,y2  miles,  with  the  limestone  ledge  occurring  on  the  west  bluff. 
It  turns  and  runs  southwest  and  then  into  the  limestone  belt.  The  anti- 
clinal structure  appears  on  both  bluffs  at  this  place,  and  a  practically 
horizontal  limestone  ledge  forms  the  walls  of  the  gorge  to  the  Illinois 
river  bluff. 

The  limestone  also  outcrops  to  some  extent  along  the  bluffs  of  the 
Illinois  river.  On  the  north  bluff,  east  of  the  mouth  of  the  Little 
Vermillion  river  it  continues  for  about  one  mile,  when  it  is  cut  off  by 
the  upland  surface.  West  of  the  Little  Vermilion  river  the  city  of 
LaSalle  is  situated  upon  the  top  of  the  limestone,  which  continues  as 
a  conspicuous  feature  o'f  the  cliff  to  a  point  between  LaSalle  and 
Peru.  On  the  south  bluff,  west  of  the  Illinois  Central  Railroad,  the 
limestone  is  not  typical.  The  extent  of  the  outcrops  of  the  typical 
limestone  confines  the  formation  to  a  narrow  belt  extending  along  the 
Vermilion  river  to  a  point  a  little  south  of  Bailey's  Falls,  ahdi  to  a 
corresponding  narrow  belt  extending  about  five  miles  along  the  Little 
Vermilion  river. 

The  character  of  the  limestone  renders  it  a  very  conspicuous  feature 
of  these  gorges.  Because  of  the  relative  hardness,  it  usually  forms 
a  perpendicular  ledge  from  fifteen  to  thirty  feet  in  height  near  the  top 
of  the  gorge.  This  is  especially  true  along  the  Vermilion  river.  The 
limestone  is  less  prominent  north  of  the  gorge  of  the  Little  Vermilion 
river,  probably  because  the  strata  are  not  horizontal.  In  appearance 
the  rock  varies  from  a  blue  gray  to  a  light  cream  color.  If  fresh,  the 
stone  is  compact,  with  rather  straight  fractures.  Where  weathered  it 
presents  a  fragmentary  appearance,  and  sometimes,  especially  the  lower 
horizon,  is  thin  bedded.  Long  continued  weathering  brings  out  a 
difference  in  hardness  in  the  rock.  It  is  seen  to  be  divided  into  two 
well  defined  horizons,  the  upper  of  which  is  the  harder  and  so  overhangs 
the  lower.  Where  water  runs  over  the  rock,  as  at  Bailey's  Falls,  the 
upper  ledge  forms  the  brink  of  the  falls,  projecting  over  the  lower 
horizon. 

Where  the  limestone  outcrops  along  the  anticline  upon  the  upland, 
there  is,  in  one  case  at  least,  a  small  "hog  back"  or  hill.  This  is  crossed, 
on  the  road  running  west  from  LaSalle  to  Peru,  just  about  one  mile 
out  from  LaSalle,  where  the  road  turns  north.  Here  is  the  site  of 
some  small  quarries  and  a  lime  kiln  or  two.  This  limestone  hill  can 
be  traced  very  easily  north  northwest  to  the  bluff  of  the  Little  Ver- 
milion and  south  southeast  to  the  bluff  of  the  Illinois  river.  What 
would  be  a  corresponding  outcrop  on  the  upland  south  of  the  Illinois 
river,  running  from  the  river  bluff  to  the  gorge  of  the  Vermilion  is  com- 
pletely concealed  by  superficial  deposits.  The  strike  is  estimated  from 
the  outcrop  along  the  Illinois  and  Vermilion  rivers  and  the  general 
direction  of  the  anticline.  The  strike  of  the  limestone  along  the  bluff 
above  Deer  Park  station  is  easily  traced. 

The  stratigraphy  of  the  limestone  is  fairly  simple.  Where  outcrop- 
ping it  forms  the  top  of  the  Coal  Measure  series,  being  at  LaSalle  about 
400  feet  above  the  base  of  the  group  of  Which  it  is  a  member.     This 


132  YEAR  BOOK  FOR  I907.  [Bull.  No.  8 

distance  varies  about  ten  feet  each  way  over  the  district,  becoming, 
as  we  would  expect,  somewhat  greater  toward  the  south.  In  thick- 
ness the  formation  varies  from  twenty  to  thirty  feet.  It  is  divided  into 
two  main  beds,  the  upper  one  varying  from  five  to  fifteen  feet  in  thick- 
ness, depending  largely  upon  the  amount  of  erosion  undergone.  The 
lower  bed  varies  from  six  to  sixteen  feet  in  thickness.  The  division  line 
between  the  two  beds  is  a  calcareous  shale  occurring  at  different  heights 
above  the  base  of  the  limestone  and  varying  in  thickness  from  eight 
inches  to  three  and  one-half  feet. 

There  are  two  horizons  of  fossils,  part  of  the  fossils  being  confined 
to  certain  horizons.  The  upper  fossil  zone  occurs  in  the  upper  part 
of  the  higher  limestone  belt.  They  are  more  likely  to  be  found  where 
the  rock  attains  its  maximum  thickness.  Following  is  a  list  of  the 
conspicuous  fossils  of  this  zone:  Spirifer  cameratus,  Productus  cora, 
P.  costatus,  P.  s entire ticulatus  and  P.  nebraskensis. 

A  good  collecting  ground  for  these  fossils  is  the  small  quarry  on 
the  electric  road,  about  one  mile  east  of  LaSalle.  There  are  gt>od  spe- 
mens  to  be  found  likewise  along  the  Little  Vermilion  river  north  of 
LaSalle.  The  lower  fossil  zone  is  in  close  proximity  to  the  layer  of 
shale.  As  this  is  near  the  horizon  most  commonly  exposed  these  fossils 
are  found  in  nearly  every  outcrop.  The  old  quarry  of  the  Chicago 
Portland  Cement  Co.  on  the  west  side  of  the  Vermilion  river  is  a  source 
of  many  good  specimens.  Some  of  the  characteristic  fossils  are: 
Productus  longispinus,  Meekella  striatocostata,  Spirifer  kentuckiensis, 
Spirifer  cameratus,  Lophyllum  proliferum.  The  small  brachiopod 
Seminula  argentea  is  very  common  throughout  the  formation.  Some 
very  good  specimens  of  the  nautiloid  group  have  been  found  in  the 
limestones. 

The  difference  in  hardness  suggested  as  existing  between  the  upper 
and  lower  horizons  because  of  the  different  rates  of  weathering  is  due 
to  the  presence  of  a  large  amount  of  argillaceous  material  in  the  lower 
bed.  The  especial  problem  of  the  chemists  of  the  three  cement  plants 
is  that  of  controlling  the  mix  so  as  to  keep  the  silica  and  alumina  or  the 
clay  proportion  constant.  Not  only  is  there  argillaceous  material 
present  in  the  lower  bed,  but  there  is  a  constant  variation  in  the  amount 
present,  which  necessitates  constant  readjustment  of  the  mix.  This 
percentage  of  clay  seems  to  vary  from  east  to  west,  becoming  greater 
toward  the  west. 

Likewise  the  difference  in  thickness  of  the  middle  shale  bod  in 
different  parts  of  the  field  controls  materially  the  character  of  the 
deposits  used  by  the  three  companies.  Two  of  the  plants  arc  able  to 
use  the  limestone  from  top  to  bottom  as  limestone,  obtaining  the  clay 
from  other  sources.  The  other  plant  uses  the  limestone  as  limestone, 
while  the  middle  shale  bed  serves  as  the  source  of  the  clay.  Sometimes 
it  is  found  necessary  at  this  plant  to  reject  this  clay  because  of  the  high 
percentage  of  argillaceous  material  in  the  bed  of  the  limestone  below. 
and  at  other  times  there  is  an  almost  perfect  natural  mixture. 

The   floor  of   the   quarries   and   mines   is  a  hard   layer  of   limestone 
about  two  feet  thick,  whose  plane  «>!'  parting  seems  to  place  it  struc 
turalh  with  the  underlying  stratum.    Beneath  the  floor  rock  is  a  In 


Cady.] 


CEMENT  MATERIALS  AT  LASALLE. 


133 


carbonaceous  shale  grading  into  a  blue  limey  clay,  each  bed  containing 
a  narrow  seam  of  coal  an  inch  or  two  thick.  In  two  of  the  plants  this 
shale  and  clay  is  the  source  of  silica  and  alumina  for  the  cement.  In 
these  cases  the  bed  of  the  limestone  at  the  top  of  the  shale  is  considered 
as  a  part  of  it  and  the  analyses  made  accordingly.  There  is  some  hint 
that  this  method  is  causing  some  difficulty  because  of  the  varying  per 
cent  of  the  calcareous  content  thus  introduced. 

The  percentage  of  magnesia  is  in  all  cases  below  the  danger  point, 
5  per  cent.  Upon  this  low  per  cent  of  magnesia  rests  much  of  the  suc- 
cess of  the  LaSalle  Portland  Cement  industry. 

The  accompanying  analyses  will  show  more  definitely  the  character 
of  the  limestone  and  clay  in  different  parts  of  the  LaSalle  limestone 


area: 


ANALYSES   OP  THE   LA  SALLE    LIMESTONE. 


Si02 

Pe203 

and 
A1203 

CaO 

MgO 

Volatile 
Matter. 

Source  of  the  Samples  Analyzed. 

6.06 

3.92 
1.30 
3.43 
2.52 
2.61 
1.43 
5.92 
7.84 

3.08 
6.86 
9.56 

2.86 
5.56 

1.96 
7.58 

2.24 
4.76 
4.40 

1.56 
4.80 
3.40 

49.46 
49.37 
45.57 
48.29 
45.91 
52.02 
47.84 
43.46 

50.52 
36.62 
36.64 

51.32 
46.08 

52.32 
41.54 

51  78 
46.08 
45.58 

53.32 
48.02 

47.72 

.91 
.85 
4.36 
3.66 
1.00 
1.11 
.66 
1.16 

.89 
1.91 
2.42 

.59 

.74 

.58 
1.14 

.69 
1.96 
1.38 

.75 

.68 

1.31 

39.06 
39.72 
39.57 
41.05 
36.82 
40.24 
40.20 
37.38 

41.36 
33.28 
34.36 

41.92 
39.16 

38.54 
38.80 

42.06 
39.26 

37.88 

42.66 
39.48 
38.90 

Chicago  P.  C.  Co 

8.20 

Marquette  P.  C.  Co 

7.54 

German- American  P.  C.  Co 

5.06 

..do. 

13.89 

..do. 

5.43 
6.72 

..do. 

N.  W.  *4Sec.  11,  T.  33 N.,  R.  IE 

11.10 

S.  E.  *4  Sec.  34,  T.  34  N.,  R.  1  E 

4.92 

Near  LaSalle,  upper  bed 

22.26 

Near  LaSalle,  uper  part  of  lower  hed 

17.76 
4.43 

Near  LaSalle,  lower  part  of  lower  bed. 

Chicago  P.  C.  Co.,  upper  bed 

9.62 
2.66 

Chicago  P.  C.  Co.,  lower  bed 

Bailey's  Falls,  upper  bed 

15.24 

Bailey's  Falls,  lower  bed 

2.88 

Section  14,  T.  33  N.,  R.  1  E.,  upper  bed 

8.78 
10.34 

1  98 

Sec.  14,  T.  43N..  R.  IE.,  upper.part  of  lower  bed 

Sic.  14.  T.  33  N,  R.  IE.,  lower  part  of  lower  bed. . .... 

Marquette  P.  C.  Co . ,  roof  rock 

7.94 
8.24 

Marquette  P.  C.  Co.,  upper  part  of  lower  bed 

Marquette  P.  C.  Co.,  lower  part  of  lower  bed 

The  first  six  analyses  are  taken  from  Eckel:  '  'Cement,  Limes,  and  Plasters.' 
ing  fifteen  are  analyses  by  the  State  survey  of  samples  collected  by  the  members. 


The  remain - 


ANALYSES  OF  CLAYS  USED  BY  THE  LASALLE  CEMENT  COMPANIES. 


Si02 

A1203 

Fe203 

CaO 

MgO 

Volatile 
matter. 

53.12 
54.30 

20.60 
19.33 

4.09 
5.57 

4.02 
3.29 

7.64 

2.24 

2.57 

1.78 

13.70 

Chicago  P.  C.  Co 

Marquette  P.  C.  Co 

53.48 

22-36 

Chicago  P.  C.  Co 

The  first  two  analyses  are  from  Eckel :    "Cements,   Limes  and   Plasters,"    the   last 
analyses  by  the   State  Geological   Survey. 


134  YEAR  BOOK  FOR  1907.  [Bull.  No.  8 

Local  opinion  as  to  the  occurrence  of  the  limestone  further  west 
seems  to  favor  an  extensive  glacial  erosion,  resulting  in  the  removal 
of  the  most  of  the  limestone  strata.  An  examination  of  the  strata 
which  occur  at  the  horizon  of  the  limestone  along  the  Illinois  river 
bluff  west  of  the  mouth  of  the  Vermilion  has  led  the  writer  to  a  different 
opinion.  West  of  the  Vermilion  the  final  exposure  of  typical  limestone 
occurs  in  a  small  ravine  running  north  and  south  about  the  middle 
of  section  26,  range  1  east,  township  33  north.  From  that  point  west 
there  is  a  gradual  change  from  calcareous  to  argillaceous  material  and 
structure,  with  the  result  that  the  formation  that  occurs  in  the  bluff 
just  south  of  the  end  of  the  LaSalle  bridge  is  an  outcrop  showing 
nearly  30  feet,  12.  feet  at  least  being  of  shale.  Part  of  the  shale  has 
abundant  calcareous  concretion,  which  in  the  next  ravine  east  or  toward 
the  Vermilion  river  becomes  even  more  prevalent  and  the  rock  becomes 
more  like  limestone.  At  the  same  time  one  of  the  clay  beds  above  has 
in  it  thin  lenses  of  limestone,  very  much  like  the  LaSalle  limestone. 
West  of  the  Marquette  Cement  plant  where  the  Vermilion  bends 
farthest  to  the  west  there  is  likewise  a  slightly  noticeable  change  in  the 
lithological  composition  of  the  rock,  with  an  indication  of  a  substitution 
of  clay  for  limestone. 

The  change  in  the  lithological  character  of  the  rock  is  not  so  notice- 
able on  the  north  side  of  the  Illinois  river,  but  was  first  observed  in  a 
small  gully  between  Peru  and  LaSalle. 

Toward  the  west  the  two  narrow  limestone  ledges,  the  upper  becom- 
ing rather  silicious  and  the  lower  crinoidal  and  pure,  varying  from 
one  and  one-half  to  four  feet  in  thickness  are  rather  constant  and  cor- 
respond to  the  top  and  base  of  the  LaSalle  limestone.  Between  these 
two  ledges  are  varying  thicknesses  of  blue  or  black  shale,  sometimes 
calcareous. 

A  rough  estimate  of  the  total  area  of  the  limestone  would  be  about 
twelve  square  miles,  or  so  much  as  would  be  contained  between  the 
eastern  edge  and  a  line  drawn  parallel  to  the  anticlinal  axis  one-half 
mile  west  of  the  most  westerly  outcrop  of  the  limestone  along  the 
Vermilion  river. 

The  three  companies  operating  in  the  district  are  the  Chicago  Port- 
land Cement  Co.,  with  a  daily  capacity  of  about  1,500  barrels,  to  be 
shortly  increased  to  4,500.  The  Marquette  Portland  Cement  Co.,  with 
a  capacity  of  2,500  barrels.  The  German.  American  Portland  Cement 
Co.,  with  a  capacity  of  1,800  barrels.  The  Chicago  P.  C.  Co.,  and  the 
German  American  P.  C.  Co.  quarry  the  limestone,  while  the  Marquette 
P.  C.  Co.,  obtain  it  by  mining. 


STATISTICS  AND  DIRECTORY  OF  THE  CLAY 
INDUSTRIES  OF  ILLINOIS. 

(JBy  Edwin  F.  Lines.) 


Statistics. 

Since  1905  the  State  Geological  Survey  has  cooperated  with  the  U. 
S.  Geological  Survey  in  obtaining  reports  of  the  amount  and  value 
of  the  mineral  products  of  Illinois.  The  following  table  reproduced 
from  The  Mineral  Production  of  Illinois  in  1905*  gives  by  counties, 
the  value  of  the  clay  and  clay  products  produced  in  that  year. 

Value  of  Clay  and  Clay  Products  in  ipo6. 


Counties. 

Brick. 

Sewer  pipe 

and 
drain  tile. 

Pottery. 

Raw  clay. 

Number  of 
producers 
reporting. 

$      64 '124 

9 

2 

Bond    . 

1 

2 

1 

Bureau    

16,  080 
37,731 

$  21,300 

9 

$  3, 350 

4 

2 

15,655 

59,970 

30,875 

19, 100 

3,975 

6,610 

11,000 

4,874,682 

11,212 

3,500 
12, 100 
18, 700 

1,000 

Champaign    

6 

Christian     

11 

Clark    

5 

Clay     

5 

Clinton     

120 

14,500 

143,505 

4,188 

5 

Coles     

i 

Cook    

$  29, 469 

15 

34 

3 

1 

DeKalb     

13,854 

22,  717 

7 

DeWitt    

1 

69, 779 
119, 184 

18, 439 
14,913 

15 

Fayette     

Ford    

23 

Fulton     

2 

Gallatin     

7,090 

171, 828 

9 

170,500 

46, 350 

6 

2 

Hamilton,    

59, 187 

12, 923 

17 

Iroquois     

8,554 

52. 735 

1,109,998 

45,  778 

874 

156,280 

10 

11 

13 

Lake     

2 

LaSalle     

740,  706 
52,  884 
15,258 

399, 442 
12,  750 

229,998 

6,250 

500 

45, 400 

200 

6,000 

39.332 

36 

4 

5 

16 

Marion     

1 

♦State  Geological  Survey,  Circular  No.    2. 


135 


I36  YEAR  BOOK  FOR   I907.  [Bull.   No.  8 

Value  of  Clay  and  Clay  Products  in  1906 — Concluded. 


Counties. 

Brick. 

Sewer  pipe 

and 
drain  tile. 

Pottery. 

Raw  clay. 

Number  of 
producers 
reporting. 

Marshall     

1 

Massac    

$  4,400 
25,290 

$  42,300 
356,300 

$  1.245 
26, 524 

4 

MeDonough    

$215,254 

16 
2 

McLean    

54. 350 
14, 319 
9,100 

12. 450 
5,670 
55,820 

5 

5 

Mercer    

3 

1 

Montgomery     

Morgan     

Moultrie   

30,654 
9,700 
5,150 

15,315 
18,  750 
14,800 

8 

4 

4 

Ogle    

2 

76,938 

1,000 

10 

1 

Piatt    

2,240 
8,630 

17,110 
270 

4 

Pike    

3 

Randolph    

22,553 

4 

2 

18,890 

208.  732 

8.480 

2,800 

12,950 

404, 175 

3.000 
10. 194 
9,744 

16 

5 

13 

4 

Scott     

200 

1,020 

3 

Shelby    .          

13,180 

7 

3 

St     Clair    .                   

2,154 

9 

2 

64, 377 

1,232 

423, 273 

25,950 

28,000 

7 

7,561 

3 

23,300 

10 

2 

20,855 

253,  751 

333,280 

7 

2 

2.601 
10.982 

4,700 
17,543 

4 

White    

6 

1 

42.798 
26.825 
15.342 
12,  31r 

54,069 

7 

10.000 

362 

Woodford        

9,619 

$9,  896.  84C 

$1, 772, 798 

$982,903 

$131,  272 

498 

*  Includes  sand-lime  brick.  —  „  \ 

7  Includes  Alexander,  Bond,  Boon,  Brown,  Carroll,  Cumberland,  DeWitt,  Ford,  Ful- 
ton, Grundy,  Henry,  Lake,  Marshall,  McHenry,  Monroe,  Ogle,  Perry,  Pulaski,  Richland, 
Stephenson,  Wabash,  Washington,   Whiteside. 


Preliminary  figures  for  1907  indicate  a  total  value  of  clay  and  clay 
products  for  that  year  of  $13,351,362  made  up  as  follows : 

Brick                     $  9,957,701   00 

Sewer  pipe'and  tile    « ?,283,70^  00 

Pottery        1,004,160  00 

Raw   clay    105.703  01 

$13,357,302 


Lines.] 


DIRECTORY  OF  CLAY  WORKERS. 


137 


The  table  below  which  is  taken  from  the  statistics  of  the  clay  work- 
ing industries  in  the  United  States  compiled  by  the  U.  S.  Geological 
Survey  shows  the  progress  of  the  various  branches  of  the  industry  in 
Illinois  for  the  five  years  between  1902  and  1906,  inclusive: 


Product. 

1902 

1903 

1904 

1905 

1906 

Brick: 
Common- 
Quantity  

1,023,681,000 

$5,131,621 

$5.01 

91,116.000 

$839, 784 
$9.22 

20,943.000 
$240, 466 
$11.48 
$11,893 
$199,048 
$698, 783 
$360, 149 

$1,000,765 
$358, 015 
$257, 049 

$602,  708 
(a) 
$56, 256 

(6) 

$130, 303 

1, 015, 541, 000 

$5,388,589 
$5.31 

96. 568, 000 

$1,015,710 

$10.52 

25, 122, 000 
$274.  723 
$10.93 
$12, 927 
$233, 106 
$892, 807 
$532, 858 

$1, 198,  477 
$335, 838 
$283, 426 

$694, 770 

(a) 

$168, 363 

(b) 
$159, 203 

999, 310, 000 
$5, 167, 165 

$5.17 

121, 073, 000 

$1,234,703 

$10  20 

21,299,000 

$251,762 

$11.82 

$11.  733 

$217, 008 

$1,002,463 

$550, 344 

(a) 

$324,264 
$194, 471 

$801,946 
(a)   ' 

1, 125, 024,  000 

$6, 259, 232 

$5.56 

90,563,000 

$973,247 

$10.75 

30,  447. 000 

$348,  354 

$11.44 

$13,567 

$176,692 

$1,051,852 

$580, 538 

(a) 

$323,550 
(a) 

$889,857 
(a) 

1,195,210.000 
$5,  719.  906 

$4  79 

Vitrified— 

122  227  000 

$1,  306,  476 

Average  per  M 

Front- 

$10.69 
30, 022,  000 

$341,  298 

Average  per  M 

Fancy  or  ornam'nt'l,  value 

$11.37 

$11,635 

$236. 032 

$1,051,588 

$587,  805 

Architectural    terra    cotta, 

(rt) 

Fireprofing,   value 

Tile  (not  drain)  value 

Pottery: 
Earthenware    and    stone- 

$409. 171 
(«) 

Yellow    and    Rockingham 

>-        $935, 193 

C.    C.   and  white  granite 

!■          (a) 

Miscellaneous,  value 

Total  value 

$1,021,588 

$1, 744. 89r 

$2, 034, 077 

$9, 881, 84C 

$11, 190,  797 

$10,777,447 

$12, 361.  78( 

$11,634,181 

Number  of   operating  firms 

reporting 

Rank  of  State 

51E 

4 

502 

4 

492 
4 

461 

1                     466 

a  Included  in  miscella 
6    Included  in  C.  C.  a 

An  important  par 
accurate  and  compl< 
directory  is  necessai 
as  a  means  of  keep 
their  own  field. 

In  October,  1907, 
curate  directory  of 
return  address  was 
that  he  give  the  corr 
1  the  exception   of   at 
1  cards  were  returned 
were  sent.    From  th 
compiled.     It  has  a 
as  a  means  of  distr 
versity  of  Illinois  as 
stitute  held  annually 

aeous. 

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t  of  the  < 
*te  directc 
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e  informa 
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equipment 
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each  kno 
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but  four  ( 
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epartment 

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who  were 
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ating  to  c 
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rvey  is  an 
Such  a 

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rogress  in 

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138 


YEAR  BOOK  FOR   I907. 


[Bull.  No.  8 


In  order  to  meet  a  demand  for  knowledge  of  the  location  of  clay 
mines  and  of  the  producers  of  different  classes  of  clay  ware  the 
directory  is  herewith  published.  It  is  possible  that  some  firms  who 
have  not  been  reported  to  the  survey  are  omitted.  Notifications  of  such 
omissions  will  be  much  appreciated. 


DIRECTORY    OF   THE   CLAY   INDUSTRIES   OF   ILLINOIS. 
Raw  Clay. 


Firm  Name. 


Town. 


County. 


Argillo  Works 

Baird,  O.  &  Sons 

Big  Four  Wilmington  Coal  Co.     (Office, 

293  Dearborn  St..  Chicago 

Behimiller.  Mrs.   John 

♦Butterfield,  Lester  L 

Calhoun  Brick  &  Clay  Co.      (Office,  Be- 

noit  Bldg..  St.  Louis,  Mo 

Chocago   Retort   &   Brick    Co.      (Office, 

45th  &  LaSalle  Sts.,  Chicago 

Dawson,  Wiliam 

Goodman,  Thos.  B.     (Office,  Cobden)  .  . 

Hicks,    Clay   Co 

Hodge,    Green 

Illinois  Fire  Proofing  Co 

*McLaughlin  Mining  Co 

Macomb  Illinois  Clay  Products  Co.... 

Myers,    B.    F 

Reynolds,  Geo.  M 

Rockton    Moulding    Sand    Co.      (Office, 

Freeport)    

Russell   Clay  Works 

Utica  Fire  Brick  Co 

Wilmington  Star  Mining  Co 


Carbon  Cliff. 
Colchester    .  . 

Coal  City 

Park  Ridge. . 
Colchester    .  . 

Golden    Eagle 

Ottawa 

Deer  Park.  .  . 

Kaolin    

Drake 

Metropolis   .  . 

Grafton   

Alsey    

Macomb  .... 
Colchester  . . 
Utica    

Rockton  .... 
Macomb 

Utica   

Coal   City 


Rock  Island. 
McDonough 

Grundy     .  . . 

Cook 

McDonougb 

Calhoun    .  .  . 

LaSalle 

LaSalle 

Union 

Greene    .... 
Massac   .... 

Jersey    

Scott    

McDonougb 
McDonougb 
LaSalle    .  .  . 
Winnebago    . 

McDonougb 
LaSalle    . . . 
Grundy  


Not  operated  in  1907. 


Building  Brick,   Hollow    Blocks  and  Drain  Tile. 


Abbott.  W.  K 

Abraham.  Jacob,  &  Son 

Ade,  J.  G 

Albion  Vitrified  Brick  Co 

Aledo  Brick  &  Tile  Works 

Alsey  Brick  &  Tile  Co 

Alton  Paving.  Building  &  Fire  Brick  Co. 

Ammann  &  Co 

American    Brick   Co 

American  Clay  Products  Co 

(Office,  145  LaSalle  St.,  Chicago.) 

Anderson,   Charles y 

Anderson    Brothers 

Arboprast.  S.  C,  &  Sons 

Argillo    Works 

Astoria    Brick  Works 

Atkinson.    Olaff 

Auburn  Brick,  Tilo  &  Cement  Co 

Avon  Milling  &  Mfg.  Co 

Back   Brick   Co 

Backus  &  Sholea 

Balrd  &  Collins 

Baldridge.  1.   s 

Barr,    Andrew 

Baker  Brothers 

Barr  Clay  Co 

Bartelme.  P.  M 

Batla  &  wessler 

Beale,  .1.  M.,  ft  <'<> 

Beall,  Chas.  1:..  A  Sons 

Bell,  Jamea  W 

Belleville  Brick  Co 

Belting,  Theo 


Quincy    

Moline 

Pana 

Albion    , 

Aledo    

Alsey   

Alton    , 

Decatur     

Chicago 

Roanoke 

Petersburg , 

Tnylorvllle 

Farmer    Cflty 

Carbon  Cliff 

Astoria    

Soutb    Rock   Island. 

Auburn 

Avon    

Chicago  

Hampshire 

Peotone  

Slonington     

Urbana     

Chestnut  

Streator  

Springfield    

Arenzvllle    

Pav  paw    

Paris    

Clinton    

Belleville    

Mm!  loon    


Adams 
Rock    Island 
Christian   . . . 
Edwards   .  .  . 

Mercer    

Scott     

Madison    .  .  . 

Macon    

Cook 

Woodford    . . , 


Menard 
Christian   . . 

DeWitt     

Rook  Island. 

Pulton    

Rock  Island 
Sangamon  • 
Pulton 

Cook   

Kane   

Will    

Christian     .  . 

Champaign 

Logan  

1  aSalle    .  .  .  ■ 
Sangamon    ■ 

Cass   

Lee   


Edgar  

DeWltl    ... 

St.   Clair.  .  . 
Coles 


Lines.]  DIRECTORY  OF  CLAY  WORKERS.  I39 

Directory  of  the  Clay  Industries  of  Illinois — Continued. 

Building  Brick,  Hollow  Blocks   and  Drain  Tile — Continued. 


Firm  Name. 

Town. 

County. 

Belvidere  Brick  Co 

Belvidere   

Boone  

Bement 

Piatt     . 

Benld  Brick  &  Tile  Co 

Benld   

Benton  Brick  Co 

Benton   

Bible,  J.  C 

Louisville 

Clay    

Billings,  Hi,  E 

Neponset    

Bureau  . 

(Office,  Macomb.) 
Billings    Brothers 

Noble 

Richland 

Black  Hawk  Clay  Mfg.  Co 

Sears    

Rock    Island 

(Office,  Davenport,  la.) 
Bird  &  Pratt 

Roiseville    

Blake,  E.   L 

Grand  Tower 

Bloomington 

Bloomington  Pressed  Brick  Co 

McLean    

Zander,  Gus.  .  . . 

Rushville   

Schuyler 

Quincy 

Bradfleld  &  Pollitt 

Tndianola    

Vermilion 

Brown,  H.  P 

Palmer    

Christian 

Buck  Brothers 

Morris    

Grundy 

Buckley  Brothers 

Winchester   

Scott     

Cook   . 

Burckhardt,    Jacob 

Waterloo    

Monroe  .  .  . 

•  . . . 

Burke,   Alexander 

Chicago 

Cook 

Burnett,  C.  A 

St.   Peter 

Fayette   . 

Bush.  R.,  &  Son 

Mt.    Sterling 

Brown    .... 

Calhoun  Brick  &  Clay  Co 

Golden  Eagle 

Calhoun    .... 

(Office,  Benoit  Bldg.,  St.  Louis,  Mo.) 
Calumet  Brick  Co 

Chicago 

Cook 

Camp,  George  W 

Texas  City 

Saline  .... 

Carbondale  Pressed  Brick  Co. 

Carbondale    

Jackson    

Effingham    

Tazewell  . . . 

barter,  F.  R 

East  Peoria 

Carterville  Brick  &  Tile  Co 

Carterville     

Williamson 

Lake 

Cashmore,    Jonathan 

Wadsworth    

Litchfield   

Chamberlin,  John  W.,  Brick  Co 

Montgomery    

Coles    

Charleston  Tile  &  Brick  Co 

Charleston 

Chicago  Brick  Co 

Cook 

Chilton,  C.  H 

Barry    

Pike     

Churchill,  Horatio 

Buda 

Bureau 

Wayne    

Logan  

Cisne  Brick  Co 

Citizens  Coal  Mining  Co 

Guilford 

JoDaviess   .... 

(Office,  Rockford.) 
Cole,  J.  B.,  &  Co 

Christian   

Monroe 

Columbia  Clay  Works. 

Compton,    Ezra 

White   .... 

Comstock,    C.    H 

Iroquois1 

Consolidated  Electric  &  Supply   Co. . . 

Christian   

Condon,  James 

Grundy 

Marion 

Cook,  Harvey  V 

Odin   .... 

Corbett,  Thomas 

Alton 

Madison   . 

Correll  &  Cox 

Trimble 

Crawford   

Shelby 

Edgar 

Corrington  Brothers 

Cowgill,   C.   C,  &  Co 

Craycroft,   Ben-j.    &   Son 

Fayette    

Ogle    

Creston   Tile   Co 

Cromister,  J.  C . 

Menard 

Macoupin    

Fulton    

Crum.  Frank  M 

Cuba  Brick  Co 

Cuba     

Curtis,  S.  E 

Effingham     

Kankakee     

Curtis,  The  Alonzo,  Brick  Co 

Grant  Park 

Dallas  City  Brick  &  Tile  Co 

Dallas  City .  . 

Hancock  . 

Dalton,  James 

Peoria     

Adams    

Damhorst  Brothers 

Danville  Brick  Co 

Danville 

Dawson,  J.   S 

Champaign   

Sangamon    

Dawson  Brick  &  Tile  Co 

Springfield     

Decatur    Brick    Co 

Decker  Brothers 

Gallatin    

Dettman,  Henry  J 

DoWitte,  Powell  &  Zink 

Jackson    

Effingham    

Deymann,   George 

Teutopolis     

'Not  operated  in  1907. 


140  YEAR  BOOK  FOR  I907.  [Bull.  No.  8 

Directory  of  the  Clay  Industries  of  Illinois — Continued. 

Building  Brickj  Hollow  Blocks    and  Drain  Tile — Continued. 


Firm  Name. 


Town. 


County. 


Doerfler  &  Jackson 

Duddleston,  David  M.,  &  Son 

Eagle  Lake  Ice  &  Tile  Works 

Earlville  Brick  &  Tile  Mfg.  Co 

East  Peoria  Brick  Co 

Eastern  Illinois  Brick  Co 

Edwards  Vitrified  Brick  &  Sewer  Pipe 

Co* 

Eiker,  Charles  P.* 

Elgin  Brick  &  Tile  Co 

(Office,  Elgin.) 

Eller,   Peter 

Elmwood  Brick  &  Tile  Co 

Ericson    &    Skiles 

Ewing,  C.  C 

Ewing,    Stephen   C 

Fairfield  Brick  &  Tile  Works 

Farnam,    Lindsay 

Farnam,  D>.  A.,  &  Co 

Fenstermaker.   B.   F 

Ferguson,    Hugh 

Ferguson.  Thomas,  &  Co 

Fisher,  W.  O 

Fleigle,  Philip 

Ford,  J.   B.,   Lumber  Co 

Fordyce.    Sherman 

Foulds.  Joseph  M 

Fox,  William 

Frazee,    Oscar 

Frisch.   H.   P 

Fulrath,   William   R 

Gausmann  &  Mueller 

Giles,  Albert  E 

Gillette  Brick  &  Tile  Co 

(Office.  Chemical  Bldg.,St.Louis,Mo.) 

Glenview  Brick  Co 

Glimpse,  William,  &  Son 

Goodwin,  Thomas . 

Goodwin   Brothers 

Graham,   John  W 

Green.    Hiram 

Greenville  Lumber  Co 

Greenwood,     Joseph 

Griffith  &  Bover 

Griggs,    S.    B 

Habel,  Thomas  A 

Haeger,  D.   H.,  Estate  of 

(Office,  Dundee.) 

Hainline,   James  ML,   Sons  &  Co 

Hamer,    J.    Wallace 

Hansen,   Charles 

Hanson   Brothers 

Harbaugh,    C.    A 

Harms    Brick    Co 

(Office,  1543  Wolfram   St.,  Chicago.) 

Harrison,    John    H 

ITass,  J.  T.,  &  Son 

Heafor,    Edgar   M.,   Tile   Co 

Heckard,   Martin,  &  Sons 

Helnmnnn.  Ons  J.,  &  Co 

Heller,  Nowton.  &  Co 

Hell  rung.    Henry    A 

Herbflt,    John    V 

Ilfss.     Kmil     .T 

Hllgeman,    B.    11 

Willi.  Edward 

FillHboro  Brie*  A  Tile  Co 

Hinckley    Tile    Works 

Hocking   &    Walker 

I  log. ic.    J.    \V 


Waverly  . . 
Stewardson 
Beecher  . . . 
Earlville  . . 
Peoria 
Beecher    . . 


Albion    

Chicago    Heights . 
McQueen    


Carlyle 

Elmwood 

Virginia 

Browns    .... 

Paris    

Fairfield     .  .  . 
Pawnee 
Zenobia    .... 
Ellsworth  . . . 
Redmon 

Cairo    

Basco   

Morrisonville 
Harrisburg  . 
Table  Grove. 
Carthage 

Peoria    

Moweaqua    . . 
Mt.  Pulaski.  . 
Savanna 
Belleville   . . . 

Peoria , 

Woodhull   . .  . 


Glenview    

D^er   Creek 

Chillicothe    , 

Minonk    

South  Rock  Island. 

Anna    

Greenville    

Sunfteld    

Carmi  

Marion   

Henning 

j  Dnndee  and 

/  Gilberts    , 

Blandinsville 

\rmstrong 

Bradford 

Princeton    

Mendota 

Glenview 


Mineral    

Coal  Valley.  .  .  . 
Rloomlngton    .  . 

Canton   

Chicago    

Table  Grove.  .  . 
r.lberty  Prairie. 
Bunker    Hill... 

Mendota  

Belmont 

Frederick  

1  rillaboro    

1  Unckley   

Golden  Gate.  ■ . 

Mai  loon    


Morgan 
Shelby  . 
Will  .  .  . 
LaSalle 
Peoria 
Will    . . 


Edwards 
Cook  . . . 
Kane     .  . 


Clinton  . 
Peoria  . . . 
Cass  .... 
Edwards  . 
Edgar  .  .  . 
Wayne  .  .  . 
Sangamon 
Sangamon 
McLean  . 
Edgar  .  .  . 
Alexander 
Hancock  . 
Christian 
Saline  .  . . 
Pulton  . . . 
Hancock 
Peoria  .  . . 
Shelby  ... 
Logan  . . . 
Carroll  .  . 
St.  Clair. 
Peoria  . . 
Henry    . . . 


Cook 

Tazewell 

Peoria    , 

Woodford -« 

Rock  Island 

Union   

Bond    

Perry    

White   

Williamson    

Vermilion   


Kane     

McDonough 
Vermilion    . 

Stark  

Bureau 
LaSalle   . . . 
Cook   


Bureau 

Rock    Island. 
McLean 

Fulton 

Cook   

Pulton    

Madison 

Macoupin    .  .  , 

LaSalle  .  .  . . 
Wabash  ... 
Schuyler  .  . . 
Montgomery 
DeKalb  .  .  .  . 
\\  .1  j  ne  .... 
Colea 


*\ot  wi  in  operation  (Dec,  1007.) 


Lines.]  DIRECTORY  OF  CLAY  WORKERS.  I4I 

j™ - 


Building  Brick,  Hollow  Blocks    and  Drain  Tile — Continued. 


Firm  Name. 


Town. 


County. 


Holland    Brick    Co 

Holler,    Ross 

House    of   Correction 

House    of   Correction 

Hugenberer,  Husmann  &  Hecker. , 

Hull,    John   L 

Huseman,    Augustus 

Hutmacher,    Nick 

Hutsonville  Brick  &  Tile  Co 

Hydraulic  Press  Brick  Co 

(Office,    Missouri    Trust    Bldg. 
Louis,  Mo.) 


St. 


Illinois  Brick   Co 

(Office,  Chamber  of  Commerce  Bldg. 
Chicago. ) 


Illinois  Brick  &  Tile  Co 

Illinois  Fire  Proofing  Co 

Ittner,  Anthony,  Brick  Co 

Jansen   &  Zoeller 

Johnson,   David  F.,  &  Sons 

Johnston,   P.   M.,  Brick  Works 

Joliet  Mound  Drain  Tile  Co 

Jones,   James  H 

Joute,   Theo 

Jordan,  John  H 

Judy,  F.  D 

Junkens,  A.  E , 

(Office,  Homer). 

Kankakee  Tile  &  Brick  Co 

Karstens,   August 

Keller,  Gus  C,  &  Co 

Kelley,  T.  L 

Kemnitz  &  Schneider 

(Office,  1258  Oakdale  Ave.,  Chicago.) 

Kessler,  Conrad 

King,   Moses 

Fitner,  F.   H 

Floess  Brick   Co 

Kloppenburg,  H.  T 

Krooss,     Henry 

LaBahn,    John    P 

(Office,   1724   Gary  Place,   Chicago.) 
LaBahn  Brick  Co 

(Office,  92  LaSalle  St.,  Chicago.) 

Lake  View  Brick  Co 

Lambert,  Hj.,  &  Son 

Lamport,  A.  C,  &  Co 

LaSalle  Pressed  Brick  Co 

Latham  Brick  &  Tile  Co 

Lincoln  Mining  Co.,  Lessee 

Lincoln  Park  Coal  &  Brick  Co 

Little,  George  H 

Lutter  Brick  Co 

Loda  Brick  &  Tile  Co 

Lodge,  William  F 

Lombard  Brick  &  Tile  Co 


South    Moline, 
Marshall   .... 

Chicago    

Peoria 

Tallula 

Cambridge    .  . 

Pittsfield    

Dieterich 
Hutsonville    .  . 
Collinsville     .  . 


Loy,   D.   O. 
Loyd,  S.  B 


Lundvall,   Charles   A 

Lyon,  W.   E.,   &  Co 

McAfee,  A.  T.,  &  Son 

McCarthy  Brothers 

McClure,  Lee 

McClure.  G.  W.,  &  Son 

McCoy  &  Son 

McGinness,    J.    M 

McGregor,  James  H.,  Brick  Co. 
Mclntire,    William,   &   Son 


(  Bernice 

I  Blue  Island. 

J  Chicago 

\  Doltons 

I  Pullman  . . . 

v  Shermerville 

Litchfield 

Grafton    

Belleville     

Pekin    

Pinkstaff    

St.    Elmo 

Joliet    

Metcalf     

Mattoon     

Gibson  City 

Mackinaw    .... 
Ogden 


Kankakee    

Moline    , 

Willow    Springs. 

Hazel  Dell 

Niles , 


Ingraham 
Colchester 
Woodson  . 
Belleville  . 
Springfield 
Lamoille  . . 
Evanston    . 


Lansing 


Chicago 
Beaverville 
Dahlgren    . . 
iLaSalle  .... 
Latham 
Lincoln     .  .  . 
Springfield 
Littleton    .  . 
Glenview    . . 

Loda 

Monticello  . 
Lombard     .  . 

j  Wataga    . . 

'  Atkinson  . 
Farmersville 
Rockford  . . 
Carthago  .  . 
Nokomis  .  .  . 

Pana 

Colchester    . 

Kappa  

Little  York. 
Effingham  . 
Bloomington 
Equality    .  .  . 


Rock    Island. 

Clark    .  . 

Cook   

Peoria    

Menard 

Henry    

Pike    

Effingham  . , 
Crawford  .  .  . 
Madison    .  . . 

Cook  

Cook 

Cook  

Cook  

Cook  

Cook  

Montgomery 

Jersey  

St.    Clair.... 
Tazewell 
Lawrence    . . 
Favette 

Will    

Edgar  

Coles     

Ford    

Tazewell  . . . 
Champaign.  . 

Kankakee  . . 
Rock    Island. 

Cook 

Cumberland  . 
Cook 

Clay    .  •  • 

McDonougn  . 
Morgan   .... 

St.    Clair 

Sangamon    . . 

Bureau 

Cook   

Cook 

Cook 

Iroquois 
Hamilton   .  . . 

LaSalle    

Logan  

Logan 

Sangamon  .  • 
Schuyler     .  . . 

Cook    

Iroquois 

Piatt     

DuPage   .... 

Knox    

Henry     

Montgomery 
Winnebago    . 
Hancock    . . . 
Montgomery 
Christian    .  . 
McDonough    . 
Woodford     .  ■ 
Warren 
Effingham     . 
McLean     ... 
Gallatin    


142                                                  YEAR  BOOK  FOR  I907.                                 [Bull.  No.  8 

Directory  of  the  Clay  Industries  of  Illinois — Continued. 

Building  Brick,  Hollow  Blocks    and  Drain  Tile — Continued. 

Firm  Name. 

Town. 

County. 

McKnight.    Hugh   B 

Ramsey   

Fayette    

Fulton        

McLaren.  C    C 

Summum    

MeMullen.  A    G 

Kewanee    

Henry     

Jersey    

LaSalle     

Livingston 

Kankakee 

Williamson     

McNeil  Pressed  Brick  Co 

Newborn    

(Office,  Chemical  Bldg.,St.Louis,Mo.) 
McShane.   Richard 

Lostant    

Campus    

Manteno  Brick  &  Tile  Co 

Manteno     

Marion 

Milf ord    

Iroquois    

Martin,   J.  F 

Arthur     

Douglas    

Dwight     

Livingston 

Fulton    

Shelbv    

St.    Clair 

Peoria    

Martin  &  Parr 

Astoria    

Martz  Brothers 

Shelbyville     

Marxer,   Joseph 

Millstadt    

Mauerman.    F.* 

Bartonville    

Mead.  S.  R..  &  Son 

Springerton     

White 

Rock    Island 

Warren    

Randolph     

Meersman.   John  B 

South   Moline 

Meier,   Fred 

Monmouth     

Melley,  Jacob.  &  Brother 

Red    Bud 

Meyer,    E     E 

Crescent  City.  .  . . 

Iroquois   

Meyer,    H.    C 

Beardstown    

Vermont    

Cass    

Miller,  Amos   S 

Fulton    

Miller,    Louis 

Highland     

Madison     

Millsdale  Pressed  Brick  Co.... 

Hillsdale    

Will    

(Office.   140  Dearborn   St.,   Chicago.) 
Monmouth  Brick  &  Tile  Co.  . 

Monmouth 

Warren     

Monmouth   Mining  &  Mfg.   Co 

Moody,   John.   &   Sons 

Monmouth   

Warren         

Carlinville   

Macoupin 

Moody,   R.   B 

DeLand  

Piatt     

Mponey  Brothers.  .  .  . 

Highland    Park 

Mt.  Carmel 

Lake     

Mt.  Carmel  Dry  Press  Brick  Co 

Mt.   Vernon  Press  Brick  Co.  . 

Wabash     1 

Jefferson    

Henrv     

Munson  Brothers 

Capron   

Boone 

Murphy  &  Lorimer  Brick  Co.  . 

Cook    

Napersville  Drain  Tile  &  Brick   Works 

DuPage    

Nashville  Press  Brick  Co 

Nashville 

Washington   

i  Cook 

National  Brick   Co 

J  Chicago    

1  Chicago    Heights.  .  .  . 
Mascoutah    

(Office.   84   LaSalle  St.,   Chicago.) 

St.    Clair 

Niemeyer,   Fred 

Clinton 

Northwestern  Clay  Mfg.  Co   . 

Griffin 

Mercer    

Oberschelp,   H.   G 

Bureau   

Ohio    . 

Bureau   

Bureau   

Oblong   Mfg.    Co.  . 

Crawford    

Oland  Brick  &  Tile  Co \ '.  .  . 

Witt    

Montgomery     

Richland    

Olney  Paving  Brick  &  Tile  Co 

Onarga  Brick  &  Tile  Works    . 

Olney 

Iroquois    

Ortman,  Frank  A 

Cullom    . 

Livingston    

Osborne,  Frank 

Illiopolis   

Sangamon    

Patten,  Frank  C 

Hinckley   

DeKalb 

Pa  t  ten    Brothers 

Rankin   . 

Patton,   Henry   0 

Flanagan    

I':i  ul    &    Henderson 

Virginia    

Cass    

Paulsen.     Hans 

South    Rock   Island.  . . . 

Rock  Island 

Paxton  Brick  and  Tile  <'<> 

Peoria  Hie  Works. 

Peoria 

Peters,    Fred   .1 

Thomasboro 

Benson  

Karlville 

Champaign     .... 
Woodford 

Peterson     B 

Pioneer  Brick  &  Tile  Works.  . 

LaSalle    

Piper,   !•'.   E 

Sullivan 

Plainfleld  Tile  <'<> 

Plainfleld 

Will    

Hancock 

Ogle          

Plumb   Brothers    Brick    >v    Tile   Co.  .  .  ■ 

Burnslde  

(Office,  Carthage.  1 
Polo  Brick  A    rii''  works 

Polo 

Pratt,   11    11  .   1 ber  A  nrick  Co. . . . 

Carrier  Mills 

Saline 

No!  in  operation  in  10OT. 


Lines.]  DIRECTORY  OF  CLAY  WORKERS.  1 43 

i  '  . 

Directory  of  the  Clay  Industries  of  Illinois — Continued. 

Building  Brick,  Hollow  Blocks    and  Drain  Tile — Continued. 


Firm  Name. 


Town. 


County. 


Price   &   Gunning 

Prutsman,   Alford 

Rabe,  John  P 

Ramsey,   Lawrence 

Randal,  Albert  ....•• 

Rantoul  Brick  &  Tile  Co 

Rapp  Brothers 

Rardin  Brothers 

Ray  Tile  Works. 

Reddick  Brick  &  Tile  Co 

Record,    A.   M 

Redecker,  B.  &  H 

Remley,  Joseph  &  Son 

Rhodes  Brothers  &  Co 

Richards  Brick  Co 

Richmond,  George  H 

Riley  &  Heafer 

Roberts  Brick  &  Tile  Co 

Roller,  George  B 

Rundles  &  Son 

Russell,  Albert  G 

Sackriter,    George 

St.  Anne  Brick  &  Tile  Co 

St.  Louis  Press  Brick  Co 

(Office,  St.  Louis,  Mo.) 

Salvesan    Brothers 

Schernekau  Bhothers 

Schlecter  Brothers 

Schneider,  G.  W 

Schroeppel  Pressed  Brick  Co 

Seaton  Brick  &  Tile  Co 

Sehy,   John 

Selby.   John  W 

Selley,  T.   S 

Seward  Brothers , 

Shale  Brick  &  Tile  Works 

Sharon  Brick  &  Coal  Co 

Shaw,  Josiah  E , 

Shaw,  Silas,  Brick  Co 

Shaw,  White  &  Co 

Sheldon  Brick  Co 

(Office.  Champaign.) 

Sikes  Brick  Co , 

Smith,   Caleb 

Smith,   John 

Smith  &  White 

Shavely.   L.    C , 

Snell,    A 

Snell,  William  H 

Solfisburg,  Chris.,   Sons 

Southard,    M.    E , 

Southern    Illinois    Penitentiary 

Speigler,    B.    P 

Spilker,  C,  &  Sons 

Springfield  Paving  Brick   Co 

Standard  Brick  Co 

Steep,  Ed 

Stewardson,   C.    W 

Stonger,  Edward,  &  Brother 

Streator  Clay  Mfg.   Co.r-The 

Streator  Paving  Brick  Co 

Stroot,  John  H 

Stukee,   Mrs.    Charles   A , 

Sundrup,  August 

Superior  Brick  Co 

Sweet,  C.  R 

Swift  Terra  Cotta,   Brick  &  Tile   Co. 

Tarbox,  A.   &   E 

Taylor,    James    C 

Tendick,    William 


Industry     , 

Milf ord    

Homewood 

Crossville     , 

Bartonville    , 

Rantoul    , 

Morton 

Westfield 

Ray 

Reddick    ....,...., 

Lafayette 

Rock    Island , 

Enfield   

Mil    Carroll , 

Edwardsville    

South   Rock   Island. 

Bloomington    

Roberts     

Canton  , 

Clinton     

Westfield 

Mahomet 

St.   Anne 

Glen  Carbon 


Petersburg 
West  Salem 
Okawville    . 
Marissa   .  .  . 
Oollinsville 
Seaton 
Ashland     .  . 
Tower    Hill. 
Danville   .  .  . 
Mason  City. 
Carlinville   . 
Georgetown 

Joliet 

Joliet 

Vandalia  .  . 
Urbana    .  .  . 


Hampton  .  .  . 
McLeansboro 
Tiskilwa     .  .  . 

Harvel 

Martinsville 

Tice    

Blue    Mound . 

Aurora    

Woodland  .  . 
Menard  .... 
Buckley 

Ouincy    

Springfield  . 
Belleville    .  . . 

Seneca    

Strasburg  . . . 

Pana     

Streator 
Streator 

Quincy    

Geneseo 
Bartelson   .  . 

Genet    

Canton   

Ottawa  .... 
Yorkville    .  .  . 

Hidalgo 

Jacksonville 


McDonough 
Iroquois   .  . . 

Cook   

White 

Peoria 
Champaign 
Tazewell     .  . 

Clark    

Schuyler     .  . 
Kankakee  .  . 

Stark    

Rock  Island 

White 

Carroll 
Madison   . . . 
Rock  Island 
McLean    .  .  . 

Ford 

Fulton 
DeWitt   .  .  . 

Clark    

Champaign 
Kankakee  .  . 
Madison   .  .  . 


Menard  .... 
Edwards  .  . 
Washington 
St.  Clair  .  . 
Madison  .  .  . 
Mercer    .... 

Cass    

Shelby    

Vermilion  .  . 
Mason  .... 
Macoupin  .  . 
Vermilion   .  . 

Will    

Will    

Fayette  .  . . 
Champaign 

Rock  Island 
Hamilton  .  . 
Bureau  .... 
Montgomery 

Clark    

Menard  .  .  . 
Macon    .... 

Kane 

Iroquois  .  .  . 
Randolph  .  . 
Iroquois  .  . . 
Adams  .... 
Sangamon  . 
St.  Clair  .  . 
LaSalle  .... 

Shelby    

Christian   .  . 

LaSalle 

LaSalle 

Adams  .... 
Henry     .... 

Clinton 

Winnebago 
Fulton    .... 

LaSalle 

Kendall  .  .  . 
Jasper  .... 
Mor.tran     .  .  . 


144  YEAR  BOOK  FOR  I907.  [Bull.  No.  8 

Directory  of  the  Clay  Industries  of  Illinois — Continued. 

Building  Brick,  Hollow  Blocks    and  Drain  Tile — Concluded. 


Firm  Name. 


Countr. 


Tiernam,   P.    H 

Macomb    

McDonough   .  .  . 
McLean   

Tilbury,    Oliver 

Towanda    

Tilbury,  C 

Tilley,   J    Sanf ord 

Tower    Hill 

Shelby    

Hancock     

Todd,    Charles    K 

LaHarpe 

Troy  Pressed  Brick  Co 

Troy    

Madison 

Trunk,  Frank,  &  Son 

Freeport  

Stephenson    

Turnbo,   John   L 

Metropolis    

Massac 

Twist,  R.   S 

Rochester 

Sangamon    .... 
Sangamon    .... 

Underwood  Pressed  Brick  Co 

Springfield     

Utica  Fire  Brick   Co 

Utica    

LaSalle    

Christian 

Bureau 

Marion 

(Office,  Hartford  Bldg.,  Chicago.) 
Vandeveer,    C.    W 

Wagner,    J.    F 

Walnut  Hill  Pressed  Brick  Co 

Walnut  Hill 

Walter,   George  J 

Livingston   .... 

Mason    

Stark    

Christian 

Jasper    

Moran    

Walters,   Adolph 

Mason  City 

Walters,   John  W 

Wyoming 

Warner,   D.   D 

Mt.  Auburn 

Watts,    Joseph 

Waver ly   Brick   &  Tile   Co 

Weaver,  Joel,  &  Son 

Casey    

Clark    

Macoupin 

Weidler,    Chris 

Mt    Olive 

Wenona   Tile   &  Brick   Works.... 

Wenona    

Marshall    

Gallatin   

Saline 

Fulton    

Vermilion 

West-Gregg  Brick  Co 

Eldorado    

West  Canton  Paving  Brick  Co 

Western  Brick  Co 

Canton   

Danville 

Wheatcroft,  William  G 

Grayville   

White 

LaSalle 

Wheeler,   Julius   H 

Marseilles    

White    Hall    Sewer    Pipe   &    Stoneware 
Co 

White  Hall   

Wilcox,    John 

Wild,   J.   W 

Gilman 

Willis,   Zi.   P.,   &   Son.  .  . 

Ullin    

Winter,  I.   S.,  &  Sons 

Dolton       

Cook ! 

Wise    &    Fisherbuck 

McDonough    j 

(Office,  Upland,  Indiana.) 
Witts  &  Witts 

Sullivan         

Witwer,  R.  W 

Yeakel    Brothers 

DeWitt 

Yoke,  S.  R 

Zander,  Gus 

Schuyler 

;: 

Zander,   John   A 

Zerr,   Lawrence 

Shelby 

Zion  Building  &  Mfg.   Association 

1 

Zion  City              

T^kA 

Fi 

re  Proofing. 

( 

1 

Eiker,  Charles  F  * 

Chicago    Heights 

Cook   

Illinois  Fire  Proofing  Co. . 

Jersey     

Monmouth  Brick  &  Tile  Co 

Warren     •• 

Illinois  Terra  Cotta  Lumber  Co 

(Office,  The  Rookery,   Chicago.) 

Cook   

Griffin  .               

Mercer    

'Oponition  not  yet  bogun   (Dec,  1907.) 


Lines.] 


DIRECTORY   OF   CLAY   WORKERS. 


H5 


Directory  of  the  Clay  Industries  of  Illinois — Continued. 


Fire  Brick. 


Firm  Name. 


County. 


Argillo    Works 

Avon  Milling  &  Mfg.  Co 

Calhoun  Brick  &  Clay  Co 

(Office,  Benoit  Bldg.,  St.  Louis,  Mo.) 

Chicago  Retort  &  Fire  Brick  Co 

Hill,  Edward 

Hillsdale  Pressed   Brick  Co 

(Office,   140  Dearborn  St.,  Chicago.) 
National  Fire  Proofing  Co 

(Main    office,    Fulton    Bldg.,    Pitts- 
burgh, Pa.) 
Western  Fire  Brick  Co 


Carbon    Cliff.  . 

Avon 

Golden   Eagle. 


j  Chicago 
1  Ottawa 
Frederick 
Millsdale 


Ottawa 
Twin  Bluffs. 


Granite  City. 


Rock  Island 
Fulton 
Calhoun   .  .  . 


Cook  . . . 
LaSalle  . 
Schuyler 
Will    .  .  . 


LaSalle 
LaSalle 


Madison 


Paving  Brick. 


Abingdon  Paving  Brick  &  Tile  Co 

Alton  Paving,  Building  &  Fire  Brick  Co. 

Banner  Clay  Works 

Barr   Clay   Co 

Carter,   F.   R 

Dawson  Brick  &  Tile  Co 

Gem  City  Paving  Brick  Co 

Hill,  Edward 

King,  Moses •  • 

Miller,   Louis 

Nashville  Press  Brick  Co 

Purington  Paving  Brick  Co 

Springfield   Paving  Brick  Co 

Streator  Paving  Brick  Co 

West  Canton  Paving  Brick  Co 

West-Gregg  Brick   Co 


AWno-rtrm     .  . . 

Alton    

Edwardsville 
Streator  .  .  . 
East  Peoria  . 
Springfield    . 

Quincy    

Frederick  .  . 
Colchester  .  . 
Highland  .  .  . 
Nashville  .  .  . 
Galesburg  .  .  , 
Springfield  .  . 
Streator 

Canton   

Eldorado    .  .  . 


Knox    

Madison   .  .  . 
Madison   .  .  . 
LaSalle    .  .  . 
Tazewell     .  . 
Sangamon 
Adams 
Schuyler     .  . 
McDonough 
Madison   .  .  . 
Washington 

Knox    

Sangamon 

LaSalle 

Fulton 
Saline 


Sewer   Pipe. 


I  Columbia   Clay  Works 

I  Macomb  Sewer  Pipe  Co 

Monmouth  Mining  &  Mfg.  Co 

Northwestern  Clay  Mfg.  Co 

Stoneware    Pipe    Co.,    The 

Streator  Clay  Mfg.   Co.,  The 

White  Hall  Sewer  Pipe  &  Stoneware 
Co 


Columbia    .  , 
Macomb    .  . 
Monmouth    . 

Griffin 

East    Alton. 
Streator   .  .  , 


White  Hall 


Monroe  .  .  . 
McDonough 
Warren  .  . 
Mercer  .  .  . 
Madison  .  . 
LaSalle  .  .  . 

Greene    .  .  . 


Earthenware. 


Holland   Brothers .... 

Hrudka,    John 

Keller,  George,  &  Son 

Klipfel,    H.    F 

iKohr,   A-    F 

Lowell  Pottery  Co.  .  . 
iZidelskii,    Leo 


Carbon    Cliff.  . 

Chicago 

Chicago 

Chicago 

Chicago 

Lowell    

Norwood    Park 


Rock  Island 

Cook   

Cook   

Cook   

Cook   

LaSalle 
Cook 


IO   G   S 


I46  YEAR  BOOK  FOR   I907.  [BCLL-   "»   8 

Directory  of  the  Clay  Industries  of  Illinois-Concluded. 


Firm  Name. 


Buckeye  Pottery  Co 

Ebey,    O.    O 

Lowell  Pottery   Co 

(Office,  Tonica.) 

RiDley  Pottery  Co •  •  • 

Rehouse  Novelty  Pottery   Co 

Shelton   Pottery   Co 

Stalnrp,   LP 

Truka,  A.  K.* 


Stoneware 


Town. 


Macomb  .  . 
Winchester 
Lowell    . .  . 


Western   Stoneware  Co.... 
Co 


Ripley    

Roodhouse    .  . 

Metropolis     .  , 

Metropolis     . 

Chicago 
i  White  Hall 
■<  Monmouth 
I  Macomb    .  - 

White  Hall.  . 

White  Hall. 


County. 


McDonough 

Scott 

LaSalle     .  . 


Brown 
Greene 
Massac 
Massac 
Cook   . . 


>  McDonough 


Greene 
Greene 


Gates  Potteries,  The 

Crossware  Pottery .  ••••••• 

(Office,  Grant  Park.) 
Duschek,   Emanuel,   &   Son. 

Norse  Pottery  Co 

Webb,  Judson  T 


Art  Pottery. 


ESELd : : : :  I  wi*  eWgo 

Pocktoia     Pnnk 

Chicago    !  CooU 


Terra  Cotta. 


American  Terra  Cotta  &  Ceramlc  ^l" 
(Office,  Chamber  of  Commerce  Bldg., 

Northwestern  Terra  Cotta  Company.. 


Terra    Cotta 


Chicago 


MoHenry 


Cook 


Miscellaneous. 


Alhambra    Ceramic   T\  orks 

(Ceramic  specialties.) 
American  Carbon  &  Battery   Co 

(Metrical      and      hardware      porce 

Illinois  Mosaic  Tilo  Co 

(Floor  tile.) 
Ludowici-Celandon    Co 

(Roofing  tile.) 

RTRocBkringhan/ancr  yHlow"  wire.)  "  ' 
Rockton  Moulding  Band  Co 

Cupola  clay>) 
Starck,  P.   M 

(Clay  pipes.) 
Tiffany  Hnameled  Brick  lo.  . . ,. .  •••• 

(Office,  Chamber  of  Commerce  Bldg., 
Chicago.)  . 

(Enameled  brick   and   ,,-,v) 


Chicago 

Fast    St.   Louis. 


Chicago 

Chicago   Heights. 

Morton  

Rockton    . 

Fulton    

Momence   


Cook  

Cook    

Taiewetl  . 
Winnebago 
Whiteside  • 
Cankakee 


♦  simii  down  In  1801 


!  EXPERIMENTS   ON   THE    AMORPHOUS   SILICA   OF 
SOUTHERN  ILLINOIS. 

Preliminary  Report. 
(By  T.  R.  Ernest.) 

;      There  have  been  many  inquiries  as  to  possible  uses  of  the  material 
••!  making-  up  the  numerous  silica  deposits  of  southern  Illinois.     For  sev- 
Jeral  years  silica  in  various  forms  has  been  shipped  from  this  region, 
the  output  being  used  for  various  polishing  purposes,  for  paint  mix- 
!  tures,  pipe  covering  and  other  purposes.     The  demand  for  silica  for 
such  uses,  however,  must  remain  relative  small,  in  proportion  to  the 
;  extent  of  the  deposits.    It  would  be  a  matter  of  very  considerable  inter- 
est if  the  great  quantities  of  material  found  there  could  be  made  avail- 
able as  for  example,  in  some  form  of  structural  material.     It  was  with 
|  this  in  mind  that  a  series  of  investigations  was  begun  under  the  direc- 
tion of  Professor  S.  W.  Parr,  of  the  University  of  Illinois  for  the 
purpose  of  studying  the  various  chemical  and  physical  properties  of 
mixtures  with  lime,  sand,  and  other  substances.     The  mixtures  were, 
of  course,  to  be  of  various  compositions  and  treated  by  various  pro- 
cesses. 

The  first  suggestion  that  presented  itself  was  the  possibility  of  form- 
ing a  silicate  of  lime  after  the  manner  of  the  reaction  taking  place  in 
-[the  manufacture  of  sand-lime  brick.     Here  a  small  per  cent  of  slaked 
,  jlime  is  mixed  with  sand  and  the  material  in  brick  form  is  subjected 
to  the  heat  of  a  steam  chamber  at  over  ioo  pounds  pressure.    A  super- 
ficial reaction  between  the  surfaces  of  the  sand  granules  and  the  lime 
-  results  in  a  bond  which  gives  a  fairly  good  texture  to  the  mass.    An  ef- 
fort was  made,  therefore,  to   determine  how   completely  the   minute 
amorphous  particles  of  silica  of  these  deposits  would  enter  into  a  simi- 
lar reaction  to  produce  a  homogeneous  mass  of  silicate  of  lime. 

It  is  already  known  that  the  grinding  of  a  part  of  the  sand  that  is 
to  enter  into  the  composition  of  sand  lime  brick  adds  materially  to  the 
value  of  the  product.  The  finely  ground  sand  seems  to  form  with  the 
lime,  a  larger  percentage  of  cementing  material  and  this  unites  more 
•efficiently  the  larger  particles  of  sand  grains  or  other  massive  particles. 
I  In  a  similar  manner,  a  mixture  of  lime  and  silica  could  be  used  to 
form  a  binding  material  or  matrix  for  the  coarser  material  and  thus 
supplant  or  possibly  improve  upon  the  sand  lime  brick  process.  The 
iaim  of  our  experiments  was  to  find,  if  possible,  the  best  proportions 
I  for  such  a  mixture. 

The  experiments  thus  far  have  been  on  samples  of  bricks  made  with 
a  large  percentage  of  lime.  We  hoped  to  be  able  to  work  out,  if  pos- 
sible,  the   exact  chemical    composition   of   the    compound    that    forms 

147 


148 


YEAR  BOOK  FOR   I907. 


[Bull.  No.  8 


between  lime  and  silica  in  the  hardening  cylinder  of  the  sand  lime  pro- 
cess, and,  if  such  a  thing  were  not  attainable,  to  show  that  no  definite 
compound  results. 

Numerous  test  samples  have  been  made,  ranging  in  lime  content 
from  40  to  60  per  cent  and  accompanied  by  physical  tests  and  chemi- 
cal analyses. 

Physical  Tests — The  crushing  strength  of  all  samples  was  good,  as 
indicated  in  the  following-  table. 


Table  No.  i. 

CRUSHING  STRENGTH. 


No.  of  Sample. 

Percentage  of 

Pressure 

Crushing  strength 

lime   used. 

in  molding. 

per  square  inch. 

2 

48 

9,200 

7,000 

3 

48 

5,000 

6,500 

8 

40 

5,000 

5,720 

9 

40 

10.000 

6,695 

10 

40 

50 

15,000 
5,000 

11 

5,915 

12 

50 

10,000 

7,100 

13 

50 

15,000 

6,720 

14 

60 

5,000 

4,145 

15 

60 

10.000 

5,900 

16 

60 

10,000 

6,520 

The  absorption  test  shown  by  an  air  dried  sample  varied  greatly,  tfr 


average,  noweve 

r,  was  aDout  ten  p 

er  cent.     1  ne  tone 

)wmg  table  sr 

low: 

the  range  of  variation. 

Table  No.  2. 

■ 

ABSORPTION    OF    MOISTURE 

J 

No.  of  Sample. 

Per  cent  of  Lime. 

Pressure  in  Molding. 

Absorption  per 

'} 

1 

48 

10.000 

11.9 

2 

48 

9,000 

12.6 

3 

48 

5.000 

12.7 

8 

40 

5,000 

15.7 

9 

40 

10.000 

7.8 

10 

40 

15,000 

20  1 

11 

50 

5.000 

5.5 

12 

50 

10.000 

6.7 

• 

13 

50 

15,000 

8.5 

1 

14 

60 

5.000 

11   7 

15 

60 

10.000 

16.0 

( 

16 

60 

10. 000 

i;;.i 

The  shrinkage  due  to  the  hardening  process  was  so  slight  that  n 
definite  data  was  taken.    Suffice  it  to  say  thai  no  change  in  volume 
perceptible  in  the  samples  made. 

Chemical  Analyses — In  the  free  lime  content,  the  variation  \\ 
considerable.     In  most  cases  about  five  per  cent  of  the  lime  used 
mained  in  the  free  state.      But,  contrary    to  <uir  expectations  we   fi 
that  the  percentage  of  free  lime  increased  with  increasing  press 
the  mold.      In  ever)    instance,  save  one,  was  this  found  to  be  tb 


ST.] 


SILICA    FROM    SOUTHWESTERN    ILLINOIS. 


149 


that  one  exception  is  probably  satisfactorily  explained  on  other 
mds.  The  following  table  gives  the  relative  amounts  of  free  lime 
aining  in  the  samples. 

Table  No.  3. 

CHEMICAL    ANALYSIS. 


No.  of  Sample. 

Per  cent  Lime  Used  as  CaO. 

Free  lime  as  Ca  O 
in  the  product. 

1 

48 

9.45 

3 

48 

6.30 

"8 

40 

1.5 

9 

40 

2.95 

10 

40 

2.70 

11 

50 

3.25 

12 

50 

4.75 

13 

50 

4.80 

14 

60 

3.45 

15 

60 

3.85 

16 

60 

5.00 

he  combined  lime  was  determined  bv  difference  between  the  free 
total  lime,  and  gave  little  difficulty  although  the  error  due  to  com- 
d  carbon  dioxide  was  thrown  upon  this  determination.  The  free 
combined  silica  were  determined  by  a  process  having  for  its  basis 
solubility  of  the  latter  in  dilute  solutions  of  hydrochloric  acid  and 
um  carbonate.  This  determination,  simple  in  theory,  is  not  so  sim- 
in  practice  and  gives  much  difficulty.  The  evidence  thus  far  ob- 
id  points  to  a  definite  formula  for  the  product.  Results  are  not 
ever  as  yet  final. 

ne  block  was  heated  in  a  muffle  furnace  to  a  red  heat,  for  half  an 
;.  It  was  ruptured  by  large  cracks  and  later  fell  into  several  pieces, 
separate  pieces  were  hard,  but  filled  with  many  small  cracks.  It 
vident  that  this  was  caused  by  loss  of  water  of  hydration.  The 
;s  remained  firm  until  the  dehydrated  lime  took  up  water  again 
1  they  fell  to  pieces. 

pre  work  will  be  done  on  mixtures  of  silica  with  lime  and  the 
ms  other  substances. 


CONTRIBUTIONS  TO  THE  STUDY  OF  COAL. 


Contents. 

Pagh 

Introduction,  by   H.   Foster   Bain 151 

An  initial  coal  substance  having  a  constant  Thermal  value,  by  S.  W.  Parr  and 

W.    F.    Wheeler 154 

Alterations   of   the   composition   of   coal   during   ordinary   laboratory    storage,   by 

S.  W.  Parr  and  W.  F.  Wheeler 167 

Artificial  modification  of  the  composition  of  coal,  by  S.  W.  Parr  and  C.  K.  Francis  176 

Weathering  of  coal,  by  S.  W.  Parr  and  N.  D.  Hamilton 196 

Ash  in  coal  and  its  influence  on  the  value  of  fuel 205 

Coal  investigations  in  the  Saline-Gallatin  field,  by  Frank  W.  DeWolf 211 

Coal  investigations  in  Saline  and  Williamson  counties;  by  Frank  W.   DeWolf..  230 

Notes  on  the  Belleville-Breese  area,  by  J.  A.  Udden  and  Frank  W.  DeWolf 246 

Defects  in  coal  number  5  at  Peoria,  by  J.  A.  Udden 255 

Report  on  field  work  done  in  1907  ;  by  David  White 268 


*5* 


Introduction. 

(By  H.  Foster  Bain.) 

,  From  the  first  the  study  of  coal  and  the  coal  fields  has  been  con- 
sidered one  of  the  most  important  functions  of  the  State  Geological 
Survey.  At  present  it  absorbs  a  very  considerable  portion  of  the  total 
funds  available.  In  the  following  pages  are  presented  in  preliminary 
form  some  of  the  results  so  far  attained.  That  so  much  can  here  be 
presented  is  only  possible  through  the  cooperation  of  a  considerable 
number  of  individuals  and  organizations  as  already  noted.  While  the 
results  are  in  large  measure  preliminary  and  subject  to  correction  it  is 
believed  they  have  sufficient  validity  to  warrant  their  publication  at  this 
time. 

The  first  paper,  by  Professor  Parr  and  Mr.  Wheeler,  has  grown  out 
of  the  attempt  to  find  a  constant  which  may  be  used  in  comparing  such 
coals  as  occur  in  Illinois.  It  is  believed  that  the  results  here  given  are 
a  step  towards  such  a  constant  and  present  an  advance  upon  earlier 
views  despite  certain  irregularities.  The  results  are  available  for 
present  use  only  within  the  limits  of  error  indicated  and  no  attempt 
should  be  made  to  use  them  where  greater  refinement  is  desired. 

That  coals  spontaneously  alter  while  in  laboratory  storage  was  one 
of  the  unexpected  discoveries  of  our  work  in  1906  and  in  the  second 
paper  Professor  Parr  and  Mr.  Wheeler  give  the  results  of  studies 
directed  to  discover  the  amount  and  rate  of  this  change.  It  is  shown 
to  be  sufficient  to  require  consideration  in  all  comparisons  of  coals 
analyzed  at  different  times  so  that  hereafter  it  is  important  to  know  the 
length  of  time  intervening  between  the  taking  of  the  sample  and  the 
making  of  the  analysis. 

The  paper  by  Messrs.  Parr  and  Francis  includes  further  observations 
on  certain  very  interesting  changes  in  coal  composition  brought  about 
artificially  and  at  relatively  low  temperatures.  Their  studies  are  still 
under  way  and  seem  likely  to  yield  results  of  large  economic  import- 
ance. 

The  importance  of  finding  suitable  methods  of  storing  our  coals  is 
ample  justification  for  any  attempt  to  solve  the  problems  involved  in 
coal  weathering.  The  results  here  published  were  obtained  by  Messrs. 
Parr  and  Hamilton  in  a  preliminary  study  made  in  1906-7  on  small 
samples,  mainly  with  a  view  to  determine  the  methods  to  be  used  in  a 
more  oomplete  Investigation.  The  latter  is  now  under  way  and  reports 
will  be  later  issued.  In  the  meantime  the  preliminary  work  yielded 
certain  results  of  qualitative  value  with  it  seems  worth  while  to  publish 

here.  As  indicated  in  the  text  the  Curves  shown  should  be  read  with 
152 


UN.]  CONTRIBUTIONS  TO  THE  STUDY  OF  COAL. 

view  to  the  determination  of  the  direction  of  change  in  the  coal  rather 
lan  the  absolute  amount  of  the  change  though  they  indicate  certain 
f  the  limits,  at  least,  of  the  latter. 

Mr.  Bement's  paper  on  ash  in  coal  is  a  timely  contribution  to  a  sub- 
:ct  of  wide  importance.  It  is  based  upon  results  obtained  by  him  in 
rivate  practice  and  is  published  here  by  his  courtesy. 

The  papers  by  Messrs.  DeWolf  and  Udden  present  some  of  the  re- 
mits of  the  detailed  field  surveys  now  under  way.  These  stratiga- 
hic  studies  are  being  directed  toward  the  obtaining  of  a  complete 
:ructural  section  across  the  southern  portion  of  the  State  and  of  full 
nowledge  of  the  structure  and  stratigraphy  of  certain  other  import- 
nt  areas.  It  is  believed  that  the  detailed  study  of  these  areas  is  amply 
warranted  by  their  large  economic  importance  and  the  abundance  of 
ie  data  available.     General  stratigraphic  studies  of  the  coal  fields  as 

whole  were  carried  on  during  the  year  by  Messrs.  DeWolf,  David 
Vhite  and  others  as  detailed  elsewhere  in  this  report.  This  work  is 
eing  done  in  coooperation  with  the  U.  S.  Geological  Survey. 


AN  INITIAL  COAL   SUBSTANCE    HAVING    A    CON- 
ST  ANT  THERMAL  VALUE. 

(By  S.  W.  Pabb  and  W.  F.  Wheeleb.) 

From  a  number  of  sources  there  has  been  developed  the  idea  that 
in  any  given  type  of  coal,  or  perhaps  less  broadly,  in  any  given  deposit 
of  coal,  there  exists  an  initial  substance  with  certain  uniformities  as  to 
composition  and  calorific  value,  which  might  make  it  serve  as  a  basis 
for  very  important  considerations,  both  of  a  technical  and  a  scientifi 
nature.  To  be  of  any  special  advantage,  such  a  unit  substance  shoul 
be  constant  within  rather  narrow  limits,  and  it  is  the  purpose  of  this 
paper  to  present  the  facts  as  developed  up  to  the  present  time  and  to 
derive,  if  possible,  a  notion  as  to  the  probable  outcome  of  this  idea. 

It  is  realized  at  once  that  a  very  great  value  will  attach  to  the  fact  if 
it  may  be  proved  that  in  any  given  case  there  is  a  unit  coal  with  fairly 
definite  heat  value.  For  a  given  region  or  mine,  for  example,  where 
such  values  were  established,  it  would  be  possible  to  calculate  heat 
units  upon  the  simple  determination  of  the  extraneous  material  such 
as  water,  ash  and  sulphur.  Or  it  would  be  possible  to  correct  heat 
determinations  or  confine  them  within  the  limits  of  variation  recognized 
as  inherent  in  the  unit  substance.  Especially,  also,  would  such  a  unit 
substance  serve  as  a  basis  for  studying  losses  by  oxidation  or  other 
processes  of  deterioration. 

Probably  the  first  recognition  of  such  a  unit  if  found  in  the  discus-, 
sion  by  Lord  and  Hass.*  From  numerous  analyses  of  Pennsylvania  and 
Ohio  coals,  they  draw  a  comparison  between  the  heat  values  as  de- 
rived by  Dulong's  formula,  the  Mauler  Calorimeter  and  those  cal- 
culated from  a  unit  value  which  they  designate  as  "H"  and  describe 
as  being  the  value  for  the  ash,  water  and  sulphur  free  substances 
They  find  the  sulphur  to  be  a  disturbing  element  and  correct  for  it  in  a 
partial  manner  only.  However,  they  are  justified  in  the  conclusion 
that 

"On  comparing  the  results,  seam  by  seam,  it  would  appear  that  the  actual 
coal  of  a  given  seam,  at  least  over  considerable  areas,  may  be  regard i 
essentially  of  uniform  heating  value." 

The  expression  "actual  coal,,,  presumably  refers  to  this  same  initial 
or  unit  substance,  free  from  extraneous  matter  such  as  ash,  moisture 
and  sulphur.  The  idea  is  evidently  intended  in  the  further  quota 
below,  though  the  same  qualification  as  to  '"actual  coal,"  is  not  useil 
thus  : 


•Tram   of  the  Amer.  inst.  Min.  Bngti  vol.  27  :  p.  268. 

154 


Pake  and  Wheelee]  COAL  OF   CONSTANT  THERMAL  VALUE.  1 55 

"The  results  of  our  tests  seem  to  indicate  the  interesting  conclusion  that 
the  character  of  a  coal  seam,  as  far  as  its  fuel  value  is  concerned,  is  a  nearly 
constant  quality  over  considerable  areas.  The  determination  of  the  value 
for  seams  would  be  of  great  use,  as  the  rapid  proximate  analysis,  or  for  that 
matter,  merely  the  determination  of  ash  and  moisture  in  low  sulphur  coals, 
would  be  sufficient  to  grade  coals  of  the  same  vein.  Of  course,  it  is  dangerous 
to  argue  from  so  few  examples  but  the  proposition  seems  reasonable.  At 
least,  we  hope  that  further  work  may  confirm  these  conclusions." 

Kent,  in  discussing  this  paper  in  the  same  volume,  (page  946),  says: 

"The  conclusions  of  the  authors  that  the  "actual  coal,"  (moisture  and  ash 
excluded),  of  a  given  seam  over  considerable  areas,  may  be  regarded  as  of 
uniform  heating  value,  is  one  of  great  practical  importance.  I  have  held 
the  same  position  tentatively  for  a  long  time." 

Another  development  of  this  general  idea  is  found  in  numerous  ar- 
ticles by  Mr.  Bement  of  Chicago.  For  example*,  referring  to  the  ad- 
vantage of  having  certain  units  of  reference,  he  says : 

The  possibility  of  the  more  extended  use  of  constants  is  presented,  and  the 
author  urges  the  feasibility  of  considering  the  pure  coal  compositions  as  con- 
stants for  a  coal  seam,  or  particular  locality  of  such  seams.  This  possibility 
has  been  suggested,  principally  by  the  fact  that  the  heating  power  of  the 
pure  coal  from  a  general  locality  does  not  vary  over  greater  limits  than  that 
of  the  calorimetric  method,  and  he  has  been  able  to  employ  it  as  a  constant 
in  calculating  the  heating  power  of  dry  and  moist  coal,  having  determined 
only  moisture  and  ash,  and  obtained  results  that  check  with  calorimetric 
determinations  made  on  the  same  samples.  The  author,  however,  does  not 
claim  originality  in  this  observation  but  does  insist  that  the  use  of  such 
constants  is  of  advantage This  view  concedes  that  coal  from  a  cer- 
tain locality  or  seam  does  not  vary  in  quality,  but  that  the  variation  is  due 
to  the  presence  of  ash  and  moisture,  which  are  impurities  associated  with 
coal." 

In  the  subsequent  paper f  he  argues  for  the  same  Constance  of  values 
when  referred  to  the  pure  coal  basis.  These  considerations  have,  no 
doubt,  led  Mr.  Bement  to  adopt  the  term  "pure  coal"  as  expressive  of 
this  idea  of  constancy  in  the  "ash  and  water  free"  subtance,  in  addition 
to  the  fact  of  its  being  a  more  compact  and  convenient  term  to  use. 

However,  in  both  these  propositions,  it  is  evident  that  several  vari- 
ables fail  of  recognition  to  the  extent  that  they  are  not  included  in  the 
extraneous  matter  of  the  vein  substance,  and  since  they  certainly  do 
not  belong  to  the  "actual  coal,"  the  question  arises  as  to  whether  or 
not  we  yet  have  a  fair  basis  of  reference  for  drawing  conclusions  as 
to  the  constancy  of  our  initial  coal.  For  example,  in  coals  of  the  west- 
ern or  bituminous  type,  the  sulphur  may  vary  from  1  to  5,  or  even  6 
per  cent.  Indeed,  variations  of  2  or  3  per  cent  may  be  possible  within 
the  product  from  the  same  seam,  especially  where  washing  of  the  coal 
is  in  vogue.  Now,  if  this  variable  is  thrown  into  the  "actual  coal" 
content,  it,  by  so  much,  prohibits  any  constancy  of  heat  values  being 
credited  to  that  hypothetical  constituent.  The  same  thing  is  true  of 
water  of  hydration.  If  the  shale  constant  of  the  ash  has,  for  example, 
8  per  cent  of  such  water  of  hydration  and  the  same  is  not  counted  with 
the  ash,  but  as  part  of  the  "actual  coal,"  here  again  is  a  disturbing 
element  quite  as  troublesome  as  the  sulphur.     Similar  variables  would 


♦Jour.  Amer.  Chem.  Soc,  vol.  28,  p.  636. 
fJour.  Western  Soc.  of  Eng.,  vol.  11,  p,  757. 


156  YEAR  BOOK  FOR  I907.  [Bull.   No.   8 

accompany  the  presence  of  gypsum  or  calcium  carbonate.  This  matter 
of  variables  is  discussed  in  a  recent  paper  by  Mr.  W.  F.  Wheeler.* 
For  the  purpose  of  illustrating  by  specific  cases  the  effect  of  including 
these  variables  in  the  combustible  matter,  instead  of  in  the  ash,  and  so 
allowing  them  to  pass  as  part  of  the  "actual  coal,"  the  following  ex- 
perimental data  are  presented :  In  the  table  below,  samples  of  coal 
have  been  separated  into  coals  of  high  and  low  ash  content  by  floating 
in  a  solution  of  zinc  sulphate  of  1.35  specific  gravity,  whereby  the  purer 
coal  with  low  ash  and  less  iron  pyrites  has  been  separated,  by  floating, 
from  the  heavier  particles  with  higher  ash  and  more  sulphur,  the  latter 
sinking  to  the  bottom.  Now,  upon  the  hypothesis  that  the  "actual  coal" 
in  these  two  divisions  of  the  same  sample  should  have  the  same  heat 
value,  the  subjoined  table  is  arranged  to  show  what  widely  divergent 
values  may  be  indicated  by  reason  of  different  methods  of  arriving  at 
the  actual  coal  constituent.  For  example,  if  we  credit  to  this  material 
everything  excepting  the  ash  and  moisture,  we  will  have  unit  values 
as  shown  under  column  (a)  of  the  table.  If  we  narrow  the  actual  coal 
down  to  everything  but  the  ash,  moisture  and  sulphur,  counting  all  of 
the  latter  as  in  the  pyritic  form,  we  shall  have  values  as  shown  under 
column  (b)  of  the  table.  But  not  only  is  sulphur  variable  as  to  its 
method  of  combination  whether  organic  or  pyritic,  but  an  additional 
variable  should  be  made  note  of,  viz.,  the  water  of  hydra- 
tion of  the  ash.  These  variables  are  accounted  for  in  columns 
marked  (c),  (d),  and  (e)  of  the  table.  A  general  study  of  the  shales  of 
this  region  would  seem  to  indicate  an  average  hydration  of  8  per  cent 
for  such  material.  Consequently,  in  column  (c)  the  x  stands  for  8 
per  cent  of  the  total  ash  as  determined.  In  column  (d)  the  x"  stands 
for  8  per  cent  of  hydration  of  the  shale  or  clayey  constitutent  only, 
not  including  the  iron  pyrites  as  being  subject  to  this  addition  of  8 
per  cent,  the  iron  pyrites  being  calculated  on  the  assumption  that  all 
of  the  sulphur  is  so  combined.  In  column  (e)  the  same  procedure  is 
followed  with  the  exception  that  the  iron  pyrites  is  calculated  on  the 
basis  of  the  iron  present,  thus  making  the  constituents,  exclusive  of  the 
actual  coal,  to  consist  of  moisture,  clayey-ash,  hydration  of  the  same, 
iron  and  sulphur  as  iron  pyrites  and  organic  sulphur. 

It  is  evident  from  an  examination  of  these  several  columns  that  the 
heat  values  for  the  "actual  coal"  draw  nearer  together  as  we  proceed 
in  this  refinement  of  the  material  which  we  have  designated  provis- 
ionally as  "actual"  or  "unit  coal."  This  table,  therefore,  so  far  as  it 
goes,  seems  to  point  to  the  fact  of  a  unit  value  and  also  to  a  fairly 
accurate  means  of  arriving  at  its  factor.  The  calculations  necessary 
under  column  (e)  call  for  one  additional  constituent,  not  ordinarily 
furnished  by  chemical  analysis,  i.  e.,  the  percentage  of  iron  present.  This 
involves  no  difficulties  and  would  not  be  necessary  if  it  were  not  for 
the  fact  that  considerable  areas  of  coal  exist  where  the  iron  content 
and  consequently  the  sulphur  as  pyrites  is  relatively  small,  while  in 
other  regions  the  sulphur  is  very  largely  pyritic.  The  feature  is  charac- 
teristic- of  samples  2  and  .|  of  the  table.     The  formulae  for  these  various 

calculations  arc  sufficiently  explained  In  the  notes  (a),  (b),  (c),  (d) 
and  (e)  follow  ing  the  table. 

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l6o  YEAR  BOOK  FOR  I907.  [Bull.  No.  ,1 

Note.    The  methods  of  calculating  the  values  for  the  columns  unde  I 
(a),  (b),  (c),  (d)  and  (e)  are  explained  in  the  following  notes: 

(a)  B.  t.  u.  as  determined 


1 .  00—  (Moisture + Ash) 

(ft)  B.    t.    u.    as   determined  —  4050   S 

1.00—  (Moisture  +  Ash  +  %  S.) 

(c)  B.  t.  u.  as  determined  —  4050  S 

1.00  -  (Moisture  +  Ash  +  |  S  +  0.08  (Ash  as  determined.) 

In  this  formula  the  expression  0.08  (ash  as  determined)  is  repre 
sented  in  the  table  by  x\ 

(d) B.  t.  u.  as  determined  —  4050  S 

1.00  —  [Moisture  +  Ash  +  %  S  +  0.08  (Ash  —  V  S.)J 

In  the  formula  for  the  calculation  under  (d)  the  expressio: 
(Ash- 1 o/8  S)  is  intended  to  account  for  the  ash  with  removal  of  the  iro: 
oxide.  This  is  based  on  the  assumption  that  all  the  sulphur  of  the  coa 
is  in  the  pyritic  form  and  that  the  iron  oxide  resulting  from  burninj 
is  equivalent  to  10/8  of  the  total  sulphur.  Hence  the  expressioi 
0.08  (Ash- 1 0/8  S  of  the  formula  is  represented  in  the  table  by  x". 

(e)  B.  t.  u.  as  determined  —  4050  S 


1.00  -  | Moisture  +  (Ash  -  V°  Fe)  +  0.08  (Ash  —  V  Fe)  +  V  Fe  +  (S  —  ?  Fe.)l 

In  this  formula  the  iron  weighed  in  the  ash  as  Fe^O  is  represents 
by  the  expression  10/7  Fe.    The  expression  15/7  Fe  represents  the  iroi 
present  calculated  to  iron  pyrites.     The  expression  8/7  Fe  represen 
the  sulphur  necessary  to  unite  with  the  iron  to  form  FeSs.    Hence  t 
expression  0.08   (Ash-10/7  Fe)   of  the  formula  is  represented  in  t 
table  by  x'",  with  the  added  provision  that  the  sulphur  in*  the  pyriti; 
form  is  limited  to  the  actual  iron  present. 

It  is  not  intended  to  argue  from  the  preceding  table  that  a  fina 
method  for  deriving  a  unit  coal  has  been  evolved.    More  data  is  needed 
to  test  out  the  matter  and  indeed  other  methods  may  be  devised,  givin 
more  direct  and  positive  access  to  the  "actual  coal"  values.     Wh< 
so  many  variables  enter  into  the  proposition,  such  as  the  age  of  tl 
sample,  the  effect  of  weathering  or  oxidation  conditions,  the  com 
tion  of  the  ash,  the  organic  or  pyritic  nature  of  the  sulphur,  etc.. 
immature  conclusion  is  to  be  avoided.     The  purpose  of  this  paper 
to  make  record  of  the  evidence  thus  far  available  towards  the  est; 
lishment  of  such  fundamental  unit  values  and,  as  already  indicatj 
the  results  in  the  table  constitute  a  strong  argument  in  favor  of 
proposition. 

The  evidence  as  there  given  depends  chiefly  upon  the  elimination  0 
impurities  and, the  isolation  of  the  "actual  coal"  in  a  few  samples  1  av 
ing  sufficient  analytical  data  to  permit  of  such  procedure.  There  is 
still  very  interesting  data  at  hand  if  we  take  all  of  the  recent  record! 
of  the  laboratory  upon  coals  from  widely  distributed  areas,  and  calcu 
late  their  heal  values  to  such  a  unil  of  "actual  coal"  as  the  analytica 

re8UltS    w  id   permit. 


>AKBANdWheelek]  COAL  OF   CONSTANT  THERMAL  VALUE. 


161 


These  values,  therefore,  have  been  calculated  to  an  ash,  water  and 
ulphur  free  basis  as  in  column  (b)  of  the  preceding  table. 

The  results  are  grouped  in  tables  corresponding  to  the  commonly 
lesignated  seam  numbers,  but  correlation  of  beds  of  the  same  number  is 
lot  implied.  The  grouping  in  each  table  so  far  as  such  is  indicated,  is 
>y  proximity  of  mines  in  a  given  locality. 

Table  No.  2. 

Illinois  "Number  5"  Coal  from  Central  Part  of  the  State. 


Oven  Dry  Coal. 


Ash. 


Sulphur. 


B.  t.  u. 


B.  t.  u.  of 
Ash,  Water 
and  Sulphur 

Free  Coal. 


Sangamon  county 
Sangamon  county 
Sangamon  county 
Sangamon  county 
Sangamon  county 


10.76 
13.81 
13.64 
12.75 
12.47 


4.78 
3.56 
4.61 
4.11 
4.28 


12749 
12426 
12304 
12369 
12416 


14567 
14626 
14532 
14408 
14429 


*  From  the  same  mine. 


Table  No.  3. 
Illinois  "Number  5"  Coal  from  Southern  Part  of  the  State. 


Oven  Dry  Coal. 


Ash. 


Sulphur. 


B.  t.  u. 


B.  t.  u.  of 

Ash,  Water 

and  Sulphur 

Free  Coal. 


WilliamsoD  county 

♦Gallatin  county 

♦Saline  county 

Saline  county 

Saline  county 

Saline  county 

Saline  county 

Saline  county 

Saline  county 

Saline  county 

Saline  county 


10.68 
10.85 
12.68 
10.54 
11.49 
9.21 
8.99 
7.62 
9.04 
11.58 


3.86 
3.72 
6.12 
3.12 
4.16 
2.35 
3.52 
2.30 
2.47 
3.26 
2.37 


13073 
13235 
12879 
13212 
12931 
13367 
13415 
13700 
13450 
12942 
13289 


15188 
15131 
14952 
14856 
14857 
14945 
14962 
14931 
14830 
14895 


*  Samples  from  mines  about  3  or  4  miles  apart  and  at  a  greater  distance  from  the  othei 
dine  county  mines. 


ii  G 


1 62 


year  book  for  i907. 

Table  No.  4. 
Illinois  "Number  f  Coal. 


[Bull.  No.  8 


Oven  Dry  Coal. 


Ash. 


Sulphur. 


B.  t.  u. 


B.  t.  u.  of 
Ash,  Water 
and  Sulphur 

Free  Coal. 


l*Franklin  county  . . . 
2*Franklin  county . . 

3  Perry  county 

4  Franklin  county  . . , 

5  Williamson  county 

6  Williamson  county 

7  Williamson  county 

8  Williamson  county 

9  Saline  county 

10  Saline  county 


10.11 
7.53 
12.11 
8.08 
10.13 
7.66 
8.48 
10.65 
13.79 
11.50 


.91 
.91 
1.19 
1.12 
1.89 
1.03 
2.50 
3.73 
4.46 


12985 
13312 


13400 
18078 
13475 
13323 


12505 
12744 


14480 
14445 
14386 
14644 
14615 
14781 
14615 
14710 
14728 
14658 


*  From  same  mine. 


Pakb  and  Wheeler]  COAL  OF   CONSTANT  THERMAL  VALUE. 


163 


Table  No.  5. 
Illinois  "Number  6"  Coal. 


Oven  Dry  Coal. 


Ash. 


Sulphur. 


B.  t.  u. 


B.  t.  u.  of 
Ash,  Water 
and  Sulphur 

Free  Coal. 


1    Sangamon  county 

2a  Sangamon  county 

3a  Macoupin  county  . 

I  4    St.  Clair  county .. . 

5  Clinton  county 

6  Clinton  county 

7b  Madison  county. . . 
8b  Madison  county . . . 
9    Madison  county... 

10  Christian  county  .. 
lie  Clinton  county — 

12c  Clinton  county 

13d  Clinton  county 

14d  Clinton  county 

15e  Macoupin  county  . 
16e  Macoupin  county  . 
17  Macoupin  county  . 
18f  St.  Clair  county., 
I9fg  St.  Clair  county. . 
20g  Madison  county . . . 
Jlh  St.  Clair  county. . . 
:J2h  St.  Clair  county . . . 
23h  St.  Clair  county . . . 
Hi  St.  Clair  county . . . 
J5i  St.  Clair  county . . . 
tM  St.  Clair  county . . . 
J7j  St.  Clair  county . . . 
J8j  St.  Clair  county... 


12.23 
11.04 
11.90 
11.23 
13.98 
10.47 
11.72 
10.59 
13.65 
13.50 
10.78 
13.59 
11.15 
16.56 
10.86 
11.40 
12.87 
12  23 
9.69 
11.22 
11.07- 
12.00 
12.73 
12.94 
12.47 
15.80 
13.43 
12.53 


5.03 
4.55 
4.33 
4.37 
5.29 
4.80 
5.17 
4.12 
2.81 
4.71 
3.96 
4.52 
1.65 
2.99 
5.38 
4.41 
5.48 
4.37 
3.33 
4.85 
4,70 
4.72 
4.02 
4.90 
4.19 
4.76 
3.23 
2.13 


12372 
12640 
12440 
12723 
12232 
12815 
12499 
12681 
12114 
12203 
12659 
12246 
12569 
U639 
12469 
12360 
12303 
12604 


12762 
12706 
12587 
12428 
12701 
12587 
12202 
12290 
12486 


14378 
14463 
14368 
14582 
14505 
14585 
14450 
14410 
14186 
14374 
14408 
14432 
14237 
14174 
14282 
14196 
14301 
14640 
14564 
14659 
14555 
14577 
14472 
14885 
14611 
14785 
14387 
14394 


Pairs  of  samples  marked  a,  b,  h  and  j,  are  from  mines  about  two  miles  apart. 
Pairs  of  samples  marked  c  and  d,  are  from  mines  about  one  mile  apart. 
Pairs  of  samples  marked  g  and  i,  are  from  mines  about  three  or  four  miles  apart. 
Pairs  of  samples  marked  e  and  f .  are  from  the  same  mine. 

No  serious  attempt  has  been  made  in  the  above  tables  to  define  areas 
'by  coal  of  a  given  value.  At  some  future  time  and  upon  the  accumula- 
tion of  more  data  it  may  be  possible  to  group  areas  in  such  a  manner 
as  to  show  very  concordant  values  for  a  given  district  or  locality,  but 
it  would  be  premature  to  attempt  such  divisions  at  the  present  time. 

Attention  should  be  called  again  to  the  variables  of  age  and  weather- 
ing of  samples,  the  effect  of  which,  as  yet,  cannot  be  definitely  formu- 
lated.   In  the  foregoing  tables  the  samples  are  all  taken  from  the  face 


164 


YEAR  BOOK  FOR   I907. 


[Bull.  No.  8 


of  the  coal,  forwarded  in  tins  by  express  in  the  usual  manner,  and  the 
calorimetric  values  obtained  in  from  5  to  14  days  from  the  time  of  col- 
lecting at  the  face,  of  .the  seam. 

A  number  of  results  have  also  been  obtained  in  this  laboratory  upon 
commercial  samples  which  have  been  subjected  to  the  ordinary  con- 
ditions of  time  and  exposure  for  coal  shipped  from  mine  to  consumer 
in  car  lots.  The  average  time  involved  for  the  samples  from  Illinois 
would  be  approximately  three  weeks.  It  is  probable  that  in  case  of  the 
samples  from  Colorado,  a  longer  time  elapsed  between  mining  and  the 
date  of  making  the  calorimetric  determinations.  These  values  from 
three  widely  separated  regions  are  remarkably  concordant  with  them- 
selves and  show  in  each  case  heat  values  which  are  very  characteristic 
of  the  several  types  of  coal. 

Table  No.  6. 


Coal  from 
Christian  county  Illinois. 

B.  t.  u.  of 

Ash,  Water  and 

Sulphur 

Free  Coal. 

B.  t.  u. 

Variation  from 

Average. 

Per  cent  of 

Variation  from 

Average. 

14299 

—  55 

.38 

14415 

+  61 

.43 

14402 

..    +  48 

.33 

14352 

—    2 

.01 

14337 

—  17 

.12 

14405 

+  51 

.36 

» 

14448 

+  94 

.66 

14377 

+  23 

.16 

14419 

+  65 

.45 

14415 

+  61 

.43 

14412 

+  58 

.40 

14478 

+124 

.85 

14273 

—  81 

.56 

14405 

+  51 

.36 

14370 

+  16 

.11 

14363 

+    9 

.06 

14290 

—  64 

.45 

14318 

-  36 

.25 

14502 

+148 

1.03 

14506 

+  152 

1.06 

14406 

+  52 

.36 

14517 

+  163 

1.14 

14443 

+  89 

.62 

14403 

+  49 

.34 

Deliveries  covering  a 

14360 

+     6 

.04 

period  of  6  months  from  a 

14420 

+  66 

.46 

single  mine. 

14460 

+  106 

.74 

14311 

—  43 

.30 

14416 

+  62 

.43 

14400 

+  46 

.32 

- 

14310 

—  44 

.31 

14292 

—  62 

.43 

14276 

-  78 

.54 

14277 

—  77 

.54 

14304 

—  50 

.35 

14376 

+  22 

.15 

14380 

+  26 

.18 

13302 

+  48 

.33 

1I2SS 

-  66 

.46 

14349 

-    5 

14350 

—     4 

.03 

14266 

-  99 

.68 

14:!7N 

+  24 

11311 

18 

.30 

1 1260 

-  94 

L4123 

88! 

1.61 

1419N 

1 56 

1.08 

14168 

186 

1.80 

14218 

111 

m 

14824 

80 

21 

14285 

(>!) 

.48 

I4:t.r.:t 

1 

.01 

a  enrage 

14864 

4    . 

dM 

Pake  and  Wheeler]  COAL  OF  CONSTANT  THERMAL  VALUE, 


'165 


Table  No.  7. 


Coal  from :    -    • 
Boulder  county,  Colorado. 

B.  t.  u.  of 

Ash,  Water  and 

Sulphur 

Free  Coal. 

B.  t.  u. 

Variation  from 

Average. 

Per  cent  of 

Variation  from 

Average. 

*  12871 

—'50 

.39 

12979 

+  58 

.45 

12960 

+  39 

.30 

12891 

—  30 

.23 

13030 

+  109 

.84 

13154 

+233 

1.82 

13099 

+178 

1.38 

12949 

+  28 

.22 

13063 

+142 

1.10 

13007 

+  86 

.66 

12970 

+  49 

.38 

Deliveries  from  two 

13084 

+163 

1.26 

^neighboring  mines. 

12692 

—229 

1.77 

12780 

—141 

1.09 

12782 

-^139 

1.07 

12843 

—  78 

.60 

12850 

—  71 

.55 

12846 

—  75 

.58 

12901 

—  20 

.15 

12873 

-  48 

.37 

12876 

-  45 

.35 

12905 

—  16 

.12 

12781 

—140 

1.08 

12907 

—  14 

.11 

Average 

12921 

i  91  B.T.U. 

4. 

_.70% 

Coal  from 
Las  Animas  county,  Colo. 

B.  t.  u.  of 

Ash,  Water  and 

Sulphur 

Free  Coal. 

B.  t.  u. 
Variation  from 
Average.     :  r* 

Per  cent  of 

Variation  from 

Average. 

15174 

+  47 

+  .31 

15189 

+  62 

+  .41 

15163 

+  35 

+  .23 

15184 

+  57 

+  .38 

15312 

+185 

+1.22 

15215 

+  88 

+  .58 

Deliveries  from  a 

15162 

+  35 

+   .23 

single  mine. 

15097 

—  30 

—  .20 

15241 

+114 

+   .75 

15038 

—  89 

-  .59 

14949 

—178 

—1.18 

15000 

—127 

—  .84 

15048 

—  79 

—  .52 

15000 

—127 

—  .84 

Average 

15127 

i  90  B.T.U. 

+  .59% 

Concerning  these  commercial  samples,  it  may  be  observed  that  a 
rather  remarkable  uniformity  exists.  This  may  be  due  to  the  re- 
stricted area  from  which  the  several  samples  came,  or  it  may  be  due 
also  to  the  fact  that  under  commercial  conditions  of  shipment  as  to  age, 
etc.,  there  is  a  tendency  to  equalize  differences  that  are  rather  accentu- 
ated than  otherwise  in  vein  samples  which  are  freshly  taken  and  an- 
alyzed at  the  earliest  possible  date. 

One  other  series  is  pertinent,  therefore,  in  this  connection.  In  table 
No-8  are  given  results  on  three  samples  wherein  the  sections  of  the 


i66 


YEAR  BOOK  FOR  I907. 


[Bull.  No.  8 


seam  were  kept  distinct  with  reference  to  the  "top,"  "middle"  and 
"bottom"  of  the  seam.  These  results  are  valuable  because  they  show 
at  a  glance  the  necessity  of  care  in  taking  face  samples,  to  see  that  the 
cut  is  made  equally  and  from  the  entire  working  face  of  the  seam.  It 
is  evident  also  that  lump  or  hand  samples  which  are  frequently  taken 
for  analysis  are  not  only  of  little  value  but  may  be  positively  mislead- 
ing and  the  error  is  quite  as  likely  to  be  of  a  minus  as  of  a  plus  char- 
acter. 

Here  again  it  may  be  observed  that  these  stratigraphic  variations 
may  be  to  a  very  large  extent  equalized,  as  above  noted,  by  the  ordinary 
commercial  processes  of  handling  the  output  in  large  masses. 

Table  No.  8. 

Variations  m  the  Calorific  Value  of  the  "Actual  Coal"  for  Different 
Vertical  Sections  of  the  Seam. 


OVEN  DRY  COAL. 

B.  t.  u.  of 

No.      Description  or  Sample. 

Ash. 

Sulphur. 

B.  t.  u. 

and  Sulphur 
Free  Coal. 

Collinsville,    Illinois. 
1    Top,  23  inches 

6.14 
12.02 
14.86 
11.22 

6.75 
2.09 
12.47 

6.13 
14.71 
12.11 

4.44 

3.84 
7,52 
4,85 

3.35 
2.66 
4.19 

.76 
.98 
.91 

13505 
12618 
12297 
12762 

13629 
14255 
12587 

13573 
12181 
12603 

14628 

2    Middle,  48  inches 

14557 

3    Bottom.  22  inches 

14908 

4    Entire  face,  93  inches 

14659 

Belleville,   Illinois. 

14801 

2    x4  inch,  2  inches  from  the  top 

14724 

3    Entire  face,  7612  inches 

14611 

DuQuoin,  Illinois. 
1    Top,  30  inches 

14498 

2    Bottom,  69  inches 

14338 

14386 

Conclusions. 

i.  A  unit  substance  provisionally  designated  as  "actual  coal"  seems 
to  exist  for  a  given  mine  or  for  a  more  or  less  limited  area. 

2.  The  indications  points  to  this  unit  substance  as  the  ordinary 
coal  free  from  moisture,  clayey-ash,  hydration  of  the  clayey  ash.  iron 
with  the  necessary  sulphur  to  constitute  pyrites,  and  the  remaining  sul- 
phur undetermined  as  to  its  combinations. 

3«  The  heal  values  for  this  unit  real  show  a  sufficient  uniformity  to 
make  ii  well  worth  while,  especially  in  view  of  the  possible  advantages 
involved  to   follow   with  carefully  correlated  data,  the  evidences  of 

Constancy  and  the  conditions  and   limits  of  variation,  which  character- 
ize this  material. 


Alterations  of  the  Composition  of  Coal  During  Ordinary 
Laboratory  Storage. 


(By   S.  W.   Parr  and  W.   P.  Wheeler.) 

The  State  Geological  Survey  in  cooperation  with  the  Engineering 
iLxperiment  Station  of  the  University  of  Ilinois  has  developed  a  number 
>f  facts  in  the  chemical  study  of  coals  of  sufficient  importance  to  re- 
reive  consideration  in  any  work  upon  this  material  whether  of  a  tech- 
iical  or  an  investigational  character.  There  is  evidence  that  coal  de- 
>reciates  in  fuel  value  from  the  time  it  is  mined  until  it  is  used. 

The  deterioration  is  greatest  at  first  and  continues  at  a  decreasing 
ate  for  an  indefinite  period  of  time.  It  is  probably  most  active  during 
he  first  two  or  three  weeks  after  the  coal  is  mined  and  even  in  the 
ase  of  small  laboratory  samples  tightly  sealed,  it  is  still  very  ap- 
preciable in  amount.  A  number  of  factors,  such  as  temperature,  ex- 
posure to  the  air,  and  size,  affect  the  rate  of  alteration.  If  the  coal  is 
ntirely  submerged  in  water,  the  loss  is  at  a  minimum,  if  the  coal  is  ex- 
>osed  to  the  air  in  a  warm  place,  the  loss  will  reach  the  maximum.* 
?his  deterioration  proceeds  along  two  lines ;  one  of  a  physical  and  the 
ther  of  a  chemical  nature. 

The  first  of  these  changes  seems  to  be  a  direct  result  of  the  removal 
f  the  coal  from  the  seam.  When  the  coal  is  taken  from  the  ground, 
t  is  released  from  considerable  pressure  and  is  broken  up  so  that  a 
irge  surface  is  exposed  to<  the  air.  As  soon  as  coal  is  thus  exposed 
t  begins  to  lose  its  absorbed  combustible  gases  and  to  absorb  non- 
ombustible  gases  from  the  air  instead.  The  importance  of  this  loss  is, 
f  course,  dependent  entirely  upon  the  amount  of  gas  originally  in  the 
oal.  With  some  coals,  the  absorbed  or  occluded  gases  are  consider- 
able in  amount  and  their  loss  may  be  of  importance  to  the  gas  maker, 
lowever,  there  are  but  few  coals  that  contain  as  much  as  I  per  cent 
f  such  gas.  A  number  of  European  and  American  gas  manufacturers 
ave  noticed  a  considerable  difference  in  both  the  quantity  and  quality 
>f  the  gas  made  from  coal  that  had  been  stored  for  a  few  weeks. f 
i.ess  gas  and  gas  of  a  lower  heating  value  was  obtained  from  the 
,tored  coal  than  was  made  from  the  same  kind  of  coal  used  soon  after 
:  was  mined. 


*See  '  'Weathering  of  Coal"  in  this  Bulletin,  p.  190-204. 
tDr.  Habermann,  J.,  Gasbel,  vol.  49,  p.  419. 


167 


i68 


YEAR  BOOK  FOR   I907. 


[Bull.  No. 


Our  first  positive  evidence  of  the  loss  of  occluded  gases  was  fur- 
nished by  .a  number  of  laboratory  samples.  Some  of  the  first  samples 
that  were  collected  by  the  Geological  Survey  in  the  summer  of  1906 
were  kept  in  the  laboratory  for  nearly  a  year  before  the  chemical  work 
was  begun  upon  them.  The  samples  in  question  were  collected  in  the 
mines  as  face  samples  and  were  sent  to  the  laboratory  in  sealed  gal- 
vanized iron  cans.  When  they  arrived  at  the  laboratory  they  were  at 
once  transferred  to  one-quart  glass  jars.  Twenty-nine  samples  were 
placed  in  jars  of  the  type  shown  herewith,  known  as  the  ''lightning" 
or  "Putnam"  jar.  Extended  experience  with  this  jar  as  a  container  for 
sodium  peroxide,  a  chemical  with  unusual  avidity  for  moisture  from  the 
atmosphere,  has  proved  it  to  be  possessed  of  a  nearly  perfect  seal.  The 
remaining  twenty-one  samples  were  placed  in  common  Mason  jars 
with  metal  caps  and  a  very  indifferent  seal.  After  standing  about  ten 
months,  the  "Lightning"  jars  were  opened  and  a  slight  pressure  of  gas 
was  noted  which  suggested  the  testing  of  the  same  with  a  lighted  match. 
In  twenty-six  of  these  jars  the  gas  ignited  with  a  strong  blue  flame, 
burning  up  from  one-half  inch  to  six  inches  above  the  top  of  the  jar. 
Upon  covering  with  the  cap  and  testing  again  with  a  match,  the  gas 
from  these  jars  would  reignite  for  two  or  three  successive  times.  Two 
of  the  jars  had  been  previously  opened  without  testing  the  gas,  so  it 
is  not  known  whether  they  contained  inflammable  gases  or  not.  In  one 
of  the  jars  tested,  the  gas  was  almost  entirely  nitrogen  and  it  extin- 
guished the  lighted  match.  Not  one  of  the  twenty-one  Mason 
jars  with  the  metal  cover  contained  any  gas  under  pressure  and 
no  tendency  to  ignite  was  manifested.  It  should  be  noted  that  all 
of  these  jars  were  in  diffused  light,  but  not  in  the  direct  sunlight,  and 
that  only  the  "Lightning"  jars  possessed  a  perfect  seal.  The  jars  i 
question  were  all  full  of  coal  to  within  one  inch  or  less  of  the  top.  B; 
referring  to  figure  4,  it  will  be  seen  that,  with  the  exception  of  th 


Con!     ■■  1 :    (or  Coal  Bfttaplts, 


3>arb  and  Wheeler]  ALTERATION  -  OF  COAL  IN  LABORATORY.  1 69 

-rubber  gasket,  the  entire  inclosure  of  the  material  is  of  glass.  The 
gasket,  however,  is  an  exception  to>  this,  but  it  is  held  with  a  very  pos- 
itive pressure  by  reason' of  the  lever  device  for  clamping  on  the  top. 
-The  conditions  in  the  ordinary  Mason  jar  are  different  in  that  a  metal 
screw  cap  is  employed  and  the  completeness  of  the  seal  of  the  rubber 
gasket  is  questionable. 

.-  The  above  positive  evidence  of  the  release  of  combustible  gas  from 
the  coal  after  it  is  broken  out  of  the  seam  will  account  in  part  lor  the 
decrease  in  the  heating  value  of  the  coal.  If  the  exudation  of  combus- 
tible gases  is  accompanied  by  a  corresponding  absorption  of  non-com- 
bustible gases,  oxygen,  nitrogen  and  carbon  dioxide,  as  Richter* 
and  others  seem  to  have  proved,  a  considerable  part  of  the  apparent 
loss  will  be  thus  acounted  for.  That  part  of  the  indicated  loss  which 
is  due,  therefore,  to  the  absorption  of  inert  gases,  does  not  represent 
an  actual  loss,  but  results  from  the  increased  weight  of  the  coal. 

The  second'  process  responsible  for  the  loss  in  the  calorific  value  of 
the  coal  is  entirely  chemical  in  nature  and  is  probably  the  direct  oxida- 
tion of  the  carbon,  hydrogen  and  sulphur  in  the  coal.  This  second 
process  is  not  so  active  in  small  sealed  samples  as  it  is  in  the  larger 
lots  of  coal  exposed  to  the  air,  but  even  in  laboratory  samples  it  is 
active  as  long  as  oxygen  is  present,  the  rate  of  oxidation  being  de- 
pendent on  the  temperature,  and  increasing  rapidity  as  the  temperature 
increases.  A,  large  number  of  old  samples  have  been  examined  in 
-this  laboratory  and  the  majority  of  them  showed  only  I  or  2  per  cent 
of  oxygen  in  the  atmosphere  of  the  jar.  These  samples  had  all  been 
exposed  to  the  air  and  air  dried,  and  had  been  opened  more  or  less  at 
the  time  they  were  being  analyzed,  thus  permitting  any  inflammable 
gases  to  be  lost ;  subsequently,  however,  they  had  stood  unopened  for 
various  lengths  of  time,  from  six  months  to  three  years.  Out  of  twelve 
one-quart  "Lightning"  jars,  each  a  little  less  than  one-fourth  full  of 
buck-wheat  size  coal,  five  contained  as  little  oxygen  as  to  extinguish  a 
lighted  match  as  soon  as  it  was  placed  in  the  mouth  of  the  jar. 

The  pyrite  and  marcasite  in  the  stored  samples  also  suffers  from  ox- 
idation, especially  if  there  is  moisture  present.  Ferrous  and  ferric  sul- 
phate crystals  have  been  noticed  in  a  large  number  of  samples,  some- 
times within  a  very  few  months  after  the  samples  came  into  the  labor- 
atory. The  amount  of  ferric  sulphate  and  sulphuric  acid  derived  from 
the  oxidized  pyrite  was  determined  in  one  sample  that  had  been  un- 
opened for  three  years  and  from  this  the  amount  of  oxygen  that  had 
been  used  up  was  calculated.  It  was  found  to  be  1.99  grams  or  1.39 
liters  of  pure  oxygen,  equivalent  to  7  liters  of  ordinary  air.  When  it 
is  remembered  that  the  jar  in  which  this  sample  was  kept  had  a  volume 
all  told  of  only  one  pint,  and  that  this  space  was  occupied  to  the  extent 
of  at  least  three-quarters  of  the  total  with  coal  of  buckwheat  size,  and 
when  we  further  remember  that  these  jars  are  possessed  of  an  appar- 
ently absolute  seal  without  opportunity  for  transferrence  of  oxygen 
from   without,   there   is   further   evidence   of  the   fact   that   occluded 


*Dinglers  Poly.  Jour.,  vol.   190,  p.  398  ;  vol.   195,  p.  452. 


I  jO  YEAR  BOOK  FOR  I907.  [Bull.  No.  8 

oxygen  or  air  must  have  been  present  in  sufficient  amount  to  accom- 
plish the  work  indicated  by  the  transformation  of  the  pyrites 
to  ferric  sulphate  and  sulphuric  acid,  or  that  there  was  some 
actual  decomposition  of  the  coal  itself.  The  above  evidence  of 
the  deterioration  of  laboratory  samples  of  coal  is  further  borne 
out  by  the  calorimetric  determinations  on  a  number  of  sam- 
ples. In  an  article  by  one  of  the  writers*  reference  is  made 
to  the  necessity  of  making  calorific  determinations  where  com- 
parisons between  different  instruments  are  involved,  at  approximately 
the  same  date.  To  quote  from  that  article — "A  comparison  of  calori- 
meters should  be  made  at  approximately  the  same  time.  A  series 
of  calorific  determinations  made  on  finely  ground  samples  on  May  12, 
1900  was  found  to  give  a  reading  2.4  per  cent  less  on  July  12,  1900.  It 
was  found  necessary  to  repeat  practically  all  of  the  results  showing  a 
deterioration  in  the  finely  ground  samples.  This  subject  will  receive 
further  attention  later." 

In  the  comparison  of  the  calorific  values  of  the  first  series  of  Illinois 
coals,  analyzed  by  the  State  Geological  Survey,  with  similar  calorific 
values  obtained  by  the  United  States  Geological  Survey  Fuel  Testing 
Plant  of  St.  Louis,  a  considerable  discrepancy  Avas  noted.  The  samples 
in  both  cases  were  taken  from  the  face  of  the  seam  and  were  handled 
in  identically  the  same  way  except  that  there  was  a  considerable  differ- 
ence in  the  length  of  time  between  the  collection  of  the  sample  and  its 
analysis.  The  same  type  of  calorimeter  was  used,  the  one  in  this  labor- 
atory being  of  the  Mahler-Atwater  design.  It  was  operated  in  a  room 
where  the  temperature  could  be  kept  very  nearly  constant.  After  due 
consideration  of  the  possibility  of  the  variation  in  results  being  ac- 
counted for  by  the  difference  in  operators  and  laboratories,  it  was 
thought  probable  that  the  differences  noted  were  due  principally  to 
tHe  greater  lapse  of  time  between  the  collection  and  analysis  of  the 
Stale  Geological  Survey's  samples.  The  correctness  of  this  conclusion 
seems  to  be  justified  by  the  results  from  a  similar  series  of  samples 
which  were  analyzed  immediately  after  collection. 

The  Following  tables  show  the  constancy  in  direction  and  amount  of 
the  change  of  calorific  value  due  to  lapse  of  time  between  the  collection 
and  analysis  of  the  samples. 


•\  Wen  I  fclorlmeter,  bj  B.  W.  Parr,  Jour.  Amor.  Chem.  Soc,  Oct.  1900,  pi  650. 


Pabb  and  Wheeler]  ALTERATION   OF  COAL  IN   LABORATORY. 

Table  No.   i. 
Comparison  of  U.  S.  G.  S.  with  Illinois  G.  S.  Values. 


171 


U.  S.  G.  S. 
No. 

111.  G.  S. 
Lab.  No. 

Locality. 

B.  t.  u.  per 

1  lb.  Ash, 

Water  and 

Sulphur 
Free  Coal. 

Difference 
in  B.  t.  u. 

Per  cent  of 

difference  in 

B.  t.  u. 

Ill     1. 

O'Fallon 

14567 
14214J 

14561 
14335 

14615 
13933J 

14647 
17332 

14464 
14020J 

14587 
142571 

14558 
14267J 

14722 
14440 

Ill     3 

95, 96, 97 

* 
Marion 

-353 

-2.4% 

HI.    9 

330 

Staunton 

-226 

-1.6 

111.  10 

91,92,93,94 

* 

West  Frankfort  . . 

t 

Springfield 

* 

Centralia 

-682 

-4.7 

111.  14 

364 

-315 

-2.2 

111.  15 

81,82 

-444 

-3.1 

111.  16 

167. 168, 169 

t 
Herrin 

-330 

-2.3 

111.  18 

322,325 

* 
LaSalle 

-291 

-2.0 

393 

t 

-282 

-1.9 

♦Samples  not  from  mine,  but  from  adjacent  mines. 

t  Samples  from  the  same  mine. 

^Average  of  several  samples  from  neighboring  mines. 


I/2 


year  book  for  i907. 
Table  No.-  2. 


[Bull.  No.  8 


Comparison  of  Values  for  Fresh  and  Old  Samples  by  Illinois  Geological 

-     Survey. 


111.  G.  S.  Lab.  No. 


421 

307,  308.  309 

459.  460,  &  1038. 

223  &  325 

460 


462 


-540,  740,  741 

81&82 

557 


558 


1111. 
317.. 
358.. 
1114. 
315.. 
1110, 
359.. 
1112 
41H.. 
1121 

W6  . 


Locality. 


B.  t.  u.  per 
lb.  Ash, 

Water  and 
Sulphur  __ 

Free  Coal 


DuQuoin 


Herrin 


Clifford. 


Marion. 


t 
Springfield. 


Westville 


Himrod 


Eldorado. 


t 
* 

Harrisburg 

t 
Eldorado. . . 

t 
Miiryville  . . 

t 
NorrisCity 

t 


Difference 
in  B.  t.  u. 


14386 

140091 

146471 

142851 

14615 

14213 

14781 

14335 

144681 

140201 

14550 

14054 

14564 

14087 

14857 

14597 

14662 

14931 

14622 

15131 

14939 

1  I  I  .Ml 

14181 
1  M68 
1 1822 


•Samples  no!  from  mine,  but  from  adjacent  mines. 
■  Sample  1  1  rom  1  be  same  mine. 

era!  samplei  Crom  neighboring  mines. 


Per  cent  of 

difference  in 

B.  t.  u. 


-377 


-402 


-446 


-448 


-278 
195 


192 


316 


386 


-2.7 


-3.0 


-3.4 


-3.3 


l.H 
1.1 


Pars -AND:  Wheeler]  ALTERATION  OF  GOAL  IN  .  LABORATORY. 

Table  No.  3. 

Comparison  of  New  U.  S.  G.  S.  Samples  with  New  Sampl 

Ill.S.  G.S. 

173 

es  by  the 

U.  S.  G.  S. 
Lab.  No. 

in.  G,  s. 

Lab.  No. 

Locality. 

B.  t.  u.  per  lb., 

Ash,  Water 

and 

Sulphur 

Free  Coal. 

Difference 
in  B.  t.  u. 

Per  cent  of 
difference 
in  B.  t  u. 

111.    3 

14561 
14781 

14439 
14168 

14373 
U4621 

14615 
J14260 

14464 

J14468 

14558 
J14647 

14601 
14463 

111.    4 ....  ,\ '...." 

462 

t 
Troy 

+220 

+  1.5 

ill.    7.........:.... 

1118 

Collinsville 

* 

—271 

-1.9 

111.    9.............. 

111.  14 

723,  714,  725 

"735,"736,'737" 

+248 

+1.7 

* 
Springfield 

—355 

-2.4 

I1L  16.... . 

540,  740,  741 

+4 

+   .03 

111.  19 

459,  460,  1008 

* 

+89 

+  .6 

419,  420 

-138 

—  .9 

♦Samples  not  from  mine,  but  from  adjacent  mines. 
|Average  of  several  samples  from  neighboring  mines. 

It  will  be  noted  that  in  Table  No.  1,  the  Illinois  Geological  Survey 
samples  all  show  a  considerably  lower  calorific  value  for  the  ash, 
water  and  sulphur  free  coal  than  do  the  United  States  Geological  Sur- 
vey samples.    In  all  of  the  analyses  there  given,  the  samples  had  been 
in  the.  State  laboratory  for  six  .months,  or  more  before  being  analyzed 
whereas  the  United  States  Geological  Survey  samples  were  analyzed 
soon  after  they  were  collected. 

In  Table  No.  2,  the  same  variation  is  shown  except  that  in  this  case 

any  differences  that  could  have  been  due  to  that  source.    The  samples 
that  stood  for  six  months  or  more  in  the  laboratory,  show  a  loss  of 
about  2  per  cent  in  heating  value. 

Table  No.  3  is  given  to  show  the  agreement  between  the  two  labor- 
atories when  the  samples  were  analyzed;  soon  after  the  collection  in 
ieach  case.     Even  in  this  table  there  is  a  considerable  variation  but  it 
;  will  be  noticed  that  it  is  not  all  in  the  same  direction  as  was  the  case 
where  a  greater  and  uniform  difference  in  the  length  of  time  between 
collection  and  analysis  existed  and  also  it  is  much  less  in  amount.     In 
the  extreme  cases,  United  States  Geological  Survey  No.  7  and  Illinois 
Geological  Survey  Nos.  723,  724  and  725,  where  our  results  were  1.7 
per  cent  higher  than  the  St.  Louis  results,  it  was  found  that  the  lapse 
of  time  was  twenty  days  and  twelve  days  respectively.     In  the  case  of 
Illinois  No.  9,  and  Illinois  Geological  Survey  Nos.  736  and  y^j,  the 
lapse  of  time  was  six  days  and  twenty  days  respectively  and  our  re- 

174 


YEAR  BOOK  FOR  I907. 


[Bull.  No.  8 

n  this  con- 
he  samples 
each  with 
ree  or  four 


suits  were  2.4  per  cent  lower  than  the  St.  Louis  results.  In  this  con 
nection,  it  will  be  interesting  to  note  that  in  table  No.  2,  the  samples 
showing  the  smallest  loss,  i.  e.,  samples  Nos.  358  and  359,  each  with 
1.3  per  cent  loss,  were  kept  in  the  laboratory  only  about  three  or  four 
months  instead  of  six  months  or  more  as  were  all  of  the  other  samples. 
Definite  information  is  not  at  hand  as  to  the  length  of  time  between 
the  collection  and  analysis  of  any  of  the  other  United  States  Geolog- 
ical Survey  samples,  but,  in  the  case  of  the  two  just  mentioned,  it  will 
be  seen  that  coal  that  stood  longest  in  each  case  had  the  lower  B.  t.  u., 
irrespective  of  the  laboratory  which  made  the  analysis. 

In  the  comparisons  between  samples  where  an  average  value  is  given 
the  average  is  always  very  close  to  the  value  for  each  of  the  individual 
samples  so  that  the  direction  and  magnitude  of  the  variation  would 
not  be  materially  affected  if  the  comparison  were  made  with  the  in 
dividual  samples. 

It  is  interesting,  also,  to  bring  together  the  averages  of  the  results 
in  the  three  preceding  tables  for  further  comparisons,  so  as  to  note  the 
extreme  uniformity  of  the  variation  that  exists  between  old  and  new 
samples,  and  also  to  note  the  agreement  between  the  two  laboratories 
when  fresh  samples  are  used  by  both. 

Table  No.  4. 

Averages  from  Tables  Nos,  1,  2  and  5. 

Table  Not  1. 


17  Illinois  Geological  Survey  samples  compared  with  8 
United  States  Geological  Survey  samples. 

Illinois  Geological  Survey  samples  analyzed  6  months  to 
1  year  after  collection.  U.  S.  G.  S.  analyses  made  soon 
after  collection. 


Older  samples. 
Average  365  B.  t.  u. 

or 
2.5  per  cent  lower 


Table  No.   2. 


17  Illinois  Geogollcal  Survey  samples  analyzed  6  months 
ar  after  collection,  compa red  with  16  similar  samples 
analyzed  within  to  weeks  after  collection. 


Older  samples. 

Average  365  B.  t.  u.  or 

2  4  per  cent  lower. 


Table   No.   3. 


16  Illinois  Geologioal  Survej  samples  analyzed  within  2 
collection  compared  with  7  United  states  Geo- 
il  Survey  samples  analyzed  soon  after  collection. 


Illinois  Geological  Survey  sampU 
Average  28  B,  t.  u.  or 

.2  per  cent  lower. 


Sim  m  \ky. 

i.     An  exudation  <>f  combustible  gases  from  coal  occurs  after  (he 
breaking  ou1  "f  the  sample  from  the  seam. 

When  coal  is  exposed  on  absorption  of  atmospheric  gases,  oxjl 

n  and  carbon  dioxide  accompanies  (lie  cxtudation  ^\  hydro- 

(  ;n  I- 


Parr  and  Wheeler]  ALTERATION   OF  COAL  IN   LABORATORY.  1 75 

3.  Samples  of  coal  in  most  carefully  sealed  containers  are  subject 
to  alteration,  resulting  in  loss  in  calorific  value. 

4.  The  process  of  deterioration  is  probably  due  principally  to  the 
direct  oxidation  of  the  carbon,  hydrogen  and  sulphur  of  the  coal  by  the 
occluded  oxygen  or  the  free  oxygen  of  the  air.  It  is  also  due  to  the 
exudation  of  combustible  gases  and  the  absorption  of  non-combustible 
gases. 

5.  The  rapidity  or  the  extent  of  this  alteration  varies  with  different 
coals  but  is  probably  most  active  during  the  first  two  or  three  weeks 
after  the  coal  is  removed  from  the  ground.  From  the  present  data,  the 
deterioration  of  the  sealed  coal  samples  seems  to  be  slow  after  a  lapse 
of  six  months  or  a  year.  Studies  now\  in  progress  may  give  more 
definite  data  on  this  point. 


Artificial  Modification  of  the  Composition  of  Coal. 
(By  S.  W.  Parr  and  O.  K.  Francis.) 


Introduction. 

Coalite — During  the  year  1907  a  good  deal  of  notice  has  been  given 
in  the  British  press  to  a  product  which  is  of  considerable  interest  in 
view  of  certain  experiments  carried  on  in  the  laboratory  of  Applied 
Chemistry  of  the  University  of  Illinois  for  several  years  past*  The 
following  description  is  abstracted  from  a  series  of  articles  published 
in  The  Iron  and  Coal  Trades  Review,  during  1907. 

The  process  for  making  coalite  has  been  patented  in  the  United 
States,  England  and  Germany.  The  British  patent  claims  that  the 
method  consists  in  subjecting  any  bituminous  coal  to  a  temperature  ap- 
proaching 8oo°  F.  (4260  C.)  for  about  eight  hours,  or  until  the  il- 
luminating gas  ceases  to  be  evolved,  in  closed  rectangular  retorts, 
placed  vertically  in  a  gas  fired  furnace.  When  illuminating  gas  ceases 
to  be  evolved,  and  the  mass  is  substantially  free  from  tarry  compon- 
ents, the  heat  is  suddenly  arrested  by  the  introduction  of  steam,  and 
the  product  removed  from  the  retort.  Each  retort  has  a  capacity  of  15 
cwts.,  and  each  charge  yields  about  11  cwts.  of  coalite.  This  may  vary 
with  different  coals,  but  the  yield  will  generally  be  about  70  per  cent. 
According  to  the  claims  made  for  coalite,  the  yield  and  by-products 
will  compare  favorably  with  that  obtained  in  the  manufacture  of 
illuminating  gas. 

The  analysis  of  coalite  is  stated  to  be : 

Ash    7  per  cent 

Volatile  matter 12  per  cent 

i  carbon   80  per  cent 

Sulphur   1  per  cent 

B.    t.    u 13500 

The  samples  which  have  been  on  exhibition  in  London  resemble  coke 
in  appearance  and  combustion,  burning  with  a  bluish  flame.  The  Eng- 
lish press  seems  to  be  unfavorably  disposed  towards  coalite,  probably 
on  acounl  of  the  claims  made  by  the  promoters,  thai  it  is  superior  to 
any  form  of  strain  coal,  and  because  of  the  diligenl  efforts  to  float  the 
stock  of  the  company,  which  is  capitalized  at  $2^5,000  with  permission 
to  in  1,000,  thus  giving  many  of  the  attributes  of  a  mere 

itocl  1  nterprise.    The  total  profit  is  estimated,  in  the  prospectus 


Antiini. -i/i-r-  of  Bltuminoui  Coal.     Btata  OcoL  Survey,  Illinois  Hull.   1.  p    L96. 


Pare  and  Francis.]      ARTIFICIAL    MODIFICATION    OF    COAL.  1 77 

at  two  and  one-half  million  dollars  a  year  from  the  production  of 
2,100,000  tons  of  coalite  and  the  resulting  gas,  apart  from  other  by- 
products. 

The  Scottish  Smokeless  Coal  Co.  claims  to  make  from  non-coking 
smalls,  a  fuel  having  an  analysis  practically  the  same  as  coalite.  The 
Gas  Light  and  Coke  Co.  of  London  advertise  a  smokeless  fuel  under 
the  name  of  "Carbo."  The  South  Metropolitan  Gas  Co.  will  probably 
place  a  similar  product  on  the  market.  From  these  and  other  consid- 
erations, a  serious  question  has  been  raised  as  to  the  validity  of  any 
patent  intended  to  cover  the  process  as  outlined. 

Experiments  at  Urbana — This  mention  is  made  of  the  main  features 
involved  in  connection  with  "coalite"  because  of  a  certain  resemblance 
in  method  to  the  experiments  carried  here.  The  lack  of  any  detailed 
study  of  the  reactions  involved  in  the  process,  together  with  the  value 
which  such  resulting  facts  would  have,  aside  from  their  direct  com- 
mercial bearing,  furnish  ample  reason  for  a  continuation  of  this  work. 

An  account  of  these  experiments  was  given  in  the  Year  Book  for 
1906.  They  were  originally  taken  up  with  a  view  to  the  possible  modin- 
cation  of  bituminous  coal  in  such  a  manner  as  to  eliminate  largely  the 
constitutents  which  tend  to  produce  smoke  in  combustion  and  the  pro- 
duction of  a  material  having  the  essential  properties  of  anthracite  or 
semi-anthracite  coal.  The  results  as  tabulated  last  year  showed  a  pos- 
sible increase  in  the  fixed  carbon  of  25  per  cent  and  over.  The  experi- 
ments, however,  were  of  a  preliminary  type  and  took  no  account  of  the 
composition  of  the  evolved  gases  nor  of  the  varying  effects  that  might 
be  produced  by  different  kinds  of  atmosphere.  A  continuation  of  this 
line  of  work  seemed  warranted  and  the  earlier  tests  pointed  out,  at 
least  in  regard  to  their  main  features,  what  conditions  should  be  ob- 
served in  further  experiments. 

The  work  already  referred  to,  developed  in  a  general  way  the  type 
lof  apparatus  needed  and  the  conditions  under  which  further  tests 
should  be  made. 

Mr.  Deane  Burns,*  in  his  thesis  investigation  had  made  use 
lof  a  small  metal  cylinder  of  six  to  eight  grams  capacity,  which  was 
brought  under  temperature  control  by  being  fitted  into  a  hot  air  bath. 
With  this  device  some  attempt  was  made  to  govern  the  kind  of  at- 
imosphere  in  which  the  distillation  should  proceed.  In  the  tests  herein 
frecorded,  a  larger  furnace  with  definite  circulation  of  atmosphere  was 
provided  as  in  the  description  below. 


Later  Experimental  Work — First   Series — Nitrogen   Atmosphere. 


\  Apparatus — The  first  series  of  experiments  was  made  in  a  non-oxidizing  at- 
mosphere in  order  to  eliminate,  as,  far  as  possible,  those  variables  which 
would  result  from  oxidation.  While  this  would  be  an  extreme  condition,  and 
me  not  possible  as  an  industrial  feature,  for  experimental  purposes  it  would 
jidmit  of  the  study  of  actual  changes  taking  place  as  a  result  of  heat  alone. 
j^or  this  purpose,  therefore,  nitrogen,  free  from  carbon  dioxide  and  oxygen, 
was  employed.  This  gas  was  prepared  from  air  as  suggested  by  Hulett.f 
The  apparatus  and  amount  of  material  was  slightly  modified,   in   order  to 


*Burns,  Univ.  of  111.  Thesis,  Class  1907. 

f.Jour.  Amer.   Chem.   Soc,  vol.   27,  R.    1415,   1905. 


12  GS 


i78 


YEAR  BOOK  FOR   I907 


[Bull.    No. 


permit  of  easy  observation  of  the  process.  As  claimed  by  the  author,  it  is 
not  difficult  by  this  method  to  prepare  large  quantities  of  nitrogen,  and  at  a 
rapid  rate,  when  once  the  operation  is  under  control. 

The  essential  parts  of  the  appartus  are  shown  in  figure  5. 


Apparatus     for   Preparing     Nitrogen 
Fig.  5. 

A.  A.  is  an  ordinary  combustion  tube,  2  cm.  or  over,  in  diameter,  and  1 
meter  long;  B  is  40  cm.  of  loosely  rolled  copper  gauze;  D  is  35  cm.  of  copper 
oxide  the  wire  or  gauze  form  preferred;  E  is  made  from  a  piece  of  hard, 
tubing;  F  is  a  small  porcelain  tube  or  pipe  stem,  a  Rose  crucible  stem 
was  used  in  our  apparatus;  G  is  a  thick  piece  of  asbestos  board  for  protect- 
Ing  the  stopper  C  from  the  heat;  the  wash  bottles  K  and  K'  are  half  tilled 
with  water  and  serve  to  indicate  the  speed  with  which  air  and  hydrogen  are, 
being  admitted.  The  generator  H.  devised  by  Messrs.  McClure  and  Barker 
needs  by  little  description.  The  reservoir  for  dilute  hydrochloric  acid 
placed  about  2  meters  above  the  table,  the  flow  being  controlled  by  stop- 
cock 8';  .)  serves  as  a  reservoir  for  the  spent  acid  which  siphons  over  from 
1  he  generator.  , 

The    nitrogen    a  as    used    as   soon    as    possible   after    preparation,    and    when 

analyzed,  was  found  to  be  free  from  hydrogen  and  carbon  dioxide,  with  but  i 

lighl    trace  of  oxygen,  which   ma>    have  been   due  to  oxygen  dissolved 

in  the  water  of  the  gasometer.  L 

The  apparatus  used  for  the  experiments  on  coal  is  shown  In  plate   ,. 

(j]    ;m    ,,,,,,    retort    placed    in    an   Oven,    which    is   encased    m    asbestos. 

\,,  exit   tube  leads  into  two  flasks,  kepi   cold  with  running  water,  which  serve 

for  collecting   the   liquid   products  of  distillation.     These   (tasks,   with   their 

connection       were    weighed    before   eacli    experiment;    the    increase    in    weight 

nailed   water  and   oil.     The  quantities  of   water  and   oil    were  determined 

(.ration       Uevond    these   is  shown    the  safety    flask,   used   to  eheck 

backward    Mow    of    water    front    Hie   gas    bottles    into   the   condenser   M 


<  hem     1  ir   .   vol 


1'akraxd  Francis.]      ARTIFICIAL    MODIFICATION    OF    COAL. 


179 


Retort    for  Low-Temperature 
Coal     Distill-  axiom 


Fig.  6. 


The  details  of  the  retort  used  are  shown  in  figure  6. 

Temperatures  were  indicated  by  a  mercury  thermometer,  with  carbon 
dioxide  under  pressure  above  the  mercury  to  admit  of  high  temperature 
readings.  This  thermometer  was  protected  by  a  glass  tube,  which  was  sealed 
into  the  retort  by  means  of  a  piece  of  thick  rubber  tubing,  being  first  pulled 
over  it,  and  then  over  the  end  of  the  retort  as  shown  in  Figure  6.  This 
system  permitted  the  thermometer  to  be  withdrawn  for  readings  without 
disturbing  the  atmosphere  in  the  retort. 

Material — The  bituminous  coal  used  for  this  series  of  tests,  was  a  sample  of 
No.  7  coal  from  Williamson  Co.,  111.,  (Carterville),  and  was  marked  No.  686, 
for  identification  in  this  laboratory.    It  had  the  following  composition: 


No.  686. 

Moist  coal. 

Dry  coal. 

6.53 

7.76 

33.86 

51.85 

2.10 

12,  380 

Ash 

8.30 

36.23 

Fixed  carbon 

55.47 

2.24 

B.  t.  u.  per  lb 

13.244 

B.  t.  u.  per  lb.  ash  water  and  sulphur  free 

14,567 

The  dry  ash,  8.30  per  cent,  as  shown  in  the  above  table,  was  used  as  a 
standard  condition  for  reference.  The  results  of  the  proximate  analyses  were 
calculated  to  the  dry  basis  by  subtracting  the  percentage  of  moisture  from 
100,  dividing  the  remainder  into  each  amount  and  multiplying  by  100  to  read 
as  per  cent. 


51.85%  Fixed  Carbon 
(100  —  6.53) 


x  100  =  55.47%  Fixed  Carbon,  Dry  Basis. 


l8o  YEAR  BOOK  FOR  I907.  [Bull.  No.  8 

The  formula  for  calculating  the  B.  t.  u.  in  terms  of  "corrected"  ash  land 
water  free,  i.  e.,  ash,  water  and  sulphur  free  basis,*  may  be  expressed  as 
follows : 


B.  t.  u.  —  (Weight  of  Sulphur  x  40o0  )      1A_       _    A 

™       , .    , TT  ^   . %_  rw x  100  =  B.  t.  u.  per  lb.  unit  coal 

100  —  (Ash  +  H20  +  °8  S.  ( 


Example— 

12380—  (.0210  x  4050) 
100—  (7.76+    6.53+  (5s  x  2.10) 


x  100  =  14567  B.  t.  u.  per  lb.  unit  coal,  t 


Mechanical  Operation — In  preparing  the  sample  for  this  series,  a  large 
quantity,  about  40  pounds,  of  the  air  dried  coal  was  crushed  to  buckwheat 
size,  thoroughly  mixed  and  divided  into  several  portions,  each  lot  being  num- 
bered to  correspond  with  the  test  in  which  it  was  to  be  used. 

The  operation  may  be  described  as  follows:  The  portion  of  coal,  usually 
something  over  2,000  grams,  was  placed  in  the  retort.     (Fig.  6). 

The  head  of  the  retort  was  brought  to  place  by  the  screws  as  shown,  and 
a  perfect  seal  secured  by  means  of  asbestos  packing  moistened  with  water. 
The  apparatus,  when  connected,  was  thoroughly  tested  for  leaks.  In  order 
to  wash  out  the  air,  and  to  furnish  an  inert  atmosphere,  nitrogen  was  ad- 
mitted until  the  gas  at  the  exit  tube  would  no  longer  support  combustion; 
usually  about  15  liters  were  required.  Heat  was  then  applied  and  the  evolved 
gases  collected  in  the  gas  holders,  two  of  these  always  being  attached,  one 
cut  off  and  held  in  reserve  to  be  used  in  case  there  should  be  an  extra  amount 
of  gas  suddenly  evolved  or  when  the  first  was  filled. 

The  retort  was  turned  by  hand  every  minute  or  two  during  the  operation. 
The  exit  tube  was  polished  and  coated  with  powdered  graphite  in  order  to 
permit  of  its  turning  readily  within  the  rubber  tubing  which  lead  to  the 
condenser  flasks. 

When  the  experiment  was  completed,  the  retort  was  disconnected  from  the 
rest  of  the  apparatus,  then  sealed  with  rubber  stoppers  and  slowly  cooled. 
The  gas  holders  and  the  flasks  were  closed  by  means  of  the  pinch  cocks 
shown  in  the  illustration,  plate  7. 

Analytical  Methods — The  gas  holders  were  sealed  when  full,  the  time  and 
temperature  recorded  and  the  bottle  marked.  The  amount  of  gas  was  easily 
obtained  as  the  capacity  of  each  bottle  had  been  determined.  Each  sample 
was  carefully  analyzed  according  to  the  methods  devised  by  Hempel.J 

The  coal  before  treatment  and  also  the  residue  were  analyzed  according  to 
the  method  recommended  by  the  committee  on  coal  analysis  appointed  by 
the  American  Chemical  Society.§  The  samples  of  coal,  as  freshly  taken, 
were  air-dried  for  twenty-four  hours,  carefully  sampled,  then  powdered  suffi- 
ciently to  pass  a  60  mesh  sieve.  The  method  for  moisture  was  slightly 
modified  as  follows:  1  gram  was  weighed  out  into  a  small  bottle,  especially 
designed  for  the  purpose,^  provided  with  a  ground  glass  stopper  which  fits 
over  the  outside  edge  of  the  bottle,  thus  preventing  loss  of  material  by  con- 
tact with  the  ground  glass  surface  when  the  dry  coal  is  brushed  out  for  the 
ash  01  oilier  determination.  The  bottle  and  contents  were  placed  in  a  toluene 
bath,  the  cover  removed,  and  the  sample  dried  for  one  hour  at  105°  C,  the 
replaced,  and  put  in  a  desiccator  until  cold.|| 

Tin-  following  table  shows  the  conditions  under  which  each  test  was 
ductal : 


•Jour  Amen  Chem.  SOC,  vol.  L'S.  p.  682,  1  !><>•'>  Trans.  Ainor.  Insl.  Mln.  Bng.,  M 
latin   No    19,  p     19,    L908 

rThe  expression  "Unll  Coal"  Is  here  used  to  denote  the  ash,  water  and  sulphur  fret 
material, 

<  In       \n:il\  sis,    Trims,    I  tennis. 

Ijour   amer.  Chem.  Soc,  vol.  21,  p.   L180,  is'.m> 
ite  Qeol.   Surv.   Illinois.   Bull.    1.  p.   190,    L907. 

II  l»    maj  bio    i"    mention     that,    If    the    fumlnR    sulphuric    acid    f< 

iiilnliin  I  Ion    of    llliiinlnnnts    shows    :i     tendency    l<>    crystallize,    slight     warniln 
better,   dilution    with    water,    will    prevent    this.      (experiments    seem    to    Indicate   that.   If 
diluted  ncld   will    produce   fumes  and   n   hlssliiK  sound   when  added   to  water,   It    will 
ivy    hydrocurhons.      It    may    he   of   sufficient    strength    even    when   diluted 
with  one  third  Iti  \  olnmi  <<r  n  iter 


Park  and  Francis.]      ARTIFICIAL    MODIFICATION    OF    COAL. 


181 


09        03 

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182 


YEAR  BOOK  FOR  I907. 


[Bull.   No.   8 


The  figures  at  the  top  of  the  columns  indicate  the  number  of  the  test.  The 
period  of  observation  is  the  time  during  which  the  heat  was  maintained  as 
near  as  possible,  at  the  desired  temperature.  The  total  time  of  treatment 
includes  the  period  of  observation  and  the  time  required  to  bring  the  appara- 
tus up  to  the  desired  temperature.  The  highest  and  lowest  temperatures 
indicate  the  extremes  which  were  recorded  during  the  period  of  observation. 

In  the  tables  below,  No.  2a  and  2b,  the  actual  values  of  the  resulting  prod-i 
uct  are  given,  in  comparison  with  the  values  for  the  original  coal,  in  order 
to  show  the  entire  alterations  which  have  occured. 


Table  No.  2a. 

Proximate  Analyses  of  the  Residue  Compared  with  that  of  the 
Original  Coal. 


Sample  Na  686 — Atmosphere  of  Nitrogen. 


Original 
Coal. 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

Average  temperatures 

Moisture 

Ash 

6.53 
7.76 
33.86 
51.85 
2.10 
12380 

270° 
1.79 
8.71 
33.93 
55.57 
2.03 
12946 

292° 
1.01 

8.85 
33.58 
56.56 

2.08 
13092 

277° 
1.53 
8.85 
34.52 
55.10 
2.08 
12980 

336° 
1.44 
8.96 
30.37 
59.23 
1.56 
13232 

299° 
1.00 
8.48 
34.13 
56.39 
1.98 
13282 

367° 
.70 
9.20 
25.34 
64.76 
1.98 
13133 

402° 
1.25 

10.85  ' 
19.95; 
67.95  ! 

Volatile  matter 

Fixed  carbon 

Sulphur 

B.  t.  u 

Table  No.  2b. 


Proximate  Analysis  of  the  Residue  Compared  with  that  of  th 

Coal. 

Sample  No.  791 — Atmosphere  oi  Nitrogen. 

'  Orii 

t 

Original 

Coal. 

Tesl  S 

mperature 

0  M 

Moisture    

8  :;s 

84.61 

,n  06 

.V.li                                                    .            

V-.l;il  He    M:i  1  I'l                             

1  larbon               

Sulphur                                      

B,  T  i                                                                                           ,,,,,, 

I  08 

Parr  and  Francis.]      ARTIFICIAL    MODIFICATION    OF    COAL. 


183 


In  the  above  tables,  No.  2a  and  2b,  the  advantages  exhibited  in  the  product, 
in  comparison  with  the  original  coal,  are  exaggerated  by  reason  of  the  large 
loss  of  moisture.  It  is,  therefore,  misleading  as  an  index  of  actual  chemical 
transformations,  but  it  does  give  a  correct  relative  indication  of  values  in 
the  treated  condition.  For  example,  the  resulting  product,  in  tests  4,  5,  6  and 
8,  show  a  relative  increase  in  B.  t.  u.  of  from  6  to  7  per  cent. 

In  order  to  arrive  at  an  appreciation  of  the  actual  changes  that  have  taken 
place,  the  various  constituents  must  be  calculated  to  some  common  unit  for 
comparison.  This  has  been  done  in  tables  No.  2a  and  3b,  where  the  unit 
employed  has  been  the  original  ash  content  of  the  coal,  when  reduced  to  the 
dry  or  water  free  basis. 

Table  No.  3a. 

Resulting  Constituents  Compared  with  Unit  Ash,  Dry  Basis. 

Atmosphere  of  Nitrogen.— Carterville  Coal,  Sample  No.  686. 


Values 

Before 

Heating. 


Test  Numbers. 


Average  Temperature 
Ash 


Volatile  Matter 

Fixed  Carbon 

Sulphur 

B.  T.  U 

B.  T.  U.  on  Unit  Coaltt  Basis. 


8.30 
36.23 
55.47 

2.24 
13244 
14567 


270° 
8.30 
32.33 
52.95 
1.92 
12366 
14583 


292c 
8.30 
31.49 
53.05 
1.95 
12278 
14639 


277c 
8.30 
32.38 
51.68 
1.93 
12173 
14601 


28.13 

54.87 

1.45 

12257 


299° 
8.30 
33.38 
55.05 
1.94 
13000 
14783 


367 c 
8.30 
22.86 
58.43 
1.83 
11847 
14689 


402c 
8  30 
15.26 
51,98 
1.32 
9819 
14702 


ttBy  '  'Unit  Coal"  is  here  meant  the  ash  and  water  free  basis  corrected  for  sulphur  as  on 
p.  180. 

Table  No.  3b. 
|,        Resulting  Constituents  Compared  zvith  Unit  Ash,  Dry  Basis. 

Atmosphere  of  Nitrogen.— Carterville  Coal,  Sample  No.  791. 


Test  No.  8. 


Values  before 
heating, 
dry  coal. 


Values  after 

heating, 

referred  to 

unit  ash. 


Average  Temperature 

V.sh 

9.52 
37.00 
53.47 

2.23 
13290 
14819 

/olatile  Matter 

I'ixed  Carbon 

sulphur 

}.  T.  U 

5.  T.  U.  unit  coal  basis 

381c 
9.52 
21.70 
59.88 
1.88 
12076 
11*87 


In  these  tables,  3a  and  3b,  it  is  assumed  that,  by  taking  a  unit  ash,  tot 
example  8.30  per  cent,  or  the  amount  present  in  the  oven  dry  coal  before 
reatment,  and  calculating  the  relative  amounts  of  the  several  constituents 
0  this  unit  as   a   basis,   an   indication   would   thus   be   made  of   the   e 


1 84 


YEAR  BOOK  FOR   I907. 


[Bull.   No.  8 


changes  produced  in  the  several  initial  values.  Thus,  at  all  temperatures, 
there  is  an  actual  decrease  in  the  volatile  matter  which  becomes  marked  in 
the  higher  temperature,  viz.,  in  tests  No.  4,  6,  7  and  8,  or  from  a  range  of 
375  to  400  degrees  centigrade.* 

In  tests  6  and  8,  a  positive  increase  of  fixed  carbon  is  shown,  while  in  all 
cases  a  reduction  in  the  heat  values  is  indicated.  This  reduction  is  accounted 
for  by  the  hydrocarbon  values  represented  in  the  gaseous  and  oil  products 
of  distillation.  Especial  attention  should  be  directed  to  the  last  line  showing 
the  heat  values  calculated  to  the  unit  coal  basis.  These  values  show  a  con- 
sistent increase  throughout.  A  tentative  explanation  is  offered  in  that  the 
oxygen  and  nitrogen  compounds  of  the  volatile  matter  have  been  more  largely 
driven  off  than  was  the  case  with  the  hydrocarbon  compounds.  If  the  loss  in 
volatile  matter  as  shown  had  been  chiefly  that  of  the  marsh  gas  (CH4)  series, 
a  reduction  in  heat  values  for  unit  coal  must  result.  If,  however,  the  loss  is 
made  up  of  water  of  composition,  H20,  phenol,  C6H5OH,  etc.,  there  would 
be  a  relative  increase  in  the  heat  content  of  the  residual  coal.  Further,  the 
weight  of  water  condensing  in  the  flasks  and  separated  from  the  oil,  showed 
in  each  test  an  increase  over  the  possible  amount  which  could  come  from 
the  free  water  present.  The  increase  amounted  to  3  per  cent  in  test  No.  4, 
4%  per  cent  in  test  No.  6,  and  a  little  less  than  3  per  cent  in  test  No.  7. 
These  figures  must  represent  the  percentage  of  decrease  in  the  water  of 
composition.  A  loss  of  2  per  cent  in  this  constituent  would  raise  the  B.t.u. 
factor,  referred  to  the  unit  coal  basis,  from  14567  to  14864.  This  would  seem 
to  warrant  the  conclusion  that  a  loss  of  water  of  composition  occurs.  This 
is  an  important  point  to  further  substantiate,  as  it  is  a  fundamental  feature 
of  this  investigation  to  develop,  as  nearly  as  may  be,  the  conditions  which 
govern  the  various  decomposition  processes. 

In  order  to  arrive  at  a  further  appreciation  of  the  actual  changes  that  have, 
taken  place,  the  alterations  in  the  several  constituents  have  been  calculated 
to  a  percentage  gain  or  loss  of  their  original  values  as  presented  in  Table 
No.  4,  as  below.  From  the  table,  it  will  be  seen  that  the  actual  loss  in  vola- 
tile matter  has  been  accompanied  in  the  higher  temperatures,  as  shown  in 
tests  6  and  8,  with  an  actual  increase  of  fixed  carbon.  The  decrease  in  the 
heat  units  of  the  product  is  not  an  actual  loss  but  is  represented  by  corre- 
sponding values  in  the  combustible  gases,  as  shown  in  a  succeeding  table, 
No.  5. 

Table  No.  4. 

Loss  or  Gain  of  Constituents  Calculated  as  Percentage  of  Original 

Values  for  Each. 


Samples  Nc 

.  686  and  791 — Atmosphere  of  Nitrogen. 

I 

Number 
of  test. 

Volatile 
matter. 

Fixed 
carbon. 

Sulphur. 

B.  T.  U. 

Weight 

ash  and 

water  free. 

Yield 
per  100  lbs. 

dry  coal. 

Average 
tempera- 
ture. 

10.75 
13.08 
10.63 
82.86 
7.88 
88  80 

4.56 
4.38 
6.85 
1.08 
.76 

14.28 
12.94 
13.85 
35.27 
18.88 
15.62 

6.63 
7.29 
8.09 
7.45 
1.84 
10.54 

7.00 
7.81 
8.33 
9.49 
3.57 
ii  :;;> 

93.58 
92.84 
92.36 
81.80 

%.  Tli 
S!)  ..".) 

8        

292° 

I  

Loss 

277° 

4  

5  

li 

Loss. 

1  ,<>SS. 

336° 
299° 
367° 

Gain, 

5.84 
6.80 

7   . 

87.88 
11  86 

II    II 
88  18 

86  st; 

9.14 

M  88 

8.81 

B1.10 

402° 

| 

QftlO 

381° 

11.98 

•r.  ..  k'rees  are    n  •  <i    ilimiiKlmul    In    Mm ••    «ii-  >-u     i..n         <        i  -  i 


'arrandFbancis.]      ARTIFICIAL    MODIFICATION    OF    COAL. 


185 


The  character  of  the  gas  may  he  judged  from  the  analyses  given  below, 
Table  No.  5.  No  attempt  was  made  to  collect  all  the  gas  produced  before 
test  No.  6.  Although  samples  were  taken  and  analyzed,  they  were  not  con- 
sidered representative  of  the  total  volume,  so  are  not  given.  The  figures 
given  below  were  obtained  by  averaging  the  analyses  of  each  portion  evolved. 


Table  No.  5. 

J  Composition  of  Gas  as  Shown  by  Averaging  Analyses  of  Portions 

Given  Off. 


Test  number. 


Temperature 

Period  of  observation 

Carbon  dioxide  and  hydrogen  sulphide 

Illuminants 

Oxygen 

Carbon  monoxide 

Methane 

Hydrogen 

Nitrogen 

Volume  of  gas  evolved 


367°C. 

402° 

381° 

6hrs. 

3hrs. 

6hrs. 

21.85 

17.33 

12.58 

8.67 

9.54 

10.48 

0.00 

0.00 

0.00 

8.42 

7.66 

6.96 

2.52 

32.66 

28.07 

1.99 

2  37 

2.07 

56.54 

29.97 

39.50 

47  Liters. 

50  Liters. 

45  Liters. 

Second  Series;  Steam  Atmosphere. 

In  this  series,  the  atmosphere  of  nitrogen  was  replaced  by  one  of  steam. 
Presumably,  this  also  would  be  a  non-oxidizing  atmosphere,  but  the  oppor- 
tunity to  study  the  action  of  steam  directly  at  the  temperatures  employed, 
as  well  as  to  compare  the  action  with  that  where  nitrogen  was  used,  was 
deemed  of  sufficient  importance  to  arrange  for  this  series  as  given  below. 

The  apparatus  was  set  up  as  shown  in  the  illustration,  plate  7.  The  steam 
was  generated  from  distilled  water,  and  conducted  directly  into  the  retort, 
which  was  maintained,  as  before,  at  the  desired  temperature  by  means  of 
gas  burners,  the  retort  being  frequently  turned  on  its  axis.  The  coal  treated 
was  from  the  same  mine  as  that  used  for  the  previous  series.  The  composi- 
tion of  the  samples  is  shown  by  the  following  analysis: 


No.  1056. 

Moist  coal. 

Dry  Coal. 

3,28 
8.44 
36.83 
51.45 
2.49 
12868 

Lsh 

8.72 

Volatile  matter 

38.07 

"'ixed  carbon . .   , 

53.19 

ulphur 

2.57 

1 1.  T.  U 

j>.  T.  U.  unit  coal  basis '. 

13304 
14605 

l86  YEAR  BOOK  FOR   I907.  [Bull.   No.   3 

The  conditions  under  which  this  test  was  made  are  indicated  below. 


0 

•J 

[A3 

3 

TJ 

H= 

F 

a 

> 

O  » 

O  O 

<rfO 

0 

CD 

O 

O 
O 

0 
0 

SB 

<!  O 

get 

si 

p 

CD(TCJ 

£  <* 

CD  c* 

►1 

g 

£  & 
►1  - 

O 

C 

C 

c 

: 

: 

& 

r 

D 

CD 

CO 

3 

1056 

1 

Buckwh'at 

2400  gr. 

2hrs. 

3hrs.,40min. 

366° 

386° 

381° 

Table  No.  6. 
Constituents  of  the  Residue  Compared  with  those  of  the  Original  Coal. 

Atmosphere  of  Steam.  Temperature  381°C. 


Proximate 

ANALYSES. 

Unit  Ash  Basis. 

Before. 

After. 

Before. 

After. 

Moisture 

3.28 
8.44 
36.83 
51.45 
2.49 
12868 

0.28 

9.64 

28.51 

61.57 

2.37 

13221 

Ash 

8.72 
38.07 
53*19 

2.57 
13304 
14605 

8.72 

Volatile  matter 

25.78 

Fixed  carbon 

55.79       ; 
2.14 
11959 
14813 

Sulphur 

B.  T.  U 

B.  T.  U.  unit  coal  bases 

Those  results  are  very  similar  to  those  obtained  in  an  atmosphere  of  nitro- 
gen. It  is  to  be  noted  that  there  is  a  relative  increase  in  fixed  carbon  (51.45 
to  61.47),  as  also  an  actual  increase  (53.19  to  55.79).  The  relative  heat  values; 
are  higher  after  treatment,  but,  when  calculated  to  unit  ash  (8.72%)  the' 
value  is  lower;  the  loss  being  represented  by  the  hydrocarbons  of  the  gases 
distilled.  An  interesting  verification  of  the  previous  results  is  also  shown, 
in  the  B.t.u.  calculated  to  unit  coal.  Here,  again,  it  seems  probable  that  the 
loss  in  volatile  matter  was  greater  in  non-combustible  constituents  than  in 
hydrocarbons.  No  approximation  could  be  made  in  this  test,  of  the  amount 
of  water  of  composition  recovered,  because  of  the  additional  water  due  to  the 
condensation  of  ihe  steam.  The  additional  weight  of  condensation  would 
represent  8.30  per  (tent  of  water.  In  further  experiments  with  a  steam  atmos- 
phere, ii  may  be  possible  to  make  record  of  the  amount  of  condensation  from 
i  be    beam  introduced. 


Table  No.  7. 
Analysis  of  Gas  Evolved  from  the  Coal  under  an  Atmosphere  of  Steam 


i  ui. 


Period 

-..   \  ;il'n 


M\ 

ireo  sul- 
phide, 


i  larboD 
dioxid* 


i  >\     n\ 


[Hum- 
Inants 


( lai  bon 
mono- 
side. 


Me- 

thane 


Hydro 


Nitro 


1.80        i     10    .   0.80         7.30         9.60        20 


0        29.30       371.. 


Park  ani,  Francis.]      ARTIFICIAL    MODIFICATION    OF    COAL. 


Third  Series:   Oxygen  Atmosphere. 


187 


The  operation  was  the  same  as  in  the  previous  series,  except  that  an  at- 
mosphere of  pure  oxygen  was  supplied  during  the  entire  period  of  heating. 

The  coal  treated  was  of  the  same  character  as  No.  686,  and  from  the  same 
mine,  with  the  composition  shown  in  the  following  analysis: 


No.  791. 


Moist  Coal. 


Dry  Coal. 


Moisture 

Ash 

Volatile  matter 

Fixed  carbon 

Sulphur 

B.  T.  U.  per  lb 

B.  T.  U.  unite  coal  basis. 


6.13 
8.27 
34.59 
51.01 
2.06 
12443 


8.81 
36.84 
54.21 

2.19 
13290 
14819 


The   following  table   shows   the   conditions   under   which  this   series   was 
conducted. 

Table  No.  8. 

Test  Conditions  Carterville  Coal.    Sample  No.  /pi. 

Atmosphere  of  Oxygen. 


Test  number. 


Weight  of  coal 

Size  of  coal...; 

Period  of  observation.. . 
Total  time  of  treatment 

Lowest  temperature 

Highest  temperature  . . . 
Average  temperature . . . 


2350  gms. 
Buckwheat. 

3  hrs.  10  min. 

4  hrs.  20  min. 

249° 
290° 
279° 


2200 

Buckwheat. 

4  hrs. 

5  hrs.  15  min. 

328° 

358° 

346° 


2000 
Buckwheat. 

4  hrs.  20  min. 

3  hrs.  30  min. 
346° 
404° 
379° 


2350 

Buckwheat. 

4  hrs. 

6  hrs. 

349° 

402° 

375° 


1 88 


YEAR  BOOK  FOR   I907. 


[Bull.  No.  8 


The  composition  of  the  coal  before  and  after  treatment  in  an  atmosphere 
of  oxygen  under  the  conditions  as  indicated,  is  shown  in  the  table  below: 


Table  No.  9. 

Proximate  Analysis  of  the  Residue  Compared  with  the  Original  Coal 

Sample  791. 

Atmosphere  of  Oxygen. 


1 

2 

3 

4 

Test  Number. 

Before. 

After. 

Before. 

After. 

Before. 

Alter. 

Before. 

After. 

Average  Temperature 

279° 
0.82 
8.61 
35.06 
55.51 
2.07 
13027 

5.99 

8.26 

36.01 

49.74 

1.98 

12600 

346° 
0.82 
8.90 
30.80 
59.48 
1.92 
13251 

5.97 
8.01 
35.19 
50.83 
2.04 
12600 

379° 
0.75 
9.67 
21.25 
68.33 
1.94 
13152 

5.03 
8.10 
34.01 

375° 

Moisture 

6.13 
8.27 
34.59 
51  01 
2.06 
12565 

0.46 

Ash 

9.68 

Volatile  Matter 

25.27 

Fixed  Carbon 

52.86     i  64.59 

Sulphur 

2.07         2.25 

B.  T.  U 

12750       13217 

A  feature  to  be  noted  in  this  series  is  the  fact  that,  at  a  .temperature  of 
279  °C,  only  a  small  amount  of  decomposition  has  taken  place,  or,  in  other 
words,  the  change  in  the  constituents  is  about  that  which  would  result  from 
the  removal  of  the  moisture.  At  346°,  as  in  test  No.  2,  a  positive  decomposi- 
tion has  occurred.  It  would  seem,  moreover,  that  oxidation  had  played  a 
considerable  part  in  the  changes,  as  may  be  inferred  by  a  reference  to  the 
composition  of  the  gases  from  this  test,  shown  in  table  No.  11.  The  same 
statements  may  also  be  made  in  connection  with  tests  Nos.  3  and  4. 


Table  No.  10. 
Resulting  Constituents  Compared  with  Unit  Ash,  Dry  Basis. 

Atmosphere  of  Oxygen. 


1 

2 

3 

4 

Test  No. 

Before. 

After. 

Before. 

After. 

Before. 

After. 

Before. 

After. 

Average  Temperature  

Ash 

8.81 
88.81 

54.21 

8.19 
18885 
11819 

279° 
8.81 
35.87 
56.80 
2.00 
18880 
14497 

8.78 
88.80 

52.90 
2.10 

18108 
14818 

346° 
8.78 
80.88 

58.69 
1.88 
13072 
14788 

8.52 
87.48 
54.05 

1  18 
18898 
14768 

379° 
8.52 
18.72 
TO.  20 

1.71 
11688 
14788 

B.58 
35  81 
B5.88 

8.11 

18488 
14800 

375° 
8  68 

Volatile   Matter 

89  80 

Fixed  Carbon 

Sulphur  

It    T    D     

B    1    1    unit  ooa]  bails 

66.88 

1.98 
11 688 

t  is;is 

Pabb  and  Francis.]      ARTIFICIAL    MODIFICATION    OF    COAL. 


189 


In  this  table,  as  in  tables  No.  3a  and  3b,  a  unit  ash  is  used  as  the  basis  of 
comparison  in  order  to  show  the  actual  variation  produced  in  the  several 
factors.  Since  the  samples  were  not  identical,  a  slight  variation  in  ash 
makes  it  necessary  to  compare  the  "before"  and  "after"  values  for  each  test. 
It  is  interesting  to  note  that  in  an  atmosphere  of  oxygen,  the  same  general 
characteristics  are  evident  as  enumerated  under  series  one  and  two.  This 
additional  fact  is  to  be  noted.  An  examination  of  the  gas  values  as  given  in 
table  11,  shows  a  high  percentage  of  C02  for  tests  Nos.  2,  3  and  4.  This  indi- 
cates a  direct  oxidation  at  the  temperatures  employed.  The  amount  of  oxida- 
tion would,  perhaps,  be  in  proportion  to  the  volume  of  oxygen  admitted. 
Experiments  were  therefore  devised  to  test  this  feature  as  in  series  4,  fol- 
lowing table  No.  11. 


Table  No.   ii. 

Composition  of  Gas  as  Shown  by  Averaging  Analyses  of  Portions 

Given  Off. 

Atmosphere  of  Oxygen. 


Test  Number. 


;i 


Temperature 

Period  of  observation 

Carbon  dioxide  and  hydrogen  sulphide 

Illuminants 

Oxygen 

Carbon  monoxide , 

Methane.. 

Hydrogen 

Nitrogen 

Volume  of  gas  evolved 


279° 

4  hrs. 

5.25 

0.00 
13.80 

2.50 

7.20 

0.00 

71.25 

12  Liters. 


346° 

4  hrs. 
20.80 

2.50 
10.40 

6.60 
12.27 

0.00 

47.43 

23  Liters. 


379° 
412  hrs. 
12.73 

3.53 

9.27 

4.74 
13.  68 

0.00 

56.05 

50  Liters. 


375° 

3  hrs. 
13.84 

4.24 

7.68 

6.64 
15.16 

0.00 

52.44 

45  Liters. 


Fourth  Series:    Oxidation  Experiments. 

It  was  thought  from  a  study  of  the  previous  series  in  an  oxygen  atmos- 
phere, and  the  occasional  sudden  rise  in  temperature  during  test  No.  4,  that 
there  was  some  internal  oxidation  of  the  coal.  In  order  to  verify  this  theory, 
at  the  end  of  that  test  with  a  temperature  of  375°,  the  source  of  heat  was 
removed  and  the  retort  cooled  to  343°C.  'Oxygen  was  then  admitted  in  excess 
to  see  if  any  chemical  activity  would  result  and  show  itself  by  a  rise  in 
temperature.  The  temperature  at  once  rose  to  349°  and  copious  fumes  were 
noticed  in  the  exit  tube.  Upon  opening  the  retort,  the  glass  tube  used  to 
protect  the  thermometer  was  found  to  have  been  fused  at  a  point  just  oppo- 
site the  oxygen  inlet.  These  facts  suggested  a  series  of  experiments  to  deter- 
mine, if  possible,  the  reason  for  such  rapid  oxidation  and  the  accompanying 
rise  in  temperature. 

Apparatus — The  apparatus  devised  for  this  series  is  shown  in  Figure  7, 
and,  as  may  be  seen,  consisted  of  two  towers  filled  with  solid  potassium 
hydroxide,  and  three  washing  bottles  partially  filled  with  a  50  per  cent  potas- 
sium hydroxide  solution.  That  this  solution  thoroughly  removed  any  traces 
of  carbon  dioxide,  which  may  have  been  contained  in  the  oxygen,  was  proved 
by  means  of  solutions  of  barium  hydroxide  in  the  two  small  flasks,  B'  and  B." 
A  round  1500cc  Jena  flask,  F,  served  as  a  heating  chamber;  a  nickel  calori- 
meter capsule,  C,  for  holding  the  material  to  be  tested,  was  firmly  fixed  in  a 
loop  of  heavy  iron  wire  and  suspended  in  the  flask.    Two  thermometers  were 


190 


YEAR  BOOK  FOR   IQCT/, 


[Bull.   No.   8 


used,  one,  T,  to  indicate  the  temperature  of  the  gas  (oxygen),  and  the  other, 
T',  was  immersed  in  the  coal  within  the  capsule.  The  exit  tube  led  the 
products  into  a  test  tube,  B,  containing  a  freshly  prepared  solution  of  barium 
hydroxide. 

Normally,  it  would  be  expected  that  the  temperature  of  the  surrounding 
gas  would  be  slightly  higher  than  that  of  the  coal,  the  loss  by  convection  and 
poor  conductivity  being  shown  by  a  slightly  lower  reading  of  the  thermome- 
ter inbedded  in  the  coal.  It  is  evident,  therefore,  that  any  relative  rise  in 
temperature,  as  shown  by  the  thermometer  T',  would  be  due  to  chemical 
activity  within  the  capsule.  By  charting  the  log  of  readings,  therefore,  of 
these  two  thermometers,  we  have  an  index  of  the  behavior  of  the  coal.  This 
plotting  of  the  curves  in  the  accompanying  charts,  therefore,  shows  at  a 
glance  the  stages  at  which  the  changes  occur;  the  crossing  of  the  lines,  or 
their  relative  directions,  being  due  to  the  addition  or  removal  of  the  exterior 
source  of  heat,  or  to  the  greater  or  less  activity  of  the  oxidation  process 
within  the  coal.  This  further  point,  however,  should  be  borne  in  mind,  that 
the  temperature  readings  of  the  coal  are  relative  as  indicating  the  average 
value  for  the  mass,  since  the  oxidation  no  doubt  is  greater  at  the  surface  of 
the  material  and  the  thermometer  bulb  must  pass  through  zones  of  higher 
or  lower  temperature. 


7h 


Koh 


Ck 


^T? 


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\/ 


SS 


S^ 


V 


i 


Oxidation    of    Coal 
and 
Temperature    Measurements 
PIG.   7. 


Procedure  and  Results  The  method  of  operation  was  as  follows:  Two 
as  of  the  coal  were  placed  Id  the  nickel  capsule  and  the  thermometers, 
etc.,  adjusted  as  described.  Oxygen  was  thru  admitted  at  the  rate  of  approxi- 
mate^ l"-1'  bubbles  per  minute.  The  flask,  F,  was  uniformly  heated  with  a 
constantly  moving  Bunsen  flame  and  readings  of  both  thermometers  recorded 
even  minute.  The  ftrsl  appearance  of  carbon  dioxide  was  noted  in  the  test 
solution,  B.  This  test  tube  w;is  changed  \\i<h  sufficient  frequenc\  to  indicate 
whether  or  not   the  evolution  of  carbon  dioxide  was  continuous,     it  served 

0    variations    In    Quantity,    since    it    could    easily    he    told    by    the 

rapiditj   of  precipitation,  whether  the  gas  was  Increasing  or  diminishing  In 
amount . 


Parr  and  Fhancis.]      ARTIFICIAL    MODIFICATION    OF    COAL. 


IQI 


By  referring  now  to  the  accompanying  charts,  the  continuous  line  in  each 
shows  the  reading  for  the  surrounding  gas,  while  the  dotted  line  gives  the 
readings  for  the  mass  of  the  coal  in  the  capsule.  It  may  he  said,  also,  that 
the  readings  were  taken  at  half  minute  and  minute  intervals,  but,  for  pur- 
poses of  the  charts,  since  the  direction  of  the  curves  were  not  altered  thereby, 
two  minute  intervals  are  indicated. 


(il 
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a 

DC 

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UJ 

15 

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UJ 

q: 

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Bituminous       Coal.-  Powdered 
Atmosphere  op   Oxycen 


soo 


160 


120 


80 


40 


A 

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Corl  No. 686-2 
A     Appearance    of      Fire 

■+■     Appearance    of      COe 
Temperature    of     Coal 

IE 

Ml 

PE 

Rf 

*TI 

iJF 

IE 

O 

F 

C* 

A« 

8 


16 


24- 


32 


-40 


Fia 


Time  —  Minutes 

Decomposition  of  Bituminous  Coal,  Powdered,  in  an  Atmosphere  of  Oxygen. 


The  points  to  be  noted  are  as  follows:  The  crossing  of  the  lines  frequently 
occurs,  showing  that  positive  oxidation  of  the  coal  is  taking  place.  If  we 
examine  in  detail,  for  example  Fig.  No.  8,  which  is  for  a  sample  of  Carter- 
ville  coal  in  a  finely  pulverized  form,  at  the  point  indicated  by  the  first 
cross  (  +  )  or  125°,  there  was  a  positive  appearance  of  carbon  dioxide,  as 
shown  by  the  barium  hydroxide  solution.  This  appearance  of  carbon  dioxide 
continued  until  a  temperature  of  155°  was  reached,  when  the  chemical  activ- 
ity became  so  great  as  to  cause  a  much  more  positive  evolution  of  carbon 
dioxide  and  a  very  rapid  rise  of  the  thermometer  T';  at  168°,  as  indicated 
by  the  delta  /^,  the  coal  showed  the  presence  of  fire  and,  of  course,  thermome- 
ter observations  could  no  longer  be  taken. 


192 


YEAR  BOOK  FOR   I907. 


[Bull.  No.  8 


Figure  9  is  a  repetition  of  the  previous  tests  as  shown  in  Figure  8,  except 
that  the  coal  was  of  buckwheat  size  instead  of  powdered.  Carbon  dioxide 
first  appeared  at  an  indicated  temperature  of  112°,  as  shown  by  the  first 
cross;   at  the  second  cross,  which  is  intended  to  indicate  the  point  where  a 

Bituminous    Coal.   —    buckwheat 
Atmosphere   of    Oxyqen 


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a 

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IU 

w 
ui 

Ui 

DC 

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O 

I 

us 
oc 

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z 


280 


2*0 


200 


160 


120 


80 


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Coal.  No.  686-2 
A  Appearance     of  Fire 
+  Appearance     or    C02 

Temperature   of    Coal 

Temperature  of    Gas 

/ 

' 

II 

1 

1 

/ 

f 

16 


2* 


32 


4-0 


Time  —  Minutes 


ri'.     0,      Decomposition    ol    Bit 


i   Coal,    Buckwheal    size   in 
.  k\  (pen. 


Atmosphere   of 


very  much  more  copious  evolution  of  carbon  dioxide  appeared,  the  tempera* 
tore  reading  was  117  .  This  rapid  evolution  of  carbon  dioxide  continued 
over  a  much  longer  p.icc,  however,  and  the  activity  was  nol  sufficiently 
groat  to  show  a  red  How  within  t  lie  eoal  until  a  temperature  of  258°  wiM 
reached.  Tlii:  BimplS  BhOWfl  that  the  oxidation  could  proceed  upon  the 
finely  divided   coal    more   rapidly   tlian   upon   the   buckwheat    size. 


Parr  and  Francis.]      ARTIFICIAL   MODIFICATION   OF   COAL. 


193 


In  Figure  10  a  sample  of  Pittsburgh  coal  in  the  powdered  form  was  em- 
ployed. Here  essentially  the  same  phenomena  were  shown,  both  as  to  the 
appearance  of  carbon  dioxide  and  as  to  the  more  rapid  evolution  of  the 
same,  though  the  point  for  the  appearance  of  fire  was  slightly  higher  than 

Pittsburq     Gas     Coal- powdered 
Atmosphere  of  Oxyqen 
ZAO 


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200 


160 


120 


80 


40 


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1 

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A  Appearance    of  Fire 
4-  Appearance   of     C02 

- — Temperature  of    Coal. 

Temperature    op    Gas 

// 

/f 

8 


16 


24 


3S 


40 


Fig.  10. 


Time-Minutes 

Decomposition  of  Pittsburg  Gas  Coal  in  an  Atmosphere  of  Oxygen 


vith  the  powdered  bituminous  coal  of  Figure  8.  This  suggests  that  the 
oxidation  of  hydrogen  may  also  have  a  part  in  the  chemical  reactions  in- 
volved, as  being,  perhaps,  more  readily  available  in  coals  of  the  strictly 
)ituminous  type. 

In  Figure  8  the  results  are  shown  upon  a  sample  of  powdered  anthracite. 

The  first  appearance  of  carbon  dioxide  was  again  at  125°.    At  135°  there  is  a 

tronger  evolution  of  carbon  dioxide  which  continues  with  increasing  rapidity 

s  indicated  by  the  more  rapid  rise  in  temperature  up  to   230°.     At  that 

ioint,  a  copious  evolution  of  C02  occurred  and  ignition  was  indicated  at  310°. 

-13  GS 


194 


YEAR  BOOK  FOR   I907. 


[Bull.  No.  8 


One  point  further  should  be  noted  in  these  tests.  For  convenience  in  chart- 
ing, the  results  of  any  phenomena  occurring  between  room  temperature  and 
those  indicated  have  not  been  employed.  In  each  instance,  however,  there 
was  a  slight  appearance  of  carbon   dioxide  at  about   30°;    this  disappeared 

Anthracite  —  powdered 
Atmosphere   of     Oxyqen 


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340 


300 


260 


220 


180 


140 


100 


60 


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Coal  No.  542-1 
A    Appearance    of   Fire 
-+■    Appearance     of      COs 

TlMPERRTURE      OP       CoAL 

/ 

'/ 

1  ! 

1 

l 
1 

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1 1 

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ip 

ET 

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40 


Pio,  ii.     De 


Time  —  Mimutes 

imposition  of  Anthracite  Coal  In  an  Atmosphere  of  oxyKciu 


until  ,-i  temperature  of  aboul   125°  was  reached.     From  this  ii  is  inferred  the 
a  certain  amount   of  carbon   dioxide  was  occluded  in  the  coal  structure 

driven  off  at   that    temperature,  and.  therefore,  this  first   appearance  o 
that  g&i  was  not  considered  to  be  the  point  where  oxidation  began. 


Parr  and  Francis.]      ARTIFICIAL   MODIFICATION   OF   COAL.  I95 

These  charts  are  exceedingly  interesting  and  show  that  rapid  oxidation 
at  a  relatively  low  temperature.  Morever,  the  kindling  temperature  is 
reached  soon  after  active  oxidation  begins,  depending  to  a  considerable 
extent  upon  the  oxygen  supply  and  also  upon  the  fineness  of  division,  as  well 
as  the  type  of  coal. 

This  study  of  the  oxidation  conditions  explains,  in  the  main,  the  reactions 
taking  place  in  the  larger  masses  of  coal  in  the  retort.  It  also  bears  directly 
upon  other  studies  being  carried  on  in  this  laboratory  in  connection  with  the 
weathering  and  spontaneous  combustion  of  coal. 

Summary. 

The  value  of  this  investigation,  from  an  industrial  standpoint,  can 
hardly  be  taken  up  until  after  a  fuller  development  of  all  the  facts 
involved.  This  work  is  now  being  continued  and  includes  the  deter- 
mination of  the  extent  and  value  of  the  by-products,  such  as  ammonia, 
oils,  gas,  etc. 

Concerning  the  coal  residue,  enough  has  already  been  developed  to 
indicate  that  it  would  have  a  special  value  for  domestic  use  and  such 
industrial  operations  as  require  a  smokeless  fuel.  While  much  of  the 
volatile  constituent  remains,  it  has  undergone  a  change  which  makes 
it  not  difficult  to  carry  on  combustion  without  the  production  of  smoke. 
This  fact  is,  perhaps,  suggested  by  the  rather  close  resemblance  in 
;  composition  to  the  so-called  smokeless  coals.  Because  of  the  very 
great  ease  with  which  this  material  may  be  broken  down,  it  would 
require,  in  all  probability,  to  be  subjected  to  the  briquetting  process. 

The  gas  given  off  is  of  high  illuminating  power  while  the  liquid 
consists  of  oils  without  the  presence  of  tar.  Substances  soluble  in 
water,  such  as  creosote,  ammonia,  etc.,  are  present  to  a  considerable 
extent.  The  availability  and  value  of  these  by-products  will  be  devel- 
oped, it  is  hoped,  in  the  further  study  of  the  problem. 


The  Weathering  of  Coal.* 
(By  S.  W.  Pabr  and  N.  D.  Hamilton.) 

In  cooperation  with  the  Engineering  Experiment  Station  of  the 
University  of  Illinois  there  has  been  conducted  during  the  year  past 
a  series  of  tests  of  the  weathering  of  coals.  The  storing  of  coal  is 
coming  to  be  more  and  more  a  necessary  practice  in  many  industrial 
operations  and  the  question  of  deterioration  enters  as  a  very  vital 
factor  in  the  case.  That  such  deterioration  occurs  is  conceded  by 
everyone,  but  exact  data  as  to  its  extent  or  information  as  to  the  con- 
ditions which  retard  or  promote  it  are  meagre.  Storage  plants  with 
capacities  ranging  from  50,000  to  150,000  tons  are  becoming  frequent. 
Each  percent  of  deterioration  in  a  storage  heap  of  the  smaller  size  rep- 
resents a  loss  of  the  equivalent  of  500  tons  of  coal.  This  is  a  serious 
proposition  if  true  and  the  present  series  of  experiments  was  devised 
for  the  purpose  of  developing,  if  possible,  some  of  the  facts  con- 
nected with  the  matter. 

Richter,  after  extended  experiments  in  1868,  formulated  an  ex- 
planation for  the  weathering  of  coal,  which  does  not  seem  to  be  dis- 
proven  by  more  recent  experimenters,  to  the  effect  that  the  weathering 
of  coal  is  due  to  the  absorption  of  oxygen,  a  part  of  which  goes  to  the 
oxidation  of  carbon  and  hydrogen  in  the  coal,  and  part  is  taken  into 
the  composition  of  the  coal  itself.  We  certainly  need  more  definite 
information  in  order  to  formulate  a  final  and  satisfactory  explanation 
of  all  the  phenomena  involved,  but  Richter's  theory  conforms  to  many 
of  the  known  conditions  and  indicates  the  close  relationship  between 
the  matter  of  deterioration  and  spontaneous  combustion. 

The  experiments  herein  described  had  the  disadvantage  of  being 
conducted  upon  a  relatively  small  scale,  in  lots  of  ten  to  twenty  pounds. 
It  may  be  questioned  whether  deterioration  in  large  heaps  would  be  at 
a  corresponding  rate.  Still,  certain  conditions  seem  to  attend  the  pro- 
cess of  weathering  and  a  knowledge  of  these  facts  is  a  necessary  pre- 
liminary to  the  more  extensive  study  of  the  subject,  which  we  hope 
to  follow  out. 

Samples  were  obtained  from  several  districts  in  the  Stale  so  that 

conclusions  might  be  generally  applicable.    The  conditions  under  which 

the  coals  were  studied  were  as  follows:    The  starting  point,  oi  course, 

the  COal   ill   its  normal  state;  thai    is,  as  nearly   as  possible,  eorre- 


•The  greater  portion  of  this  article  was  published  in  Economic  Geology,  Vol.  II,  pp. 
1  <>  the  article  a     originally  printed  have  been  added  additional  dntn  ns  in* 
dlcated    In    the    text      Readers    will    And    the    subject    further    discussed    in    null.    17, 
University  of  1  lllnoli  1  )nglne<  1  Lmenl  Btauon, 

I06 


Parr  and  Hamilton] 


WEATHERING  OF   COAL. 


197 


sponding  to  the  condition  existing  when  broken  out  of  the  seam.  The 
time  between  the  mining  of  the  coal  and  the  initial  analysis  varied 
somewhat,  but  the  first  series  of  tests  was  made  as  soon  as  possible 
after  the  mining  of  the  coal.  In  the  light  of  subsequent  developments, 
greater  stress  should  be  put  upon  the  early  examination  of  samples  to 
determine  the  initial  condition.  Even  under  the  most  careful  disposi- 
tion of  samples  in  laboratory  containers,  a  deterioration  takes  place 
which,  while  not  strictly  a  weathering  process,  is  still  a  large  element 
in  any  study  of  the  case  and  must  be  considered,  if  exact  conclusions 
are  to  be  available. 

The  coal  used  was  of  small  lump  or  nut  size,  and  each  sample,  of 
approximately  one  hundred  pounds,  was  subdivided  in  order  to  sub- 
ject the  same  kind  of  coal  to  various  conditions.  The  conditions  were 
to  be  continued  through  nine  months  and  were  as  follows : 

(a)  Outdoor  exposure. 

(b)  Exposure  to  a  dry  atmosphere  at  a  somewhat  elevated  tem- 
perature, ranging  between  85  °  and  1200  Fahr. 

Sampled  One:  Day  after  Mining, 


5000 


Id 

03 

D 

to 
X 
o 

b. 
O 

a 

z 

3 
O 
Q- 

QL 

UJ 

a. 
Z) 
H 

CO 


14000 


13000 


. 

"^ 

»»    " 

'""' 

% 

*> 

N 

"<» 

V 

*«• 

V, 

1. 

^. 

^ 

* 

> 

, 

v> 

k 

— ,  m 

.-' 

1    — 

Outdoor  exposure. 

At85"toI20T  dry. 

AT  85°TO  \lO°f.  WETTED  OFTEN 

CllBliPrt/TR        ATT      "7A°( 

#\l 

0ia345678 

Time  of  Exposure- Months 

Pig.  12.     Vermilion  county  "No.  7"  coal ;  nut  and  slack. 


9      10 


(c)     Under  the  same  conditions  as  (&)  so  far  as  temperature  was 
concerned,  but  to  be  drenched  with  water  two  or  three  times  per  week. 


YEAR  BOOK  FOR   I907. 


[Bull.   No.   8 


(d)  Submerged  in  ordinary  water  at  a  temperature  approxi- 
mately 70  °. 

The  periods  for  examination  were  divided  as  nearly  as  the  work 
would  permit  into 

1.  The  initial  analysis  of  the  fresh  coal. 

2.  After  exposure  for  five  months. 

3.  After  exposure  for  seven  months. 

4.  After  exposure  for  nine  months. 


Sampled  One  Day  after  Mining 


65 

-D 
CO 

Z 

3 

O 

o 

z 

o 
a 

u 

0. 

D 

h; 

CO 


15000 


14000 


13000 


J*^» 

. 

** 

^ 

s- 

«* 

••» 

'*""< 

^ 

^» 

\ 

S 

k^ 

A 

1 - 

+* 

^ 

*«i 

Y" 

* 

\ 

\ 

1 — 

Outdoor  exposure. 

AT85°T0l20T.  DRY. 

At  85,Toi20T  wetted  often 

CiiBurn/>.pf\     K-r    *7/V»  F" 

Ml 

01         Z345678 

Time  of  Exposure-  Months. 

Pig.    L8.     Sangamon  county  "No.  5"  coal;  washed  pcav 


10 


For  the  sake  of  comparison  also  the  calorific  values  were  determined 
under  uniform  conditions  throughout  by  means  of  (he  Parr  calori- 
meter and  the  results  calculated  (o  the  ash-  and  water-free  basis  to 
eliminate,  as  far  as  possible,  any  variations  in  the  process  ^\  sampling 
and  to  make,  as  far  as  possible,  the  different  samples  as  well  as  the 
different  lots  comparable  anion-  themselves.  The  results  for  each 
sample  are  charted  in  the  diagrams  herewith.  These  charts  are  used 
1>\  courtesy  of  the  Engineering  Experiment  Station  of  the  Univci 
Of   Illinois. 


Parr  and  Hamilton] 


WEATHERING  OF   COAL. 


199 


The  possible  sources  of  error  in  the  methods  here  used  are  dis- 
cussed elsewhere  in  this  bulletin.  It  must  be  admitted  that  in  these 
preliminary  experiments  they  were  not  at  all  properly  appreciated  at 
the  beginning.  Indeed,  it  was  in  the  course  of  this  work  that  some 
of  them  were  developed.  The  work  is  believed  nevertheless  to  be 
sufficiently  refined  for  qualitative  results,  and  the  curves  being  simple 
and  consistent,  may  be  accepted  in  that  sense  with  some  confidence. 
It  would  be  well  to  reserve  judgment  as  to  detailed  quantitative  meas- 
urements until  the  completion  of  the  more  exact  large  scale  tests  now 
under  way. 

The  diagrams  show  a  distinct  difference  between  the  submerged 
coal  and  the  samples  exposed  to  the  air.  If  we  omit  Fig.  13  it  may 
be  fairly  said  that  no  deterioration  has  taken  place  in  the  case  of  the 
submerged  samples.     It  is  not  improbable  that  the  initial  value  for  the 


15000 


Sampled  Three  Weeks  after  Mining. 


:!3 

eg 

P 

\n 

p 

X 

o 
VJ 

k. 
O 

a 

z 

i3 
O 

a 

of 

ia 
a. 

D 

K 

CO 


14000 


13000 


35 


^ 


s. 


—  Outdoor  exposure. 

—  at  85*10  izorr.  dry. 

— At 85^0  I20T  wetted  often 
— Submerged  at  70°  r. 


51 


0        1        234        56753      K> 

Time  or  Exposure-  Months. 

Fig.  14.     Christian  county  "No  5"  coal ;  nut  and  slack. 

coal  in  some  cases  is  too  high,  due  to  variations  in  sampling-  or  less 
familiarity  of  the  operator  as  to  methods,  etc.  Indeed,  as  a  whole,  the 
values  found  for  the  submerged  coal  throughout  the  nine  months  did 
not  vary  by  greater  amounts  than  would  be  expected  with  the  in- 
evitable modifications  due  to  sampling,  temperature  and  other  variables 
of  manipulation  or  surroundings. 


200 


YEAR  BOOK  FOR  I907. 


[Bull.  No.  8 


If  we  next  consider  the  charting  of  the  results  obtained  from  sam- 
ples subjected  to  outdoor  exposure,  we  find  wide  variations  in  amounl 
but  a  uniformity  as  to  the  fact  of  marked  deterioration.  These  sample? 
were  placed  in  shallow  boxes  on  the  nearly  flat  roof  of  a  building  and 
subjected  alike  to  the  changes  of  temperature  and  moisture  commoi 
to  the  months  from  October  to  July.  The  treatment,  therefore,  was 
identical.  The  variations,  which  range  from  2  to  10  per  cent  of  loss 
in  heat  values  must  be  ascribed  to  inherent  properties  of  the  coals 


Sampled  Four  Weeks  after  Mining. 


id 


%n 

D 

CO 

£ 
o 
u 

o 
a 

z 

3 
O 
Ol 

U 
U 
Q. 

D 

00 


15000 

!4000< 

«.  ^ 

.._ 

— - 

— H 

*—  ■ 

■» 

— 

^ 

— < 

1 

1 

~^ 

•- - 

— 1 

>-- 

.-4 

Outdoor  exposure:. 

At  85'to  izot  dry. 

Submerged  at  70°  F. 

13000 

0IZ34        56789I0 

Time  of  Exposure-  Months. 

Pio.  15.     Sangamon  county  "No.   5"  coal;  lump  broken  to  nut  sizes. 

themselves.  While  all  showed  more  or  less  of  the  tendency  to  disin- 
tegrate, they  varied  distinctly  in  the  case  with  which  the)  would 
crumble  under  pressure. 

If  we  consider  next  (hose  samples  represented  hy  the  dotted  line 
or  those  subjected  to  a  thoroughly  dry  atmosphere  and  at  a  slightly 
elevated  temperature,  we  will  find  with  hut  one  exception,  Fig.  1 
greater  deterioration  than  in  the  case  of  outdoor  exposure,  and  even 
in  this  exception  the  losses  in  both  cases  may  he  fairly  said  to  be  equal, 
Here  LA  a   rather  unexpected   result   in  that  ordinarily  a   roof  over  coal 


Parr  and  Hamilton] 


WEATHERING  OF   COAL. 


201 


in  storage  is  supposed  to  be  preferable  to  open  exposure.  It  is  true 
that  coal,  in  large  masses,  where  heating  might  more  readily  occur  as 
a  result  of  wetting  from  rains,  might  behave  differently;  but,  under 
the  conditions,  the  results  are  as  stated. 

Finally,  the  samples  subjected  to  high  temperature  with  frequent 
wetting  down,  conform  in  general  behavior  to  those  samples  exposed 
to  outdoor  influences.  Where  differences  occur,  as  in  Figs.  14  and 
17,  the  deterioration  is  greater  in  the  case  of  samples  having  the  fre- 


Sampled  One  Week  after  Mining. 


15000 

*w 

— 

._ 

_.. 

... 

.._ 

_.. 

... 

< 

UJ 

.J 

N 

^ 

to 

<v 

s. 

IA 

\ 

. 

D 

\ 

X 

s\ 

V 

'  N, 

>». 

O 

\ 

« 

,.( 

f 

u. 

s 

-H 

►-- 

— "*' 

0 

s 

^ 

z  14000 

a 

XL 

Ui 

3 
H 
(£1 

Outdoor  exposure. 

At85°toI20  Fdry. 

SUBMER6ED  AT  70°  F. 

13000 

Fig.  16. 


I         2       3       4-        5       6       7        8 

Time  of  Exposure- Months. 

Perry  county  "No.  6"  coal ;  lump  broken  to  nut  sizes. 


3      10 


quent  wetting  and  drying  out  process.  Here,  again,  the  results  are 
'  undoubtedly  variable  in  accordance  with  the  variation  of  structure 
;  and  composition  of  the  coals  themselves.  In  general,  we  would  expect 
]  greater  persistency  of  values  in  the  dense  and  less  friable  coals  and 

in  those  with  less  of  iron  pyrites  throughout  their  texture. 

Since  charting  the  preceding  results,  additional  data  on  the  loss  of 
I  fuel   values   have   come   to   hand   through   the   work   of   Mr.   W.    F. 

Wheeler,  as  follows :  In  collecting  certain  mine  samples  of  coal  for 
'  other  experiments,  opportunity  was  offered  for  procuring  pillar  coal 


202 


YEAR  BOOK  FOR   I907. 


[Bull.   No.   8« 


which  had  been  exposed  for  twenty  or  more  years.  Since  samples 
were  to  be  taken  from  the  working  face  of  the  seam,  in  the  same  mines, 
it  was  decided  to  take  surface  samples  also  from  these  old  pillars.  Two 
mines  were  thus  sampled  and  the  results  are  included  in  the  tables 
below,  Nos.  1  to  4.  It  will  be  seen  that  the  losses  in  value  are  still 
within  the  extremes  of  variation  shown  by  the  weathering  tests  as 
illustrated  in  the  preceding  tests. 


15000 


Sampled  Three  Weeks  after  Mining 


-I 
CO 

P 
V) 

3 
CO 

r 
o 
u 


t  14000 


o 
a 

z 

D 
O 

CL 

c 

D 
K 


13000  — 


^ 

S* 

•v 

=^i 

— . . 

1 

■ 

\ 

-s. 

•s 

" 

\ 

'> 

\ 

^ 

\ 

rA 

1 

*> 

S 

1 

-- 

— «i 

r" 

V 

\ 

s, 

\ 

\ 

\ 

\ 

I 

Outdoor  exposure. 

AT85T0I20T  DRY. 

At  85*to  I20T.  wetted  orr 

FN 

e..»t..m«E>-»    L-r~fr\'F 

J^ 

JD 

*1L 

.ki 

Jl- 

U 

AM 

0        1         Z        34-5        67        8 

Time  or  Exposure- Months 

Fig.  17.     Perry  county  "No.  7"  coal  ;  nut  nnd  slack. 


10 


A  further  test  was  also  afforded  in  the  case  of  a  half  car  of  coal 
which  had  been  exposed  to  weathering  conditions  for  a  little  over 
twelve  months,  Nos.  8  and  9.  Another  sample,  Mo.  7,  represents  a 
barrel  of  this  coal  which  had  been  stored  by  submerging  at  the  outset 
of  the  test  presumably  aboul  one  week  after  mining  and,  which,  oa 
the  theory  thai  values  in  thai  condition  had  remained  practically 
unchanged,  is  made  use  of  as  the  basis  of  comparison  for  these  Y\ 
villi-  samples.  The  main  1<>1  of  fifteen  tons  was  piled  on  the  ground 
in  a  rather  low  rounded  heap  without  cover,  and  thus  exposed  from 
October,    [906,  to   December,    [907.     A   sample  was  taken    from  over 


Parr  and  Hamilton] 


WEATHERING  OF   COAL. 


203 


the  surface  and  another  from  the  entire  mass  £y  throwing  out  every 
twentieth  shovelful  in  the  process  of  moving  the  pile.  The  purpose  of 
the  test  was  to  determine  the  difference  in  loss  between  the  exposed 
surface  coal  and  that  of  the  entire  lot.  While  a  slightly  greater  loss  is 
shown  in  the  surface  layer,  No.  8,  it  is  so  easily  within  the  variations 
of  experimental  error,  that  so  far  as  this  rather  limited  test  goes, 
there  is  not  indicated  an  appreciably  greater  loss  at  the  surface  than 
within  the  heap.  The  results  on  this  fifteen-ton  lot  are  referred  for 
comparison  to  the  submerged  sample,  as  being  most  nearly  of  the 
value  corresponding  to  the  freshly  mined  coal.  The  last  value  on  a 
four-weeks-old  sample,  No.  10,  is  added  as  showing  the  drop  in  value 
for  that  length  of  time. 

The  possibility  of  a  large  drop  in  values  during  the  first  few  days 
after  removal  from  the  seam  was  not  suspected  soon  enough  to  be 
taken  into  the  account  for  the  main  series  of  tests  as  set  forth  in  the 
charts.  Some  of  these  weathering  tests,  therefore,  show  a  smaller 
decrease  in  calorific  value  than  actually  occurs,  as  the  first  analyses 
represent  the  coal  several  days  after  mining,  instead  of  the  day  it  was 
mined. 


Material. 


B.  t.  u.  per 
pound  re- 
ferred to  Ash, 

Water  and 
Sulphur  Free. 


Drop  in  Heat 
Units  com- 
pared with 
Initial 
Values. 


10 


Belleville  field,  Illinois  ("No.  6' '  Coal)— 

Fresh  face  sample 

Pillar  coal,  22  years  exposure 

Saline-Gallatin  field,  Illinois  ( '  'No.  5' '  Coal)— 

Fresh  face  sample 

Pillar  coal,  27  years  exposure 

Danville  field,  Illinois  ( '  'No.  6' '  Coal)— 

l1!  Screening's .  1  week  from  mine 

3     Nut.  1  week  from  mine 

1%  Screenings,  submerged  1  week  after  mining,  and  stored 

1  year 

From  surface  of  15-ton  pile,  1  year  exDOSure 

From  throughout  15-ton  pile,  1  year  exposure 

Four  weeks  after  mining 


14785 
14372 


15188 
14755 


14627 
14586 


14588 
14241 


14264 
14410 


413 


434 


347 

324 

178 


As  bearing  still  further  upon  this  matter,  opportunity  has  also  been 
afforded  for  noting  the  drop  in  values  during  the  time  of  shipment 
from  various  mines  to  the  University.  Shipments  of  ij4"  screenings 
and  3"  nut  were  made  from  three  different  mines  and  the  coal  sampled 
as  it  was  loaded  and  resampled  approximately  one  week  later  as  it 
was  unloaded. 


204                                                    YEAR  BOOK  FOR  I907.                                   [Bull.   No.   8 

The   results   are  tabulated  below.     Attention  is   called  to  the   fact 
that  here  is  uniformly  a  drop   in   calorific  values,   which  is   slightly 
greater  in  the  larger  size. 

Loss  in  Calorific  Value  during  Transit. 

Test 

No. 

■Locality. 

Size  of  coal. 

When  sampled. 

B.  t.  u.  of  ash. 

water    and 

sulphur;  free 

coal. 

: 

B.t.u. 
lost. 

.,      Danville  field 

IV  screenings  . . . 
..do 

Same  day  as  mined 

14684 
14627 

57 
127 
105 

1 

. .  do. .               

lx4"  screenings  . . . 
..do 

Same  day  as  mined 

0      Sorine-field  area. . . 

14478 
14351 

a 

..do. 

Williamson  Co ... . 
..do 

134"  screenings  ... 
..do 

Same  day  as  mined 

3 

14658 
14553 

Danville  field 

..do 

3"  nut 

14768 
14596 

4 

..do. 

Springfield  area  . . 
..do 

3"  nut 

Same  day  as  mined 

4  days  after  mining 

Same  day  as  mined 

182 

14655 
14461 

5 

..do 

Williamson  Co 

..do 

3"  nut 

194 

14751 
14682 

6 

..do 

69 

All  of  these  samples  were  analyzed  within  a  few  days  of  the  sam- 
pling, but  as  both  sets  were  analyzed  at  the  same  time,  and  there  was' 
a  possible  deterioration  of  the  mine  samples  while  in  the  sealed  labora- 
tory containers,  as  shown  elsewhere  in  this  bulletin,  the  drop  in  value 
may  have  been  even  greater  than  is  indicated  in  the  table. 

SUMMARY. 

(a)  Submberged  coal  does  not  lose  appreciably  in  heat  value. 

(b)  Outdoor  exposure  results  in  a  loss  of  heating  value,  varying 
from  2  to  8  per  cent. 

(c)  Dry  storage  has  no  advantage  over  storage  in  the  open  except 
with  high  sulphur  coals,  where  the  high  disintegrating  effect  of  sul- 
phur in  the  process  of  oxidation  facilitates  the  escape  of  hydrocarbons 
or  the  oxidation  of  the  same. 

((f)  Tn  most  cases  the  losses  in  storage  appear  to  be  practically 
complete  at  the  end  of  five  months.  From  the  seventh  to  the  ninth 
month  the  loss  Is  inappreciable. 

(c)  The  results  obtained  in  small  samples  are  to  be  considered 
as  an  index  of  the  changes  affecting  large  masses  in  kind  rather  than 

in  degree,  but,  since  the  losses  here  shown  are  not  beyond  what  seems 

to  conform  In  a  general  way  to  the  experiences  of  users  o\  coal  from 
large  storage  heaps,  it  may  be  not  without  value  as  an  indication  ol 
weathering  effects  in  actual  practice. 

Further  Studies  are  in   progress  having  reference  to  actual   stor 

conditions. 


Ash  in  Coal  and  its  Influence  on  the  Value  of  Fuel. 
(By  A.  Bement?.) 

Strictly  speaking,  ash  is  an  impurity  in,  or  combined  with  coal  and 
in  no  proper  sense  a  part  of  it.  It  is,  rather,  incombustible  mineral 
matter  associated  with  the  fuel  and  remains  as  a  residue  after  com- 
bustion: Under  no  circumstances  is  it  in  any  way  beneficial ;  on  the 
contrary,  its  presence  is  decidedly  harmful.  In  fact,  the  ash  affects 
the  value  of  coal  in  larger  measure  than  any  other  feature  of  the  fuel 
composition. 

From  a  chemical  standpoint  ash  is  of  more  complicated  composition 
than  coal  proper,  as  the  following  list  of  elements  found  in  it  tend  to 
show : 


Principal  Elements  of  the  Ash. 


Elements  of  the  Coal. 


Silicon. 

Caloium. 

Magnesium. 

Iron. 

Aluminum. 

Sulphur. 

Oxygen. 


Carbon. 

Hydrogen. 

Sulphur. 

Oxygen. 

Nitrogen. 


In  addition  to  these  principal  elements,  there  are  others  present  in 
much  less  quanity.  These,  in  various  combinations  together  with  alka- 
lis, form  compounds  which  are  more  or  less  fusible  at  temperatures  of 
the  fire,  and  this  ready  fusibility  allows  the  production  of  clinkers.  In 
a  general  way  the  clinker  making  compounds  may  be  considered  to  be 
glass,  fire  clay  and  iron  compounds.  The  clinkers  form  large  masses 
and  are  an  obstruction  which  prevents  a  free  entrance  of  air  to 
the  fire.  The  iron  comes  from  within  the  seam  and  is  mainly  in  the 
form  of  iron  pyrites.  The  melting  of  the  iron,  if  present  in  sufficient 
amount,  produces  a  serious  clinker.  The  fire  clay  is  more  particularly 
from  the  strata  underlying  the  coal  and  its  fusion  also  forms  large 
:linkers. 

It  is  thought  by  some  firemen  that  coal  will  melt  and  "run,"  and 
Dften  this  belief  is  strengthened  by  the  ready  formation  of  a  very 
fusible  and  black  clinker,  which  is  considered  to  be  melted  coal.  As  a 
natter  of  fact,  dry  coal  does  not  melt ;  it  is  the  ash  associated  with  it 
:hat  fuses,  and  if  ash  were  absent  no  fusion  would  ensue.  The  fusing 
)f  coking  coal  is  an  entirely  different  process  and  does  not  result  in 
:he  formation  of  clinker.     It  is  also  sometimes  believed  that  coal  may 

205 


206  YEAR  BOOK  FOR  1907.  [Bull.  No.  8 

be  of  such  character  as  to  leave  a  larger  residue  of  ash  or  clinker  in 
some  cases  than  in  others,  and  that  ash  may  be  derived  from  the  coal; 
or,  in  other  words,  that  some  portion  of  the  coal  may  turn  to  ash. 
This  is  also  an  error,  because  all  of  the  residue  except  pieces  of  un- 
burned  coal  comes  from  the  ash  which  is  in  and  associated  with  coal. 
In  this  connection  it  is  desirable  to  define  the  meaning  of  the  word 
coal  with  more  exactness  than  usual,  in  order  to  avoid  confusion.  Coal 
is,  therefore,  here  used  to  mean  the  heat  producing  elements  which, 
together  with  the  ash  and  moisture,  make  the  fuel  composition. 
A  distinction  may  be  made  between  the  ash  in  the  fuel  as  follows : 

1.  Ash  in  the  clean  coal  itself. 

2.  Ash  in  the  entire  seam  of  coal  distinct  from  that  in  the  clean  coal. 

3.  Ash  associated  with  the  coal  which  becomes  mixed  in  during  mining, 
but  is  not  derived  fom  the  seam. 

It  is  not  only  desirable,  but  necessary,  to  recognize  these  distinctions 
for  a  proper  understanding  of  the  matter.  For  example,  if  a  clean 
lump  of  coal  is  selected  and  burned  in  the  laboratory,  it  will  be  found 
that  residue  remains,  notwithstanding  the  fact  that  the  lump  of  coal 
gives  no  indication  by  its  appearance  of  the  presence  of  any  ash.  Thus, 
ash  is  present  in  the  clean  coal  itself,  and  from  the  strict  chemical 
standpoint  this  may  be  considered  the  true  ash,  any  additional  foreign 
matter  being  really  dirt  mixed  with  the  coal,  rather  than  ash  in  coal. 

The  ash  present  in  the  entire  coal  seam  as  it  exists  in  the  ground 
consists  of  that  which  is  invisible  and  intimately  associated  with  the 
clean  coal  itself  and  also  pyrites  occurring  in  the  form  of  bands,  streaks 
and  wedges,  slate  bands,  etc.  If  the  entire  seam  be  mined  and  shipped 
as  mine  run  coal,  even  without  any  admixture  of  roof  or  bottom  clays, 
it  will  contain  two  kinds  of  ash;  that  present  in  the  coal  seam  itself 
and  that  which  is  more  or  less  disassociated  from  but  mixed  with  the 
coal,  although  coming  entirely  from  the  seam.  There  is  also,  how- 
ever, in  all  commercial  coal  more  or  less  dirt  from  sources  outside  of 
the  coal  seam ;  such  as  from  the  strata  overlying  the  bed  and  the  floor 
of  the  mine.  Both  may,  and  do,  contribute  more  or  less  dirt  to  the 
fuel.  Fuel  coal,  therefore,  as  mined  may  have  ash  present  in  the  fol- 
lowing degrees,  depending  upon  the  amount  of  preparation  which  the 
fuel  may  receive: 

1.  a     In  the  clean  coal. 

2.  a     In  the  clean  coal. 

1)     The  distinct  impurities  which  come  from  the  seam. 

3.  a     In  the  clean  coal. 

1)    Impurities  from  the  seam. 

c     Dirt  from  outside  of  the  Beam. 

A  distinction  is  also  recognizable  in  ash  in  clean  coal,  as  sometimes 
parts  of  the  seam  ma\  have  strata  in  which  the  ash  is  quite  high,  yet 
the  clean  Mads  lump  of  coal  ma}  nol  give  any  indication  of  its  pres- 
ence. This  is  referred  to  as  hone  or  hone  coal,  a  term  used  to  distin- 
guish between  i1  and  coal  containing  a  normal  amount  of  ash.  The 
etable  matter  from  which  the  coal  was  formed  contained  mineral 
matter  in  the  makeup  of  its  last  plant  structure.     That  this  must  be 


Bement.]  ASH   IN   COAL.  207 

true  is  evident  from  the  fact  that  a  residue  ash  remains  when  wood  is 
burned.  Therefore,  the  ideal  clean  coal  contains  an  amount  of  ash 
depending  on  the  quantity  of  mineral  matter  that  was  present  in  the 
vegetable  matter  which  formed  it.  But  a  bench  or  division  of  a  seam 
may  contain  but  little  ash.  These  benches  or  divisions  are  sometimes 
but  a  few  inches  or  fractions  of  an  inch  thick,  and  it  is  not  reasonable 
to  assume  that  the  vegetable  forming  them  contained  such  a  large 
quantity  of  mineral  matter.  It  is  more  probable  that  when  the  strata  of 
bone  coal  was  originally  deposited,  a  greater  or  less  quantity  of 
mud  was  present  and  accumulated  with  the  vegetable  matter.  Such 
bone  coal  benches  may  range  through  various  gradations  from  ideal 
clean  coal  to  a  bituminous  shale.  Thus,  a  distinction  could  be  made 
between  the  sorts  of  ash  in  what  has  been  considered  as  clean  coal  in 
the  foregoing  by  differentiation  between  the  ash  due  to  mineral  matter 
'in  the  plant  structure  and  to  mud  buried  with  the  vegetable  matter.  It 
is  hardly  necessary,  however,  to  apply  such  a  distinction  to  Illinois 
coal  seams,  because  strata  of  bone  are  neither  sufficiently  numerous  or 
of  such  serious  character  as  to  require  it  being  made. 

Bituminous  coal  of  the  Appalachian  field  is  lower  in  ash  than  that  of 
Illinois,  for  which  there  may  be  two  explanations.  The  mineral  matter 
in  the  plant  structure  forming  the  eastern  field .  may  have  been  less 
than  in  Illinois.  Or,  in  the  formation  of  the  beds  of  the  basin  of 
which  Illinois  is  a  part  there  may  have  been  a  considerable  quantity  of 
mud  and  slime  deposited  with  the  vegetable  matter  as  characteristic 
of  the  field  in  general.  Adopting  the  latter  view,  it  may  be  that  Illinois 
coal  is  all  of  a  mild  bone  variety. 

The  character  and  value  of  fuel  is  to  a  large  extent  dependent  on  the 
preparation  it  receives,  and  for  fuel  to  be  of  good  quality  requires  that 
it  be  well  prepared;  and  this  necessitates,  as  far  as  ash  is  concerned, 
that  the  pyrites,  slate  bands,  dirt,  etc.,  as  well  as  any  bone  coal,  be 
removed  from  the  fuel.  This  is  usually  done  before  it  is  sent  out  of 
the  mine.     There  is  very  little  attention  paid  to  preparation  of  the 

;:  larger  sizes  of  fuel  in  Illinois  after  its  removal  from  the  mine,  with 
the  exception  of  some  slate,  rock  and  pyrites  which  are  thrown  out 
from  lump,  mine  run  and  tgg  coal  by  men  stationed  for  that  purpose 
on  the  railway  cars  during  loading.  Smaller  sizes  are  frequently 
washed  whereby  it  is  possible  to  reduce  the  ash  to  a  minimum,  so  that 
it  is  no  greater  in  amount  than  due  to  that  in  the  clean  coal  itself.  In 
addition  to  washing,  the  fuel  is  usually  graded  at  the  washers  into 
suitable  and  uniform  sizes  known  as  No.  I  to  5,  inclusive. 

The  accompanying  diagram  shows  very  strikingly  the  harmful  effect 
of  the  presence  of  ash  on  the  value  of  fuel.  This  matter  has  been 
treated  in  a  paper  by  Mr.  W.  L.  Abbott*  entitled  "Some  Characteris- 
tics of  Coal  as  Affecting  Performance  with  Steam  Boilers,"  and  it  is 

;  the  result  of  a  series  of  his  experiments  that  is  shown  in  this  diagram. 
It  is  seen  that  the  efficiency  and  capacity  of  the  boiler  dropped  to  zero 
when  the  ash  in  the  dry  fuel  became  as  great  as  40  per  cent,  although 


""Journal  of  the  Western   Society  of  Engineers,   vol.   11,  p.   529. 


208 


YEAR  BOOK  FOR   I907. 


[Bull.   No.   8 


the  location  of  the  points  shows  that  the  efficiency  is  less  affected  than 
capacity  below  35  per  cent  of  ash.  From  this  point  the  drop  is  very- 
rapid,  while  the  influence  on  capacity  is  more  gradual. 


U3 


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PER   CENT  OF  ASH    IN    DRY  COAL 
Fig.  18.     Ratio  of  Horse  Power  and  Efficiency  to  per  cent  of  Ash  in  Steam  Generation. 

Ash  is  the  feature  having  the  greatest  influence  on  the  value  of 
fuel  coal.  Its  presence  like  that  of  the  moisture  acts  to  exclude  a 
certain  portion  of  the  pure  coal  which  would  otherwise  be  present,  and 
in  this  way  it  may  be  considered  as  a  dilution  similar  to  moisture. 
While,  however,  the  moisture  evaporates  and  passes  away,  ash  remains 
as  a  residue  to  choke  and  obstruct  the  fire,  entailing  much  labor  and 
inconvenience  in  its  removal. 

In  mine  run  coal  or  screenings  moisture  could  not  well  average  more 
than  15  per  cent.  The  presence  of  this  amount  in  a  fire  under  a  boiler 
would  not  result  in  the  loss  of  more  than  2  per  cent  of  the  boat  at  the 
most,  while  the  maximum  amount  of  ash  which  might  be  present 
Could  cause  a  loss  of  [00  per  cent;  or,  in  other  words,  render  the  fuel 
worthless,  if  its  use  in  thai  condition  be  attempted. 

The  coal  seams  of  Illinois  contain  approximately  0,  to  10.5  per  cent 
ash;  the  amount  being  quite  Uniform  for  each  o\  the  seams  mainly 
mined.  This  ash  includes  not  only  that  in  the  clean  coal,  but  also  the 
distinct  impurities  in  the  form  of  bands,  pyrites,  etc.,  some  o\  which 
i  u.  be  removed  in  the  process  o\  mining.  Thus,  it  might 
be  expected   that    mine   run  coal    from   such   a   seam    would   contain   less 

than  ro  per  cent  of  ash.    A.s  a  matter  of  fact,  under  present  condition! 
it  is  considerably  higher,  as  shown  in  table  Mo.  1.  which  gives  approxi- 


Bbmbnt.] 


ASH  IN   COAL. 


209 


mate  ash  values  for  various  grades  of  fuel  under  present  mining 
conditions.  This  amount  of  ash  in  fuel  coal  is  not  only  much  higher 
than  it  should  be,  but  in  Illinois  is  rather  on  the  increase  than  decrease. 
Changing  conditions  under  which  miners  work  are  responsible  for 
this,  and  rather  to  their  independence  than  neglect  on  the  part  of  the 
producer  of  the  coal  is  this  large  amount  of  dirt  shipped.  If  coal 
were  carefully  prepared  by  the  men  who  mine  and  load  it  ready  for 
transportation  from  their  place  in  the  mine,  it  would  contain  approxi- 
mately the  amount  of  ash  in  table  No.  2. 

One  of  the  principal  causes  of  dirty  coal  is  the  use  of  excessive 
charges  of  powder  in  blasting  out  the  coal  where  it  is  shot  from  the 
solid  face,  instead  of  being  undercut.  The  effect  of  this  practice,  be- 
sides the  production  of  an  excessive  quantity  of  small  coal  which  must 
be  sold  as  screenings,  is  to  damage  the  roof  so  that  there  are  falls  of 
dirt  into  the  mined  coal.  In  addition,  the  force  of  the  blast  projects  the 
coal  a  great  distance  out  into  the  room,  so  that  it  is  spread  over  the 
floor  in  a  thin  layer,  and  in  shoveling  it  up  dirt  in  larger  or  smaller 
quantities  is  taken  from  the  fire  clay  bottom,  which  is  more  or  less 
soft.  This,  and  the  failure  to  remove  dirt  and  impurities  derived  from 
the  seam  when  the  coal  is  loaded  by  the  miner,  are  the  leading  causes 
of  unclean  coal. 


Table  No.   1. 
Ash  in  Dry  Coal  Under  Present  Conditions  of  Production. 


Per  Cent  of  Ash  in  Dry  Coal. 


Average 
maximum. 


Average 
minimum. 


Average. 


Lump  and  Egg 

Mine  Run 

Raw  Nut 

Raw  Screening's 

Washed  Screenings 
Washed  Sizes:— 

No.  1 

!      No.  2 

No.  3 

No.  4 

No.  5 


16.0 
19.0 
16.0 
19.0 
13.0 

11.0 
9.7 
9.5 

10.8 

13.8 


11.5 
12.0 
12.0 
15.0 
9.0 

9.7 
8.6 
8.5 
9.7 
12.0 


13.5 
15.7 
13.0 
17.5 
12.0 

10.0 
9.0 
8.8 
10.2 
12.4 


— 14  G  S 


2IO  YEAR  BOOK  FOR   I907.  [Bull.   No.    8 

Table  No.  2. 
Ash  in  Dry  Coal  for  Properly  Mined  and  Prepared  Fuel. 


Per  Cent  of  Ash  in  Dry  Coal. 

Maximum. 

Minimum. 

Average. 

11.5 
13.0 
12.0 
15.0 

9.5 
11.0 
10.0 
12.0 

10  5 

Mine  Run 

12.0 

Raw  Nut 

11.0 

Raw  Screenings 

13.0 

To  avoid  misunderstanding,  the  writer  wishes  to  say  that  washed 
coal,  as  furnished  in  Illinois,  is  as  low  in  ash  as  the  so-called  smokeless 
or  semi-bituminous  coal  shipped  into  Chicago  under  the  name  of  Poca- 
hontas, etc.,  and  will  add  that  ash  values  in  coals  in  general  have  been 
largely  underestimated.  It  is  well  to  direct  attention  to  this  fact,  be- 
cause readers  of  the  above  might  conclude  that  ash  in  coal  outside  of 
Illinois  is  relatively  lower  than  that  of  this  State.  One  of  the  difficul- 
ties has  been  that  formerly  very  little  authentic  data  has  been  avail- 
able, and  for  this  reason  it  is  felt  that  the  statement  of  values  presented 
in  these  two  tables  should  be  helpful. 


Coal  Investigations  in  the  Saline-Gallatin  Field,  Illinois,  and  the 
Adjoining  Area* 


(By  Frank  W.  DeWolf.) 


Introduction. 


The  area  here  described  is  near  the  southwest  edge  of  the  Eastern 
Interior  coal  field,  lying  mostly  in  Illinois,  but  extending  also  into 
Indiana  and  Kentucky.  Its  boundaries  are  slightly  beyond  those  of 
the  Eldorado  and  New  Haven  quadrangles,  and  it  measures  30^  miles 
from  east  to  west  and  18^2  miles  from  north  to  south,  thus  including 
approximately  550  square  miles.  Parts  of  four  counties  in  Illinois — 
Saline,  Gallatin,  White  and  Hamilton — are  comprised  within  the  area. 

Coal  production  in  this  region  is  increasing  so  rapidly  that  geologic 
work  carried  on  here  assumes  an  important  economic  aspect.  The 
rapid  development  of  this  part  of  the  coal  basin  is  due  to  the  excellent 
quality  of  the  fuel,  its  extensive  distribution  and  favorable  mining 
conditions.  The  production  to  date  has  been  entirely  in  the  Illinois 
portion  of  the  area  and  until  the  last  year  only  in  Gallatin  and  Saline 
counties.  White  county  also  is  now  producing.  In  1906  the  area 
included  in  this  report  produced  314,927  tons,  a  gain  of  115  per  cent 
over  1905.1  Coal  mining  in  the  Eldorado  quadrangle  is  facilitated  by 
the  presence  of  several  railroads ;  the  New  Haven  quadrangle  has 
none.  The  whole  area,  however,  has  so  little  relief  that  it  can  be 
easily  reached  by  railroads  where  desired. 

This  preliminary  statement  of  geologic  field  work  performed  during 
three  autumn  months  of  1906  is  the  first  published  report  for  this  area 
since  1875, J  though  adjoining  areas  in  Indiana§  and  Kentucky!  have 
received  later  attention.  The  two  quadrangles  here  described  are  the 
first  of  a  series  extending  across  the  southern  Illinois  coal  field,  the 
mapping  of  which  will  be  completed  in  the  near  future.  The  topo- 
graphic and  geologic  work  is  being  executed  in  cooperation  by  the 
Illinois  Geological  Survey  and  the  United  States  Geological  Survey. 
Information  in  regard  to  additional  quadrangles  on  the  west  side  will 
also  be  included  in  the  final  report. 


♦Reprinted  by  permission  from  Bull.  316  U.  S.  Geological  Survey. 

tMineral  Resources  U.   S.  Geol   Survey,   1906. 

JGeol.  Survey  Illinois,  vol.  6,  1875. 

§Rept.  Indiana  Dept.  Geol.  and  Natural  Resources,  1800,  pp.   1300,  et  seq. 

||Repts.   Inspector  of  Mines  of  Kentucky,   1893,   etc. 


211 


212  YEAR  BOOK  FOR  I907.  [Bull.  No.  8 

The  writer  is  indebted  to  Stuart  Weller  and  David  White  for  their 
assistance  in  correlating  the  rocks  of  the  region  and  to  George  H. 
Ashley  for  suggestions  in  the  office.  Such  value  as  this  report  pos- 
sesses is  due  largely  to  the  kind  cooperation  of  those  coal  companies 
which  have  placed  drill  records  and  other  data  in  the  hands  of  the 
survey.  To  many  well  drillers  and  other  persons  thanks  are  cordially 
given  for  numerous  services. 


Surface  Relief  and  Drainage. 

Mining  conditions  in  this  field  are  rendered  favorable  on  the  whole 
by  the  moderate  surface  relief.  Though  the  altitudes  vary  from  340 
to  600  feet  above  sea  level,  most  of  the  area  lies  between  365  and  420 
feet.  The  drainage  is  tributary  to  Ohio  river  directly  or  through  the 
Wabash,  Little  Wabash  and  Saline  rivers  and  their  branches.  It  is 
deficient  in  a  large  area,  especially  along  the  Wabash,  but  considerable 
reclamation  is  promised  by  systematic  ditching  now  in  progress. 

The  topography  is  of  two  types — uplands  and  bottoms.  Prominent 
hills  of  the  New  Haven  quadrangle  are  indicated  on  PI.  8.  Bottom 
lands  constitute  about  two-thirds  of  the  area  of  the  New  Haven  quad- 
rangle and  about  one-third  of  the  Eldorado. 

The  detailed  topographic  character  of  the  area  and  the  distribution 
of  timber,  houses,  roads  and  land  lines  are  indicated  on  the  colored 
contour  maps  of  the  Eldorado  and  New  Haven  quadrangle.*  PL 
9  shows  relief  and  altitude  above  sea  level  by  contour  lines,  each  of 
which  passes  through  points  of  equal  altitude  on  the  land,  one  being 
drawn  for  every  twenty  feet  of  increase  in  elevation. 


Geology, 
introduction. 

The  economic  value  of  the  geologic  examination  of  the  various  coals 
of  this  region  lies  in  determining  for  each  its  vertical  position,  hori- 
zontal extent,  thickness,  quality,  structure  and  correlation  with  beds 
in  other  areas.  Since  the  study  of  the  region  has  not  been  fully 
completed,  some  of  the  field  observations  may  be  subject  to  a  different 
interpretation  in  the  final  report. 

Field  work  is  difficult  here  because  of  the  presence  of  glacial  and 
fluviatilc  deposits  which  very  largely  conceal  the  underlying  rocks. 
The  most  valuable  data  were  obtained  from  numerous  records  of  coal 
borings  and  a  few  deeper  holes  bored  for  oil.  A  little  information  was 
also  derived  from  water  wells.  The  best  exposures  of  value  are  those 
occurring  beyond  the  drift  border  in  thai  region  immediately  to  the 
south  of  this  area  along  Saline  river  and  in  the  neighboring  part  of 
Kentucky. 

•Tlww   inMps   in.-i  v    In'   obtlln od    !'<>r   f>   cents   each    by   addressing   The    Director,   V.   8. 

Geological  Survey,  Washington,  i>.  C. 


State   Geological    Survey 


\i  \r    (U      ^  \  I  I  M    ' 


Bull.  No.   8,  PI.   8. 


R&€- 


145C 


ior&~~ 


Legend 

%         Commercial  mines. 

X         Local  mines. 

a.         Rock  outcrop. 

•         Coal  test  boring. 

o        Well. 

52 C  Calculated  altitude  of  coal  No.   5  above  sea  level. 

67    Datum  locality  referred  to  in  test  or   mine   table. 


T     COAL    FIELD. 


DdWolf.]  THE   SALINE-GALLATIN    COAL   FIELD.  213 

Stratigraphy. 

general  statement. 

The  rocks  of  this  area  consist  of  a  varying  thickness  of  fluvial  and 
glacial  deposits,  overlying  alternating  shales  and  sandstones  with  rela- 
tively thin,  more  or  less  lenticular  beds  of  limestone,  coal  and  fire  clay. 
They  have  been  explored  to  a  depth  of  about  1,500  feet.  The  hard 
rocks  belong  to  the  Pennsylvanian  series  of  the  Carboniferous  system. 

CORRELATION. 

Division  of  the  Pennsylvanian  beds  of  the  Kentucky-Illinois  area 
in  earlier  reports  into  the  "Uppier"  or  "Barren  Measures"  and  the 
"Lower"  or  "Productive  Measures"  was  made  partly  for  convenience 
and  partly  to  conform  with  earlier  subdivisions  of  the  Carboniferous 
rocks  in  Pennsylvania.  D.  D.  Owen*  used  as  a  horizon  for  this  divi- 
sion the  Anvil  Rock  sandstone.  In  later  reports  for  Illinois  A.  H. 
Worthenf  used,  instead,  the  Carlinville  limestone,  a  bed  higher  strati- 
graphically,  thought  to  be  identical  with  the  Carthage  limestone  of 
Kentucky.  It  may  be  questioned  whether  either  of  these  two  horizons 
or  any  other  has  sufficient  persistence  and  prominence  to  be  employed 
for  the  division  throughout  any  large  part  of  the  Eastern  Interior 
coal  basin. 

For  further  convenience  in  description  and  correlation  the  old 
surveys  of  Kentucky  and  Illinois  numbered  the  coal  beds  upward  from 
the  bottom.  In  the  "Lower  Measures"  the  old  Kentucky  section,  how- 
ever, shows  twelve  numbered  coals,  with  a  few  additional  beds  either 
designated  by  letters  or  not  named ;  while  the  old  Illinois  section  dis- 
tinguishes nine  numbered  coals,  and  recognizes  one  of  minor  thick- 
ness to  which  no  number  has  been  applied.  The  total  number  of 
Pennsylvanian  coals  in  the  old  Illinois  section  is  sixteen.  The  two 
stratigraphic  columns  compiled  by  the  old  surveys  disagree  in  the 
lower  portions,  and  likewise  in  the  upper  portions,  since  Illinois 
reports  place  the  Carthage  limestone  not  more  than  184  feet  above 
coal  No.  7,f  whereas  Kentucky  reports  describe  it  as  occurring  450 
feet  above  the  corresponding  bed.  J  In  the  middle  portion  of  the  col- 
umn, however,  the  coals  numbered  by  Worthen  from  8  to  2  seem  to 
be  identical  with  the  similar  series  numbered  from  12  to  5  by  Owen.§ 
No  single  columnar  section  can  safely  be  considered  representative  of 
conditions  over  a  wide  area,  since  the  character  of  the  rocks  varies 
greatly  within  short  distances.  As  the  sections  in  PI.  10  indicate  per- 
sistence of  certain  beds,  however,  there  is  reason  to  hope  that  study 
of  drill  records  and  field  evidence  will  result  in  a  correct  correlation  of 
the  various  horizons.  The  present  use  of  numbers  in  the  Illinois  fields 
probably  does  not  indicate  the  true  correlation  of  the  coals,  though 


■"Kentucky  Geol.   Survey,  vol.   1.   1856,  pp.   30-45. 
tGeol.  Survey  Illinois,  vol.  6,  1875,  p.  3. 
tGeol.  Survey  Kentucky,  vol.  3,  1857,  p.  20. 

§See  correlation  sheet  by  C.  J.  Norwood,  in  Rept.  Inspector  of  Mines  in  Kentucky, 
1893,  p.   96. 


214  YEAR  BOOK  FOR  I907.  [Bull.  No.  8 

locally  over  considerable  areas  the  designations  are  doubtless  con- 
sistent. It  seems  advisable  in  this  report  to  use  the  numbers  so  widely 
accepted  in  this  region,  but  with  the  understanding  that  they  are  of 
local  significance  only  and  do  not  imply  correlation  with  beds  bearing 
the  same  numbers  in  other  areas. 

GENERAL  DESCRIPTION   OF   STRATIGRAPHIC   COLUMN. 

The  approximate  columnar  sections  given  in  PL  10,  compiled  from 
outcrops  and  borings,  indicate  the  character  of  the  rocks  in  several 
parts  of  the  area  and  show  the  apparent  persistence  of  certain  beds 
and  the  local,  lenslike  character  of  others.  The  variations  exhibited, 
however,  are  due  in  part  to  scant  and  imperfect  data.  Of  the  locali- 
ties referred  to  in  this  paper,  Nos.  49-112  are  shown  on  PL  9  and  the 
others  on  PL  8. 

The  persistence  of  the  coals  from  No.  8  to  No.  5,  inclusive,  is  notable 
in  the  columnar  sections.  Other  beds  of  special  importance  strati- 
graphically  are  certain  limestones.  One  occurs  in  section  1,  265  feet 
above  coal  No.  7,  and  is  also  shown  in  section  2.  Another  is  indicated 
in  section  3,  190  feet  above  No.  7,  and  a  third  occurs  in  the  same 
section  45  feet  above  No.  7.  The  first  of  these  is  tentatively  regarded 
as  the  Carthage  limestone,  which  is  especially  important  here.  It 
takes  its  name  from  a  former  settlement  three-fourths  of  a  mile  west 
of  Uniontown,  Ky.,  where  the  rock  is  exposed  along  Ohio  river. 
When  fresh,  it  is  hard  and  blue  gray  in  color,  outcrops  in  vertically- 
jointed  cliffs,  and  shows  a  tendency  to  split  into  slabs.  When  wea- 
thered, the  rock  is  usually  buff"  or  reddish  brown.  On  its  surface 
and  through  its  interior  occur  abundant  brachipods,  crinoid  stems  and 
other  fossils.  Because  of  the  persistence  of  these  lithologic  characters 
and  the  similarity  of  fossil  content,  limestones  at  several  localities 
within  the  area  have  with  some  hesitancy  been  identified  with  the 
Carthage. 

The  distance  from  this  bed  to  the  identifiable  coals  of  the  section 
has  considerable  economic  interest  and  is  a  matter  of  disagreement  in 
the  old  State  reports,  as  already  indicated.  It  is  probable  that  neither 
of  the  old  estimates  is  clearly  applicable  to  this  region,  although  the 
evidence  here  presented  is  not  altogether  conclusive. 

At  New  Haven  a  churn-drill  well,  which  commenced  on  a  level 
with  a  limestone,  probably  Carthage,  outcropping  at  loc.  7,  reached 
a  thin  coal  at  260  feet  and  stopped  in  a  limestone  10  feet  lower.  No 
coal  referable  to  No.  7  was  passed,  though  the  bottom  limestone  may 
be  the  roof  of  that  bed.  At  Round  Pond  (loc.  26)  a  well  commencing 
160  feet  below  the  outcrop  of  a  limestone,  presumably  Carthage, 
reached  a  two-foot  coal  af  a  distance  of  268  feet  below  that  bed.  hut 
passed  none  with  the  usual  characteristics  of  coal  No.  7.  In  borings 
near  Junction,  which  strike  the  first  hard  rocks  230  feet  above 
No.  7.  no  limestone  comparable  to  the  Carthage  is  reported.  These 
records  show  either  thai  the  interval  between  tin-  Carthage  and  the 
No.  7  coal  at  these  localities  exceeds  270  feet,  or  that  there  is  a  lack 
of  development  or  absence  at  the  fust  two  places  of  the  No.  7  coal 

and  at   the  last  of  the  I  'arthaL-e  limestone. 


215 

lestone  265 
al  in  char- 
it  may  be 
strata  are 
idicated  in 
and  No.  7 

loc.    102   a 

horizon  of 

>5,  106,  107 

:curs,  how- 

inity  which 

about  five 

though   it 

it  less  than 

Such   a 

r  indicated 

rts  a  hard 

feet  lower. 

ar  and  that 

ited  by  the 

the  identi- 

;ion  is  cor- 

upper  and 

ruling  near 

H  and  103 

estward  to 

thage  lime- 

1  field. 

.istently  45 

borings  in 

•.-half  miles 


are  nearly 

lange  from 

actions   and 

;  3  important 

of  natural 

st  displace- 

'"viH,    jd^v    uvu^    „■*    w^v. ar--,     atfhy---  "^    e<^gC    of 

Gold  Hill  Range.     The  amount  of  this  disturbance,  which  has  caused 

!  a  relative  sinking  of  the  strata  to  the  north,  is  roughly  indicated  by 

data  obtained  at  Equality,  Cottage  Grove  and  in  the  hills  to  the  south . 

The  lower  slope  of  the  range  reveals  limestones  of  Mississippian 


214 

locally   over 
sistent.    It  s* 
accepted  in  t 
local  signifies 
the  same  nun 

GEl 

The  apprc 
outcrops  and 
parts  of  the 
and  the  local 
however,  are 
ties  referred 
others  on  PL 

The  persisl 
in  the  colun 
graphically  a, 
above  coal  N 
in  section  3, 
section  45  fe 
as  the  Cartr 
takes  its  nan 
of  Uniontow 
When  fresh, 
jointed  cliffs. 
thered,  the  1 
and  through 
other  fossils, 
and  the  sim: 
within  the  a 
Carthage. 

The  distarj 
has  considera 
the  old  State 
of  the  old  es 
evidence  here 

At  New  I 
with  a  limes 
a  thin  coal  al 
coal  referable 
be  the  roof  o 
160  feet  bel" 
reached  a  tw 

1  -I  none 
near  Junctioi 

No.  y,  no  lii  ,      ..    —   — p^    •     •-, 

records  show  either  that  the  interval  between  the  Carthage  and  the 
NTo.  7  coal  at  these  localities  exceeds  270  feet,  or  thai  there  is  a  lack 
of  development  or  absence  al  the  firsl  two  places  of  the  No.  7  coal 
and  at  the  last  of  the  ( 'arthacre  Limestone, 


DeWolf.]  THE  SALINE-GALLATIN    COAL  FIELD.  215 

A  core  drill  at  Norris  City  (loc.  30)  reached  a  five- foot  limestone  265 
feet  above  coal  No.  7.  As  this  limestone  is  almost  identical  in  char- 
acter with  the  Carthage,  and  carries  the  same  fossils,  it  may  be 
regarded  as  that  bed,  especially  because  the  associated  strata  are 
similar  to  those  observed  with  the  so-called  Carthage,  as  indicated  in 
section  2  (PI.  10).  The  interval  between  the  Carthage  and  No.  7 
coal  at  Norris  City  seems,  therefore,  to  be  265  feet. 

This  limestone  does  not  occur  around  Eldorado.  At  loc.  102  a 
thin  dark  blue  limestone  occurs  about  225  feet  above  the  horizon  of 
the  No.  7  coal,  as  determined  at  loc.  103,  but  at  Iocs.  104,  105,  106,  107 
and  107^  no  limestone  is  reported  at  this  horizon.  One  occurs,  how- 
ever, 190  to  210  feet  above  No.  7  in  all  the  borings  in  that  vicinity  which 
reach  its  horizon.  Its  persistence  and  uniform  thickness  of  about  five 
feet  suggest  that  this  bed  may  possibly  be  the  Carthage,  though  it 
is  separated  from  the  No.  7  coal  by  an  interval  55  to  75  feet  less  than 
at  Norris  City,  Equality,  New  Haven  and  Round  Pond.  Such  a 
change  in  interval,  although  improbable,  is  perhaps  further  indicated 
by  the  imperfect  record  at  Omaha  (loc.  48),  which  reports  a  hard 
limestone  at  180  feet  and  coal,  comparable  to  No.  7,  225  feet  lower. 
It  seems  more  likely  that  the  Carthage  limestone  is  lenticular  and  that 
it  dies  out  between  Norris  City  and  Eldorado  or  is  represented  by  the 
thin  limestone  reported  at  loc.  102  and  others  near  by.  If  the  identi- 
fications as  Carthage  of  various  limestone  beds  in  this  region  is  cor- 
rect, its  outcrop,  representing  the  boundary  between  the  upper  and 
lower  "Coal  Measures,"  would  be  indicated  roughly,  beginning  near 
Dogtown,  by  a  line  connecting  Iocs.  4,  5,  7,  44,  49,  97,  101  and  103 
with  an  outlyer  in  the  Shawneetown  Hills  and  the  area  westward  to 
Junction.  Future  work  must  demonstrate  whether  the  Carthage  lime- 
stone can  be  identified  and  used  as  a  key  rock  over  this  coal  field. 

Another  limestone,  as  already  noted,  occurs  rather  persistently  45 
feet  above  the  No.  7  coal.  It  is  generally  encountered  in  borings  in 
the  southwest  corner  of  the  area  and  outcrops  one  and  one-half  miles 
west  of  Cottage  Grove  at  loc.  88. 

Structure. 

general  statement. 

Although  the  coals  and  associated  strata  of  this  region  are  nearly 
parallel  and  horizontal,  the  distances  between  the  strata  change  from 
place  to  place  and  the  beds  slope  or  dip  in  varying  directions  and 
amounts.  The  determination  of  the  attitude  of  the  coals  is  important 
for  the  reason  that  economical  mining  must  take  advantage  of  natural 
slopes  for  haulage,  drainage  and  ventilation. 

The  structure  bears  an  intimate  relation  to  an  east-west  displace- 
ment, just  south  of  the  area  mapped,  which  marks  the  north  edge  of 
Gold  Hill  Range.  The  amount  of  this  disturbance,  which  has  caused 
:  a  relative  sinking  of  the  strata  to  the  north,  is  roughly  indicated  by 
i   data  obtained  at  Equality,  Cottage  Grove  and  in  the  hills  to  the  south. 

The  lower  slope  of  the  range  reveals  limestones  of  Mississippian 


2l6  YEAR  BOOK  FOR  IOX>7.  [BULL.   No.   8. 

age;  the  capping  is  the  Caseyville  conglomerate.  In  Prospect  Hill 
this  conglomerate  has  an  altitude  of  about  900  feet,  and  the  altitude 
of  coal  No.  5  at  this  point,  if  uneroded,  would  be  over  1,425  feet. 
The  same  coal  three  and  one-half  miles  farther  north,  at  loc.  84,  is 
nearly  1,300  feet  lower,  or  at  an  altitude  of  145  feet.  There  is  no  evi- 
dence that  this  change  in  level  is  due  to  dip,  for  at  both  localities  the 
rocks  appear  to  dip  southward. 

The  dips  of  the  coals  are  predominantly  northward,  toward  the 
center  of  the  Eastern  Interior  basin.  There  are,  however,  numerous 
local  exceptions.  The  amount  of  dip  also  varies  greatly;  it  exceeds 
100  feet  to  the  mile  in  some  localities,  but  probably  averages  only 
half  that  amount  and  locally  is  negligible.  There  is  some  evidence  of 
conditions  similar  to  those  in  the  faulted  area  on  the  south.  Thus  at 
Eldorado,  in  O'Gara  mine  No.  8,  a  six-foot  dike  of  igneous  rock  cuts 
vertically  through  coal  No.  5  and  produces  a  narrow  zone  of  "natural 
coke."  The  rock  resembles  and  probably  is  related  to  dikes  of  the 
Illinois-Kentucky  fluorspar  district.  Elsewhere  there  are  certain  abrupt 
changes  in  level  of  the  beds,  possibly  due  to  faulting,  as  between  Equal- 
ity and  Junction.  These  conditions  are  described  on  page  217.  The 
possible  occurrence  of  such  structural  changes  within  the  untested 
areas  treated  in  this  report  is  a  source  of  uncertainty  in  the  determina- 
tion of  the  horizontal  distribution  of  the  coals. 

METHOD  OF  SHOWING  STRUCTURE. 

The  dips  are  indicated  by  a  comparison  of  the  figures  placed  on 
PL  8,  which  show,  at  various  datum  points,  the  measured  or  calcu- 
lated altitude  of  coal  No.  5.  Additional  evidence  in  the  southern 
portion  of  the  Eldorado  quadrangle  is  shown  on  PL  9.  The  structure 
contours  of  this  map  were  drawn  in  the  following  manner:  The  depth 
to  coal  No.  5  was  either  determined  from  records  of  test  holes 
and  shafts  or  calculated  from  the  presence  in  shallow  wells  or  at 
surface  outcrops  of  other  higher  strata  which  could  be  identified.  This 
figure  at  each  datum  point  was  subtracted  from  the  altitude  of  the 
ground  in  order  to  obtain  the  altitude  of  the  coal.  Where  the  coal  lies 
at  different  altitudes  at  adjoining-  points  the  dip  between  these  was 
regarded  as  uniform  and  points  of  equal  altitude  were  connected  by  a 
contour  line.  Thus,  between  every  two  contours  there  is  indicated 
a  dip  of  25  feet,  except  in  the  southeast  corner,  where  every  other  line 
is  omitted  and  the  dip  is  50  feet  between  contours.  The  resultant  map 
may  be  slightly  inaccurate.  As  the  surface  elevations  were  determined 
by  hand  level  or  barometer  from  bench  marks,  there  are  probably 
small  errors.  Furthermore,  it  is  possible  that  in  a  few  plaees  where 
the  depth  of  the  coal  was  calculated  from  overlying  beds  the  interval 
assumed  was  slightly  incorrect.  The  most  important  source  of  error 
is  the  assumption  that  between  datum  points  dips  are  uniform.  It  is 
still  reasonably  certain  that  in  Saline  county  the  error  along  any  con- 
tour line  Is  less  than  25  feet,  but  in  Gallatin  county,  because  of  lack 
of  data,  it  m.'iv  be  more. 


PeWolf.]  THE   SALINE-GALLATIN    COAL   FIELD.  217 

The  dips  of  the  area  are  readily  determined  by  reference  to  this 
map,  but  attention  should  be  called  to  the  possibility  of  faulting  as 
an  explanation  of  abrupt  changes  in  altitudes  in  certain  localities. 
Such  an  explanation  is  suggested  for  changes  in  elevation  of  the  Car- 
thage limestone  in  the  Shawneetown  hills,  at  Iocs.  23  and  25. 

At  Cottage  Grove  either  an  anticlinal  fold  trending  east  and  west 
or  a  fault  with  the  downthrow  on  the  south  is  indicated,  for  between 
Iocs.  84  and  89  there  is  a  change  in  level  of  85!  feet  in  three-fourths 
of  a  mile.  An  abrupt  descent  of  100  feet  also  occurs  from  Iocs.  93 
and  94  to  loc.  95,  though  the  distance  but  slightly  exceeds  half  a  mile. 
Similarly,  a  descent  of  about  115  feet  occurs  from  loc,  119  to  loc.  120, 
three-fourths  of  a  mile  apart.  Underground  workings  have  not  yet 
shown  whether  this  is  due  to  dip  or  to  a  fault. 

The  most  interesting  locality  from  this  standpoint  lies  in  the  south- 
east corner  of  the  area,  between  Junction  and  Iocs.  75  and  76,  where 
the  contours  show  an  apparent  dip  of  400  feet  in  one  and  three-fourths 
miles.  There  is  an  .additional  source  of  possible  error  here,  since  the 
correlations  may  be  incorrect.  Probably  the  test  holes  in  this  vicinity, 
except  at  Iocs.  73  and  J2,  stopped  in  coal  No.  7.  The  hole  at  loc.  73 
stopped  just  before  reaching  it,  and  that  at  loc.  72  went  through  to  No. 
5.  If,  however,  this  interpretation  of  the  records  is  incorrect  and  all 
these  test  borings  reached  No.  5,  then  there  is  an  additional  descent  of 
120  feet  between  the  points  mentioned  and  loc.  73.  A  considerable 
proportion  of  this  descent  may  be  due  to  a  fault  along  a  north-south 
line. 

Some  such  condition  is  indicated  also  between  Iocs.  70  and  71, 
where  the  levels  change  180  feet  in  half  a  mile.  The  information  at 
loc.  70,  however,  was  obtained  from  a  churn-drill  boring  and  may  be 
incorrect. 

Descriptions  of  Datum  Localities. 

The  following  notes  record  observations  at  the  localities  shown  by 
numbers  on  the  accompanying  maps,  except  those  made  at  coal  mines, 
which  are  grouped  in  a  later  table.  Locs.  1  to  48,  113,  and  114  are 
shown  on  PI.  8,  the  others  on  PL  9  ,and  where  possible  the  calculated 
altitude  of  coal  No.  5  is*  shown. 

Locs.  1-18 — At  these  points  occurs  either  the  Carthage  limestone, 
an  upper  bed  lying  stratigraphically  about  50  feet  higher,  or  other 
closely  associated  strata.  Thin  coals  usually  underlie  the  limestones. 
In  this  region  coal  No.  7  may  be  looked  for  about  275  feet  below  the 
Carthage  limestone,  and  coal  No.  5  about  120  feet  lower.  They  should 
occur  50  feet  farther  below  the  upper  limestone. 

Locs.  1-4:  The  public  roads  near  Dogtown  show  outcrops  of  an  18- 
inch  limestone  which  is  underlain  by  a  thin  coal  at  locs.  1  and  2  and 
which  resembles  the  Carthage  bed  in  fossil  content,  but  corresponds 
to  the  higher  limestone  in  thickness.  It  is  from  385  to  395  feet  in 
altitude. 

Loc.  5 :  At  the  base  of  the  hill  occurs  a  thin  coal  overlain  by  a 
limestone  6  feet  thick,  which  is  probably  Carthage. 


i 


218 


YEAR  BOOK  FOR   I907. 


[Bull.  No.  8 


Loc.  6 :  A  3-foot  limestone  struck  in  the  well  of  David  Hayes  prob- 
ably occurs  stratigraphically  considerably  above  the  Carthage. 

Loc.  7 :  At  New  Haven  an  exposure  occurs  in  the  river  bank  as 
follows : 

Section  at  New  Haven. 

Feet.  Inches 

Limestone   (Carthage),  blue-gray,  hard,  brittle,  fossiliferous 5 

Shale,   black 3 

Coal    

Fire  clay 3 

Sandstone  and  shaly  sandstone,  soft,  fine  grained 6 

Shale,   sandy 5y2 

Sandstone,  fine,  soft,  thin  bedded,  gray-brown 3 

Low  water,  Little  Wabash  river. 

Loc.  8 :  Near  the  mouth  of  Rocky  Branch  a  limestone  bed  18  inches 
thick  forms  a  riffle  across  the  Little  Wabash.  It  carries  a  somewhat 
different  fauna  from  the  Carthage,  which  it  probably  overlies  by  50 
feet.  Above  it  occurs  6  feet  of  blue-gray  shale  bearing  iron  nodules 
and  below  it  streaks  of  coal,  embedded  in  1  foot  of  bituminous  shale 
and  underlain  by  blue  clay  shale. 

Locs.  9-18:  The  same  coal  and  limestone  or  beds  near  this  horizon 
are  exposed  in  ravines  to  the  north,  accompanied  by  the  beds  shown 
in  the  columnar  sections.    A  summary  follows. 


Summary  of  observations  at  Iocs.  9-18. 


Name. 

Kind  of  rock. 

Coal. 

Remarks. 

Loc. 

No. 

Thickness. 

Depth. 

Altitude. 

9 

Limestone,  coal 

. .  do. do. 

Inches. 

+ 
+ 
18 

+ 

+ 

Feet. 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 

Feet. 
410 
415 
430 
370 
415 

10 

11 

J.  F.  Medlin 

Sandstone,  coal 

Limestone,  coal 

Coal 

Old  mine ' 

12 

13 

Old  mine ', 

14 

"Devil's  Biscuit" 

Mrs.  Rhoda  Grant 

15 

Limestone,  coal 

. .  do. .            ...  do. . . 

+ 
+ 
+ 
+ 

60 
60 

125 
200  + 

360 
360 
315 
330- 

16 

17 

Alex.  Questell 

Coal 

18 

..do. 

Thickness  of  sandstone  20  feet;  altitude  380  feet. 


Locs.  19-22 — There  is  some  doubt  in  regard  to  the  stratigraphy 
of  the  thin  coals  and  hard  rock,  presumably  limestone,  which  occur 
in  wells  near  Cottonwood,  and  of  the  sandstones  and  underlying 
shale  exposed  along  the  hill  roads  to  the  north,  as  at  Iron. 

Locs.  23-27 — In  the  region  of  Round  Pond  three  occurrences  of 
the  Carthage  limestone  furnish  a  basis  for  calculating  the  altitudes  of 
workable  coals. 


DeWolf.]  THE   SALINE-GALLATIN    COAL   FIELD.  2 1 9 

Section  at  Round  Pond. 

Feet. 

Limestone,  Carthage,  altitude  540  feet 5 

Concealed    2 

Coal,    bloom -f 

Concealed    24 

Sandstone,  hard,  massive,  gray 30 

Concealed    35 

Shale,  argillaceous  and  sandy,  blue-gray 33 

Concealed   5 

Shale,    brown 5 

Shale,  black,  and  coal  bloom 2 

Shale,  brown,  sandy 20 

Concealed  to  Round  Pond 40 

Loc.  24:  The  limestone  occurs  also  at  the  same  altitude  near  the 
top  of  the  hill  at  the  road  forks. 

Loc.  25 :  A  limestone  35  feet  below  the  surface  in  the  well  of  Wil- 
liam Satterly  overlies  a  2-foot  coal  and  appears  on  the  evidence  of 
lithologic  character  and  fossils  to  be  the  Carthage.  Its  altitude,  195 
feet  lower  than  at  loc.  23,  is  probably  due  to  a  fault. 

Loc.  26:  A  churn-drill  well  on  the  R.  L.  Millspaugh  farm,  starting 
160  feet  below  the  Carthage  limestone,  passes  through  37  feet  of 
clay  and  gravel,  71  feet  of  shale,  and  2  feet  of  coal.  While  this  may 
be  the  No.  7  coal  without  its  usual  thickness  and  limestone  roof, 
this  test  is  not  conclusive.  It  is  noted  under  "Stratigraphy"  (p.  215) 
that  near  Eldorado,  coal  No.  7  occurs  200  feet  below  a  limestone 
which  may  possibly,  but  not  probably,  prove  to  be  the  Carthage. 
If  the  same  interval  holds  at  Round  Pond,  coal  No.  7  should  occur 
where  the  section  is  now  filled  with  clay  and  gravel.  Its  presence 
in  workable  thickness  can  be  determined  by  a  test  hole  at  a  point 
on  the  hill  slope  located  above  this  well,  so  as  to  avoid  the  surface 
clays. 

Loc.  21/:  Though  the  25-foot  sandstone  cliff  here  has  the  same 
elevation  as  a  similar  bed  in  the  section  at  loc.  23,  and  may  indicate 
ibsence  of  dip,  the  evidence  is  not  strong  enough  to  be  trustworthy. 

Locs.  28-35 — Near  Norris  City  stratigraphic  notes  are  obtainable 
from  three  diamond-drill  logs  and  from  hill  outcrops,  as  shown  in 
ig.  2.  The  altitudes  of  coal  No.  7  in  the  test  borings  indicate  a 
lip  N.  50  W.  of  48  feet  to  the  mile,  but  the  outcrops  indicate  in  the 
irea  to  the  northeast  a  dip  of  the  same  amount  N.  260  W.  The 
Calculations  are  based  on  a  cinnamon-brown  sandstone  and  certain 
hin  coals. 

I  Loc.  31 :  The  rocks  exposed  at  the  hilltop  consist  of  10  feet  of 
Tray  sandstone  over  15  feet  of  brown  shale.  A  few  rods  to  the  north, 
it  the  crossroads,  occur  the  underlying  beds,  consisting  of  cinnamon- 
jrown  sandstone  10  feet  thick  which  overlies  20  feet  of  ferruginous 
lay  shale. 

Loc.  32 :  In  a  gully  west  of  the  road  this  same  sandstone  is  exposed 
vith  its  accompanying  shale. 

\  Loc.  33 :  The  railroad  cut  reveals  25  feet  of  shale  and  sandy  shale, 
•robably  occurring  40  feet  below  the  brown  sandstone  mentioned. 


! 


220  YEAR  BOOK  FOR  I907.  [Bull.   No.   S 

Locs.  34-35 :  The  thin  coal  8  feet  below  the  surface  at  loc.  34  1 
probably  identical  with  the  lower  one  of  two  which  occur  35  feet 
apart  on  the  Henson  farm  at  loc.  35  and  with  the  first  coal  in  the 
boring  at  loc.  30. 

_  Locs.  36-37 — Beds  which  are  probably  well  above  the  Carthage 
limestone,  but  of  which  the  horizons  are  uncertain,  occur  in  the  hill 
west  of  Norris  City  and  at  Gossett.  At  loc.  36  sandstone  and  shale 
partially  exposed  for  80  feet  resemble  those  beds  east  of  Norris  City 
At  loc.  37  a  10-foot  sandstone  overlies  fire  clay  which  half  a  mile 
farther  north  occurs  over  a  thin  coal.  A  uniform  dip  from  borings 
south  of  Texas  City  to  Norris  City  would  bring  coal  No.  5  about 
675  feet  below  the  railroad  at  Gossett. 

Loc.  38 — West  of  Broughton,  on  the  land  of  J.  T.  Barker,  a  thin 
coal  which  outcrops  at  an  altitude  of  430  feet  is  overlain  by  fire  clay 
and  a  band  of  limestone.  A  3-foot  limestone  which  lies  32  feet  below 
the  coal  in  a  shaft  at  this  point  contains  typical  Carthage  fossils  and 
suggests  that  coal  No.  7  should  occur  275  feet  below  it  and  No.  5 
120  feet  lower.  Since  the  evidence  is  not  conclusive,  coal  No.  5  may 
lie  much  lower  yet. 

Locs.  39-43 — Thin  coals  are  struck  in  a  number  of  wells  near 
Broughton  at  an  altitude  about  the  same  as  the  coal  at  loc.  38,  but 
it  is  impossible  to  identify  them  or  to  calculate  the  depths  to  work- 
able coals  at  these  points.  The  occurrences  are  on  the  farms  of 
Messrs.  Roberts,  William  Stevens,  Golson,  C.  H.  Francis,  and  Grifin; 

Loc.  44 — Southwest  of  Roland  occurs  a  3-foot  limestone  which 
on  lithologic  and  fossil  evidence  is  probably  the  Carthage.  Coal  No.  7 
should  be  reached  about  275  feet  below  it  and  No.  5  120  feet  lower, 
As  this  is  much  less  than  the  depth  at  Norris  City  and  Omaha,  this 
vicinity  would  seem  to  be  a  favorable  place  to  prospect. 

Loc.  45 — Exposures  50  feet  higher  than  at  loc.  44  show  a  sandstone 
which  overlies  sandy  shale  and  which  probably  is  identical  with  that 
occurring  along  the  Little  Wabash,  no  feet  above  the  Carthage  lime- 
stone.   This  would  indicate  a  dip  of  60  feet  from  loc.  44  to  loc.  45.    . 

Locs.  46-41 — Limestone  is  reported  in  wells  to  the  south  at  an 
altitude  about  35  feet  lower  than  the  Carthage  at  loc.  44. 

Loc.  48 — The  Omaha  well  struck  at  403  feet  a  thick  coal,  which  is 
overlain  by  4  feet  of  limestone  and  probably  is  coal  No.  7.  Another 
limestone,  doubtfully  reported  223  feet  above  it,  is  possibly  the  Car- 
thage limestone. 

Locs.  49-50 — The  Carthage  limestone  and  the  upper  limestone  arc 
probably  exposed  south  and  east  of  Elba,  and  offer  a  basis  for  calcu- 
lating the  altitude  of  workable  coals.  At  loc.  49  a  section  of  45  feet 
is  exposed  with  a  4-foot  limestone,  probably  Carthage,  at  the  base 
altitude  343  feet;  a  3-foot  sandstone  at  the  top;  and  brown  shale  he 
tween.  The  beds  dip  upstream  about  t  foot  in  40.  At  loc. 
17-foot  '-cciion  of  shale  and  sandstone  shows,  .}  feel  above  the  base, 
a  thin  bed  of  limestone  and  iron  ore,  at  an  altitude  of  348  feet,  but 
probably  lying  50  feel  above  the  Carthage.    The  dip  is  to  the  east.  1 

fool    in    50. 


I  DbWolf.] 


THE   SALINE-GALLATIN    COAL   FIELD. 


221 


Locs.  51-69- 
and  Equality: 


-The  following  observations  were  made  between  Elba 


Summary  of  observations  at  Iocs.  51-69. 


Loc. 

No. 

Name. 

Kind  of  Rock. 

Thickness. 

Depth. 

Altitude. 

Geologic 
horizon. 

51 
52 
53 
54 
55 
56 

57 

58 
59 
60 
63 
64 
65 
66 
68 

69 

McCormick 

H.  G.  Morton 

Ft. 

In. 

Feet. 
52 
23 
60 
31 
21 
25 

36 
80 
90 
90 
0 
130 
130 
47 
65 
0 
93 

Feet. 
340 
375 
340 
380 
330 
365 

350 
280 
315 
315 
355 
250 
250 
335 
335 
350 
257 

Carthage  (?). 

Shale,  coal 

+ 

+ 
4 

+ 
+ 

Coal 

..do. 

..do. 

- 

W.  A.  Wathen 

P.  M.  McLean .... 

Limestone 

125  or  50   feet 

;.do. 

over  No.  7. 

Broughton  Temple... 

Coal 

+ 
+ 
+ 
15 

+ 

+ 

+ 

18 

2 

4 

No.  7. 

..do. 

No.  7. 

..do. 

No.  7. 

Prank  Hamel 

Shale 

Over  No.  6. 

Black  shale 

Over  No.  5. 

John  Davenport 

..do. 

Over  No.  5. 

Coal 

No.  6. 

Siebman 

..do. 

(?) 

J  Coal 

1  Limestone,  coal . . 

No.  7. 

Loc.  70 — In  the  250-foot  well  of  Louis  Drone  five  coals,  18  inches 
rto  10  feet  thick,  are  reported.  The  thickest  bed,  probably  No.  7,  was 
|;  reached  188  feet  down,  or  at  an  altitude  of  115  feet. 

Loc.  71 — Joseph  Devous's  test  hole  strikes  a  coal  with  limestone 
:roof,  probably  No.  7,  at  380  feet  and  another,  probably  No.  5,  at  484 
I!  feet. 

ILocs.  72-72 — Test  borings  of  Vandell  Mining  Company. 
Loc.    79 — The    following    outcrop    occurs    above    the    railroad    at 
1  Equality : 


Section  at  Equality. 


Feet. 


Sandstone,  coarse,  gray,  micaceous 10 

Shale,   light  gray 18 

Coal,  No.   6 2 

Fire  clay 1 

Sandstone  and  shaly  sandstone 4^ 

Railroad  level. 

Loc.  81 — The  altitude  of  an  outcrop  of  the  roof  limestone  of  No.  7 
coal  at  Equality,  compared  with  data  given  on  the  mine  map  of  the 
Gallatin  Coal  Company,  shows  an  interval  of  1.17  feet  between  coals 
Nos.  7  and  5. 

Loc.  82 — A  156-foot  well  on  the  Charles  Manel  farm  probably 
passes  the  horizon  of  coal  No.  7,  filled  with  surface  clay,  and  stops 
just  short  of  coal  No.  5. 

Loc.  83 — The  Pearce  well  reaches  an  18-inch  coal,  possibly  No.  6, 
at  a  depth  of  77  feet,  or  an  altitude  of  283  feet. 

Loc.  84 — Coal  test  boring  of  Davenport  Coal  Company. 

Locs.  85-87 — Test  borings  of  O'Gara  Coal  Company. 

Locs.  88-89 — West  of  Cottage  Grove  a  2-foot  limestone,  probably 
;  50  feet  over  coal  No.  7,  is  reached  in  a  well  and  also  outcrops  under  a 
1 5-foot  sandstone  and  over  fire  clay. 


222 


YEAR  BOOK  FOR  I907. 


[Bull.  No.  8 


Loc.  91 — A  well  reaches  coal  No.  7  at  365  feet  altitude. 

Loc.  92 — A.  D.  Robinson's  well  reaches  a  6-foot  coal  bed  at  124 
feet,  or  at  270  feet  altitude.  It  underlies  a  limestone  and  is  probably 
coal  No.  7. 

Loc.  95 — Test  boring  of  National  Mining  Company. 

Locs.  97-102 — Wells  east  and  south  of  Eldorado  strike  limestones 
at  about  the  Carthage  horizon,  and  these,  together  with  certain  coals, 
seem  to  indicate  a  northeasterly  dip.     A  summary  follows: 

Summary  of  observations  at  Iocs.  91-101. 


Loc. 
No. 

Name. 

Kind  of  Rock. 

Depth. 

Altitude. 

97 

Tim  Sisk 

Coal 

Feet. 

100 
52 
40 

100 
55 
27 

Feet. 
325 

98 

Limestone 

348 

C.  A.  Jones 

350 

99 

290 

Philir)  Collins 

100 

18 

101 

J.  E.  Westbrook 

Locs.  103-107 — Test  borings  of  O'Gara  Coal  Company. 

Loc.  108 — Test  boring  of  Wabash  Petroleum  Company,  depth  1,093 
feet,  dry. 

Locs.  109 — Gas  well  of  W.  T.  Overton. 

Locs.  110-114 — Coal  test  borings  of  Eldorado  Mining  Company, 
Terre  Haute,  Ind.     Records  not  furnished  for  use  of  the  Survey. 

Coal  Resources. 

This  region  produced  314,927  tons  of  coal  in  1906,  a  gain  of  115 
per  cent  over  1905.  Saline  and  Gallatin  counties  combined  produced 
1,069,425  tons  in  1906,  gaining  58  per  cent  over  the  preceding  year. 

As  already  described,  and  as  indicated  by  the  columnar  sections  in 
PL  10,  coals  occur  at  twenty  horizons  at  least,  but  many  of  these 
are  local  in  extent  and  worthless.  Only  two  beds  are  now 
mined,  Nos.  7  and  5,  but  inasmuch  as  three  or  more  lower  coals  are 
workable  in  adjoining  areas  to  the  south  and  east  and  in  other  parts 
of  Illinois,  it  seems  likely  that  drilling  may  show  similar  conditions  in 
parts  of  this  region. 


EXTENT  OF  COAL  DEPOSITS. 

The  areal  extent  of  workable  coals  has  been  only  partly  determine! 
for  the  persistence  of  thick  beds  in  the  area  untested  by  borings  if 
uncertain;  the  presence  and  depth  of  preglacial  valleys  is  concealed 
by  overlying  deposits  of  glacial  drift  and  of  alluvium:  and.  in  addi- 
tion, it  is  possible  that  structural  movements  may  have  exposed  the 
coals  i<)  preglacial  erosion  to  a  degree  no1  now  suspected. 

Tn  the  New  Haven  quadrangle  coals  Nos.  7  and  5  will  very  proba- 
bly prove  to  be  workable.  Their  horizons  undoubtedly  occur  under 
the  various  hill  tracts  indicated  on  PI.  9,  and.  in  the  absence  0! 
evidence  to  the  contrary,  presumably  also  under  the  intervening  areas, 


DbWolf.]  TPIE   SALINE-GALLATIN    COAL   FIELD.  223 

which  are  covered  by  glacial  and  fluvial  deposits.  The  only  informa- 
tion serving  to  indicate  their  probable  depth  below  the  surface  is 
offered  by  the  outcrops  of  the  supposed  Carthage  limestone  and  other 
related  beds  at  the  locations  indicated  on  the  map.  Though  the 
thickness  of  the  beds  here  is  doubtful,  they  are  generally  workable  in 
western  Kentucky.  They  are  mined  near  the  southeast  corner  of  the 
quadrangle  at  Morganfield,  and  they  are  presumably  minable  also  at 
Mount  Vernon,  Ind.,  near  the  northeast  corner,  at  depths  of  625  and 
710  feet  respectively.*  In  view  of  these  facts  and  the  general  thick 
development  of  these  coals  under  the  Eldorado  quadrangle,  it  seems 
likely  that  they  are  workable  under  most  of  this  area  also  unless  pre- 
glacial  erosion  lines  are  deep  and  extensive. 

Under  the  Eldorado  quadrangle  coal  No.  7  is  probably  everywhere 
present  except  in  a  small  area  along  the  south  margin,  as  indicated  by 
its  outcrop  shown  on  PI.  9.  It  is  absent  in  the  southwest  corner  in 
borings  at  Iocs.  85-87,  and  has  ben  eroded  from  the  middle  of  the 
valley,  separating  the  hills  at  Cottage  Grove  and  Equality.  From 
the  latter  place  it  is  absent  "to  a  point  a  little  east  of  Iocs.  75  and  76, 
where  it  reappears.  The  presence  of  the  coal  southward  from  Equal- 
ity to  the  Gold  Hill  Range  is  doubtful,  because  of  the  probability  of 
structural  irregularities  and  preglacial  erosion.  Coal  No.  5  has  simi- 
lar but  somewhat  greater  extent  than  No.  7.  It  is  known  to  extend 
beyond  the  margin  of  the  Eldorado  quadrangle  in  the  southwest  cor- 
ner. East  of  Equality  it  is  absent  for  a  short  distance  between  North 
Fork  of  the  Saline  river  and  Iocs.  75  and  j6,  also  for  a  short  dis- 
tance farther  east.  This  statement  presupposes  that  the  changes  in 
altitude  of  the  rock  between  Equality  and  Junction  are  due,  not  to  a 
fault,  but  to  uniform  dips. 

: 

DESCRIPTION    OF    COALS    NOW    MINED. 

Of  the  coals  now  worked,  to  judge  from  chemical  analyses  and  from 
the  physical  conditions  of  the  beds  and  their  overlying  and  underlying 
rocks,  No.  5  is  more  valuable  than  No.  7,  though  the  latter  is  never- 
theless an  excellent  bed. 

Coal  No.  5  (Harrisburg  Coal). 

Coal  No.  5,  which  is  identical  with  No.  9  in  Kentucky,  is  extensively 
mined  at  Harrisburg,  Eldorado,  Equality  and  near-by  points,  as  shown 
by  the  accompanying  table  of  mines  (p.  229).  It  lies  about  100  feet 
below  coal  No.  7,  and  probably  about  390  feet  below  the  Carthage 
limestone.  It  is  about  90  feet  above  coal  No.  4  and  430  feet  or  more 
ibove  the  Casey ville  conglomerate. 

The  uniform  thickness  and  purity  of  the  bed  is  characteristic.  As 
>bserved  or  reported  at  56  places  in  the  area,  it  averages  4  feet  11 
nches  in  thickness ;  at  only  two  of  these  is  it  less  than  four  feet,  and 
it  two  it  exceeds  six  feet.  Based  on  the  average  thickness  of  this 
:oal  and  a  specific  gracity  of  1.3,  as  determined  for  one  sample,  each 
icre  underlain  by  it  contains  about  8,700  tons.     The  coal  is  either 


*Core  record  of  Mount  Vernon  Coal  and  Mining  Company. 


224  YEAR  BOOK  FOR  1907.  [Bull.  No.  8 

lustrous  or  dull  black,  and  here  and  there  streaked  with  "mother  coal" 
or  "mineral  charcoal."  Only  a  few  bands  or  patches  or  sulphur  are 
present,  and  while  these  are  most  likely  to  occur  near  the  top  of  the 
bed,  they  are  merely  local  features.  The  coal  ranges  from  rather  hard 
and  tough  to  soft  and  brittle,  and  has  a  hackly  fracture. 

The  mining  conditions  of  coal  No.  5  are  excellent.  The  roof  is  a 
hard  shale,  which  usually  stays  up  well  without  excessive  timbering. 
It  is  characterized  by  the  presence  of  pyrite  balls,  or  "niggerheads," 
and  more  rarely  is  associated  with  thin  bands  of  limestone  within  two 
or  three  feet  of  the  coal.  In  several  mines  the  shale  adheres  closely 
to  the  coal,  and  some  falls  with  it.  Beneath  the  bed  occurs  a  thin 
layer  of  fire  clay.  The  coal  is  easily  cut  in  all  directions,  there  being 
no  strong  development  of  face  or  butt  cleats.  In  a  few  mines  this  bed 
generates  inflammable  gas,  but  it  is  not  dangerous  under  normal  min- 
ing conditions. 

Analyses  of  coal  No.  5  and  of  one  coke  sample  from  this  bed  are 
given  in  the  table  on  page  228.  At  Dekoven,  Ky.,  this  coal  is  coked 
extensively  after  washing.  At  Equality  the  Gallatin  Coal  and  Coke 
Company  converts  its  slack  into  coke,  which  is  marketable,  although 
somewhat  higher  in  ash  and  sulphur  than  is  desired.  Experiments 
are  now  in  progress  looking  to  improvement  of  the  quality.  As  Illi- 
nois produces  no  coke  except  from  this  bed,  so  far  as  shown  by  pub- 
lished reports,  thorough  experiments  with  it  are  very  desirable. 

Coal  No.  7  (Equality  Coal). 

Coal  No.  7  is  mined  for  shipment  at  Norris  City  and  for  home  use 
at  two  small  mines  near  Equality,  where  the  bed  outcrops.  It  is  iden- 
tical with  coal  No.  1 1  of  Kentucky.  The  position  of  the  bed  is  approx- 
imately 50  feet  below  coal  No.  8,  55  feet  above  coal  No.  6  and  90  to 
128  feet  above  coal  No.  5.  It  is  thought  to  lie  about  275  feet  below 
the  Carthage  limestone  and  550  feet  or  more  above  the  Caseyville 
conglomerate. 

The  average  thickness  of  the  bed,  as  reliably  indicated  at  61  places 
in  the  area,  is  4  feet  4  inches.  In  seven  of  these  localities  it  is  less  than 
four  feet  thick,  and  in  four  others  is  practically  absent.  Present  data 
indicate  that  the  areas  of  thin  coal  are  only  local,  and  that  there  is  no 
definite  tendency  to  thin  out  in  any  particular  direction.  Thus  the 
coal  may  be  well  developed  within  three-fourths  of  a  mile  from  points 
where  borings  show  it  to  be  relatively  thin.  At  Norris  City,  where 
the  greatest  measurements  were  obtained,  the  bed  ranges  from 
5  feet  9  inches  to  6  feet  6  inches.  The  coal  is  lustrous  black,  and  wheri 
seen  is  tender  and  brittle.  The  high  quality  of  the  coal  itself  is  im- 
paired by  a  persistent  band  of  clay  shale,  which  ranges  from  half  an 
inch  to  three  inches,  and  averages  about  two  inches  in  thickness. 
occurs  from  12  to  24  inches  above  the  fire  clay,  but  usually  about  it 
inches.  I  10m  6  to  10  inches  below  the  top  of  the  coal  there  is  also  | 
rather   persistent   Sulphur    streak,    which    is    usually    less    than    one-half 

inch  thick,  bul  may  measure  one  inch.  A  few  other  patches  i^v  streaki 
of  sulphur  occur  locally  through  the  bed.  Analyses  o\  coal  No.  ; 
appear  in  th<  accompanying  table. 


DeWolf.]  THE   SALINE-GALLATIN    COAL   FIELD.  225 

The  mining  conditions  of  this  bed,  though  not  known  from  extensive 
operations,  are  apparently  good.  A  layer  of  black  shale,  varying  in 
thickness  up  to  17  inches,  and  locally  banded,  separates  the  top  of  the 
coal  from  a  limestone  that  is  from  four  to  seven  feet  thick.  However, 
sandstone  is  said  to  overlie  and  partly  cut  out  the  coal  at  places  in  the 
mine  at  loc.  6j.  Care  is  necessary  to  prevent  the  shale  from  falling 
with  the  coal.  The  bed  is  underlain  by  one  to  five  feet  of  fire  clay. 
Here  and  there  small  rolls  or  horsebacks  are  present,  and  the  char- 
acter of  the  roof  and  floor  is  such  that  squeeze  or  creep  is  liable  to 
occur  unless  care  is  exercised  in  mining. 

CHEMICAL  ANALYSES  OF  THE  COALS. 

The  accompanying  analyses  indicate  that  the  coals  of  this  area  rank 
with  the  very  best  of  the  State.  The  several  results,  however,  are  not 
equally  suited  for  close  comparison  with  other  analyses,  since  some 
represent  samples  which  were  taken  and  analyzed  under  unknown  con- 
ditions, and  even  though  they  may  have  been,  when  fresh,  truly  rep- 
resentative of  the  several  mines,  they  are  not  known  to  have  been 
similarly  handled,  either  to  preserve  the  normal  moisture  content  or  to 
expel  part  or  all  of  it.  Higher  efficiency,  of  course,  is  shown  by  dried 
samples,  other  things  being  equal,  than  by  those  which  contain  mois: 
ture.  Varying  amounts  of  time  elapsed  between  taking  and  analyzing 
the  several  samples,  and  it  has  been  shown  by  chemists  at  the  State 
Geological  Survey  that  those  which  stand  long  before  analysis  lose 
volatile  matter  when  opened,  and  that  the  resulting  efficiency  deter- 
minations are  really  lower  than  they  should  be.  The  analyses  here 
presented  were  obtained  under  the  conditions  described  below. 

Analyses  1,  14,  17  and  18  were  made  by  W.  F.  Wheeler  of  the 
State  Geological  Survey  from  samples  collected  by  the  writer  in  the 
following  manner:  A  clean  exposure,  representative  of  the  average 
condition  of  the  bed,  was  grooved  from  top  to  bottom  and  the  sample 
collected  on  clean  oilcloth.  No  impurities  were  thrown  out  except 
those  usually  excluded  from  commercial  shipments.  The  sample  was 
further  prepared  in  the  mine  or  at  the  surface  by  crushing,  mixing, 
quartering  and  sealing  in  an  air-tight  can  as  quickly  as  possible,  in 
order  to  preserve  the  normal  moisture  of  the  coal.  Analyses  were  made 
after  four  or  five  months. 

Analysis  1  represents  a  sample  from  the  end  of  the  first  west  entry 
off  the  main  south  entry,  about  1,000  feet  from  the  shaft,  where  the 
[coal  measures  4  feet  6  inches.  The  sample  was  prepared  in  the  mine 
without  excluding  impurities  and  was  immediately  sealed  on  reaching 
the  surface.  It  is  probable  that  some  extraneous  water  reached  the 
sample  while  ascending  the  shaft. 

Analysis  14  represents  the  bed  at  the  end  of  the  first  main  north 
entry,  400  feet  from  the  shaft,  where  it  has  a  thickness  of  5  feet  4 
nches.  A  little  of  the  sulphur  showing  at  this  place  was  excluded 
from  the  sample.  The  coal  was  prepared  and  sealed  promptly  above 
ground. 


i 


■IS  G  S 


226  YEAR  BOOK  FOR  IOX)/.  [Bull.  No.  8 

Analysis  iy  represents  the  coal  at  the  end  of  the  first  entry  off  the 
main  entry,  where  it  measures  4  feet  7  inches,  and  shows  no  impuri- 
ties which  are  excluded  from  shipment.  This  sample  was  prepared 
and  sealed  within  five  minutes  after  leaving  the  mine. 

Analysis  18  represents  coal  taken  at  the  country  mine  of  Mr.  Dob- 
bin, where  the  following  section  was  measured  : 

Feet.  Inches. 

Limestone    4  6 

Shale  1 

1.  Coal    6 

2.  Sulphur  and  shale    \ .. 

3.  Coal 2  7 

4.  Shale    2L. 

5.  Coal    10 

Fire  clay 4  + 


Total  coal  bed 4  2 

Impurities  from  layers  2  and  4  are  picked  from  the  coal  before 
marketing  and  are  excluded  from  the  sample. 

Analyses  8,  13  and  16  were  made  by  W.  F.  Wheeler,  of  the  State 
Geological  Survey,  from  samples  collected  by  F.  F.  Grout  in  the 
manner  described.  When  analyzed,  these  samples  had  stood  sealed 
for  eleven  months. 

Analysis  8  represents  a  sample  taken  in  the  second  room  off  the 
second  west  entry,  where  the  coal  measures  56  inches  thick  and  shows 
no  persistent  bands. 

Analysis    13   represents   the   coal   in   the  first   room   off   the   second  , 
east  entry  on  the  north,  where  the  following  section  was  measured : 

Section  in  O'Oara  Mine  No.  12. 

Shale,  pebbly   (many  feet)  Inches. 

Draw  slate,  second    

Draw   slate,    first    

1.  Coal   27  • 

2.  Sulphur    %—  1    : 

3.  Coal    32 

Fire  clay. 


Total   coal   bed    60  \ 

The   sample   includes   layers    1    and   3.      No.    1    has   two   partings   of  ' 
sulphur  three  inches  and  eight  inches  from  the  top  which  are  not  per- 
sistent but  arc  common   in   the  mine. 

Analysis  16  was  made  from  a  sample  obtained  near  the  shaft,  which 
includes  Nos.  1,  3  and  5  ^\  the  following  measured  section: 

Section  in  Mine  of  Xorris  ('Hi/  Coal  Com  pan  u. 

Ft.  In. 

Limestone  '  ,? 

Shale    :M6 

I        Coal     

2.     Sulphur    

::      Coal      ' 

1      Blue    band     »m>  to  I 

5     Coal  1$ 

PMre  elai 


DeWolf.]  THE   SALINE-GALLATIN    COAL   FIELD.  22/ 

Analysis  2  to  7,  inclusive,  by  Prof.  S.  W.  Parr,  of  the  State  Univer- 
sity of  Illinois,  were  recently  published  in  Bulletin  No.  3  of  the  State 
Geological  Survey.  The  samples  were  collected  in  canvas  bags  at 
the  mines  from  the  surface  of  car  lots  prepared  for  shipment,  and 
were  sealed  in  air-tight  jars  in  the  laboratory.  Since  the  moisture  of 
the  samples  after  shipment  differed  presumably  by  varying  amounts 
from  that  shown  under  normal  conditions  in  the  mines,  analyses  were 
preceded  by  air  drying. 

Of  analyses  9,  10,  11  and  12,  kindly  furnished  by  Superintendent 
Thomas,  of  the  O'Gara  Coal  Company,  No.  9  was  made  by  Professor 
Parr  and  the  others  by  various  private  chemists.  The  exact  method 
of  sampling  and  treatment  before  analysis  is  not  stated. 

Analysis  15,  made  by  the  General  Chemical  Company,  of  Chicago, 
was  obtained  through  the  courtesy  of  Supt.  J.  B.  Kitch,  of  the  National 
Mining  Company.  The  percentage  noted  in  the  sulphur  column  in- 
cudes "sulphur  and  waste." 

Analysis  19  and  20,  made  by  Regis  Chauvenet  &  Bro.,  of  St.  Louis, 
for  the  Gallatin  Coal  and  Coke  Company,  were  kindly  furnished  by 
President  Hugh  Murray. 


22% 


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SWOLF.  ] 


THE   SALINE-GALLATIN    COAL   FIELD. 


229 


DeW( 

DESCRIPTION  OF  COAL  MINES.* 

The  appended  table  presents  a  list  of  the  coal  mines  of  this  area. 
Inasmuch  as  the  district  includes  old  and  new  mines,  both  primitive 
and  modern  methods  of  mining  are  employed.  This  paper  does  not 
review  in  detail  the  technology  of  these  mining  methods,  but  merely 
outlines  prevalent  or  important  conditions. 

In  the  mines  visited,  f  which  are  laid  out  according  to  various 
adaptations  of  the  room-and-pillar  plan,  pick  mining  prevails,  and 
the  coal  is  shot  down,  then  hauled  in  wooden  cars  of  one  to  two  tons 
capacity,  by  mules.  Usually  the  shafts  are  divided  into  two  parts, 
nine  by  fourteen  feet  each,  and  are  provided  with  single-decked  cages 
of  metal  construction,  with  safety  clutches.  The  most  popular  hoisting 
engine  is  one  that  acts  directly  on  a  six-foot  drum.  The  coal  dumps 
automatically  into  scales  and  into  shaker  or  revolving  screens.  Box  car 
loaders  are  employed  to  a  small  extent.  The  mines  require  little 
pumping,  and  some  need  sprinkling  in  certain  seasons.  Ventilation 
is  usually  effected  by  Capell  propelling  fans  about  twelve  feet  in  diam- 
eter. Speaking  tubes  between  engine  room  and  shaft  bottom  are  in- 
stalled in  a  few  mines,  and  electric  lights  are  also  used  underground  by 
the  National  Mining  Company. 

Screened  coal  chiefly  is  shipped,  and  although  no  figures  were  col- 
lected to  show  the  sizes  made  it  is  estimated  that  in  some  cases  as 
much  as  30  per  cent  is  slack.  This  condition  is  almost  certain  to  be 
remedied  by  the  introduction  of  machine  mining.  As  already  stated, 
at  Equality  the  slack  of  coal  No.  5,  after  washing,  makes  a  marketable 
coke,  and  the  further  development  and  perfection  of  this  process  is 
thought  to  promise  much  for  this  field. 

Partial  List  of  Coal  Mines  in  Saline-Gallatin  Field,  Illinois. 


Name  of  mine  or  owner. 

o  o 
6 

Location. 

o 

si 

^  a 

(D-rH 

S    fl 

O  CD 
c3  p, 

cS° 

£1 

o 

CD 

jo 
o 
6 

o 

3 

u 

03 

> 

< 

CD 
t» 
OS 

&   • 

^8 

£° 

CD 

Q 

Remarks. 

90 

93 
77 
80 
78 
67 
75 
61 
96 
28 
119 

115 
116 
117 
120 

62 
76 
94 
74 
118 

Cottage  Grove 

SloDe . . 
Shaft.. 
..do.... 

7 
7 
5 
5 
5 
7 
5 
7 
5 
7 

5 
5 
5 
5 

5 

7 
5 

7 

T: 

5 

Ft.  In. 
4    4 
4    2 
4    7 
4  10 
4    7 
4    2 
4    3 

4  2 

5  4 
5    4 

"4"6" 
4    6 
4    6 

"4'   2" 
4    4 
4    2 

Ft. 

"57 
40 
80 
40 
41 

336 
640 

302 
407 
511 
404 

421 

"28 
30 

328 

Abandoned. 

Dobbin 

Northwest  of  Equality.. 
Equality 

Local. 

East  Side  Coal  Co. . . 

Gallatin  C^al  &  Coke  Co . . 

..do 

..do.... 

..do 

..do.... 

Gordon 

Northeast  of  Equality.. 

East  of  Equality 

North  of  Equality 

Southeast  of  Eldorado. . 

Slope . . 
Drift . . 
..do.... 
Shaft . . 
..do.... 

Local,  suspended. 

Hargrave  

McLain 

National  Mining  Co 

Local. 

O'Gara  Coal  Co.,  No.  1. . . 

D'GaraCoalCo.,  No.  8... 
O'Gara  Coal  Co.,  No.  10.. 
D'GaraCoalCo.,  No.  11.. 
D'GaraCoalCo.,  No.  12.. 

Percil 

4   miles    southwest    of 

Eldorado 

Eldorado 

..do. 

..do 

..do.... 
..do.... 
.do.... 
..do.... 

5   miles    southwest    of 

Eldorado 

North  of  Equality 

East  of  Equality 

Northwest  of  Equality.. 

..do.... 
Drift.. 
Slope.. 
Shaft.. 
. .  do. . . . 

Abandoned. 

5anks  

Local. 

iwinney ,*-. 

Suspended. 

Vandell  Mining  Co 

Wasson  Coal  Co 

Sinking  shaft . 

l1^  miles  southwest  of 

..do.... 

..do 

♦These  mines  now   (1908)   are  largely  equipped  with   chain  machines  for  undercut- 
ting, and  with  motor  haulage,  electric  lights  and  other  Improvements. 
!     t  The  mines  at  Iocs.  80,  119  and  120,  which  lie  beyond  the  borders  of  the  quadrangles 
j proper,  were  not  examined  personally  in  this  preliminary  work. 


Coal  Investigations  in  Saline  and  Williamson  Counties,  Illinois. 

(By  Frakk  W.  DeWolf,) 


Introduction. 

The  area  described  in  this  report  includes  part  of  the  Harrisburg 
field  in  Saline  county  and  a  smaller  district  in  Williamson  county  which 
adjoins  on  the  west.  The  accompanying  map  (plate  n),  which  com- 
prises the  southern  half  of  the  Galatia  quadrangle  and  some  addi- 
tional area  on  the  south  and  on  the  west,  includes  approximately  ioo 
square  miles  near  the  southern  edge  of  the  Illinois  coal  fields/ 

The  growing  importance  of  the  region  is  demonstrated  by  the  in- 
crease in  coal  production,  as  given  by  the  U.  S.  Geological  Survey,  for 
during  the  year  ending  December  31,  1907,  Saline  county  produced 
2,247,202  tons  as  compared  with  980,864  tons  for  1906.  Coal  of  a 
quality  doubtfully  equaled  in  the  State  underlies  practically  all  of  the 
area  examined,  and  within  a  moderate  depth  of  the  surface.  Consoli- 
dation of  mining  interests  which  has  been  extensively  effected  here 
during  the  last  two  years  has  accompanied  the  installation  of  new- 
mining  equipment,  the  opening  of  new  properties  and  prospecting  with 
the  diamond  drill  on  a  scale  rarely  attempted.  The  area  is  bound  to 
become  a  large  factor  in  the  production  of  the  State  under  favorable^ 
market  conditions. 

This  paper  is  published  as  a  progress  report  of  a  continuous  survey 
which  is  being  extended  across  the  State  from  near  Mt.  Vernon.  Indi- 
ana, to  Murphysboro  on  the  west.     The  area  is  being  mapped  in  sii 
rectangular   units   or   "quadrangles"    and   field    work    will   be   larger* 
completed  in  1908.     The  Galatia  is  the  third  quadrangle  surveyed  and 
joins  the  west  side  of  the  Eldorado.     The  geology  and  coal  resources' 
of  the  areas  already  studied  is  described  in  this  volume  and  has  been; 
recently  published  elsewhere.*     Both  topographic  and  geologic   map-1 
ping  is  being  executed  in  cooperation  In    the  State  Geological  Survey. 
and  the  United  States  Geological  Survey. 

The  writer  wishes  to  acknowledge  the  valuable  assistance  of  Mr. 
A.  |.  Ellis,  in  the  collection  and  stud)  of  geologic  data  and  o\  Mr. 
W.  F.  Wheeler  and  Mr.  J.  M.  Lindgren  in  the  stud\  o\  coal 
composition.  under  the  direction  of  Trot'.  S.  \Y.  I'arr.  The 
work  of  the  Survey  has  only  been  possible  through  the  cordial  coopera- 
tion of  those  local  coal  operators  who  permitted  the  use  of  private 
boo-  records,  especially  The  Guarantee  Trusl  Compam.  I'he  (  >'i  .ara 
(  oal  Company,  The  Peabody  Coal  Company  and  The  I  larrishurg  c  oal 
(  1  >mpan) . 

•1     g.  (J<  li  ii  Survey,  HuUpIIii   N'o,  lllii,    MKiU;  K«><>  itlsn  1  his  Uull.-tln,  pp.   211    1 21 

230 


sU' 


231 


and  future 
topographic 
and  public 
[  nearly  flat 
frequently 
back  water 
old  upland, 
:o  250  feet 

1  cross  the 
andicapped 
)f  markets, 
instructed 
rom  Ekk> 
nd  Brushy 
upland  by 
eet  respec- 
this  would 
in  air  line 


olves  also 
formation 
:icular  at- 

so  as  to 
rlain,  and 
Moitation. 
omises  to 
elopment. 

the  area 
"he  great 
letermine 

first  im- 
>r»al  map 


depth  of 
me,  with 
and  fire 
series  of 
las  been 
1  Lower 
>   of   the 

U.  S.  Geo 


Coal  In 


The  are; 
field  in  Sali 
adjoins  on 
prises  the 
tional  area 
square  mil< 

The  gro 
crease  in  c« 
during  tht 
2,247,202 
quality  do 
area  exam 
dation  of 
during  th< 
mining  eq' 
the  diamo 
become  a 
market  coi 

This  pa 
which  is  b 
ana,  to  AJ 
rectangula 
completed 
joins  the 
of  the  an 
recently  \ 
ping  is  Ix 
and  the  I 

The  w  1 
A.  |.  Ell 
\\  .  F.  \\ 
compositi 

w  1  >rk  of  1 
lion    (»l*    I 

hoic  rec< 

(  ',( .;il   (   nil 
(  « » 1 1 1 1  > ;  1 1 1  \ 


DeWolf.]  COAL  IN   SALINE  AND   WILLIAMSON    COUNTIES.  2^1 

Influence  of  Relief  and  Drainage. 

The  favorable  nature  of  the  relief  as  affecting  present  and  future 
development  is  presented  with  accuracy  by  the  Galatia  topographic 
map,*  which  shows  also  the  position  of  roads,  houses,  and  public 
land  lines.  The  eastern  part  of  the  area  consists  mostly  of  nearly  flat 
land  which  lies  about  365  feet  above  sea  level  and  is  frequently 
subjected  to  head  water  floods,  and  at  long  intervals  to  back  water 
from  the  Ohio  river.  Above  this  rise  small  remnants  of  an  old  upland, 
which  in  the  western  part  of  the  area  reaches  some  100  to  250  feet 
above  the  low  land  and. is  thoroughly  dissected  by  ravines. 

Transportation  is  now  accomplished  by  railroads  which  cross  the 
low  eastern  part  of  the  area,  but  the  region  must  remain  handicapped 
until  the  large  hilly  tract  to  the  west  is  brought  into  reach  of  markets. 
This  situation  will  be  improved  by  the  railroad  now  being  constructed 
between  Harrisburg  and  Galatia  and  the  projected  line  from  Eldo- 
rado to  Pittsburg,  in  Williamson  county.  Both  Bankston  and  Brushy 
creeks  offer  excellent  grades  for  reaching  the  heart  of  the  upland  by 
railroads  from  Harrisburg,  since  they  rise  but  70  and  100  feet  respec- 
tively in  reaching  the  western  edge  of  the  area  mapped  and  this  would 
amount  approximately  to  one  foot  to  each  650  feet  along  an  air  line 
route. 

Geology. 

introduction. 

As  a  thorough  investigation  of  the  coals  of  the  region  involves  also 
the  associated  strata,  an  attempt  was  made  to  collect  all  information 
bearing  on  the  stratigraphic  and  structural  relations.  Particular  at- 
tention was  given  to  each  coal  of  commercial  importance,  so  as  to 
determine  its  varying  thickness  and  depth  in  the  areas  underlain,  and 
as  far  as  possible  the  dip  of  the  bed;  as  affecting  ease  of  exploitation. 
The  condition  of  origin  of  the  coals  has  been  studied  and  promises  to 
explain  their  local  absence,  and  to  assist  the  commercial  development. 
On  account  of  the  thick  surficial  deposits  the  hard  rocks  of  the  area 
outcrop  rarely  and  contribute  little  to  the  investigation.  The  great 
number  of  drill  records,  however,  has  made  it  possible  to  determine 
many  facts  of  economic  and  scientific  interest.  The  notes  of  first  im- 
portance, commercially,  are  here  presented  with  a  provisional  map 
(plate  11.) 

Stratigraphy. 

The  rocks  underlying  the  surface  clays,  as  explored  to  a  depth  of 
about  1 100  feet,- consist  of  alternating  beds  of  shale  and  sandstone,  with 
relatively  thin  and  more  or  less  local  beds  of  limestone,  coal  and  fire 
clay.  All  the  rocks  appear  to  belong  to  the  Pennsylvania!!  series  of 
the  Carboniferous  system.  The  Carthage  limestone,  which  has  been 
used  in  the  past  to  separate  the  carboniferous  into  Upper  and  Lower 
Coal   Measures!    is    probably   present   80   feet   from   the   top   of    the 


*Copies  may  bo  obtained  for  five  cents  each  by  addressing  the  Director  r.   B.  Geo- 
logical Survey.  Washington,  D.  C 
fSee  page  213. 


?32 


YEAR    BOOK    FOR    I9O/ 

4 


2§§! 


2S= 


-jS^ 


;_-.:■■ 


aB= 


Sandy  Shule 


Carthage 
limestone 


(  oal  ? 
Fire  day 


Qgqi.5_ 


/ 


/ 


y 


vr«ii(  \i   st  \i  i- 


[Bull.  No    S. 


1         i'»      Eteprc  entatlve  columnar  lection     lo  the  WllllaniHon-HRlino  coal  Qeld. 


— 


DEWoiar.]  COAL  IN   SALINE  AND   WILLIAMSON    COUNTIES.  233 

strata  here  described,  and  is  shown  in  Section  4  (Fig.  19)  with  accom- 
panying beds  similar  to  those  of  the  Eldorado  quadrangle.  As  the 
strata  closely  resemble  those  of  the  area  on  the  east  already  described* 
but  few  additional  notes  are  required  at  this  time.  The  accom- 
panying columnar  sections  are  based  on  abundant  data  covering  the 
strata  extending  300  feet  above  Coal  No.  5.  Above  this  distance  the 
rocks  are  not  so  well  known,  so  the  illustrations  ate  of  less  value. 
Below  Coal  No.  5  a  number  of  borings  show  some  common  features, 
but  such  general  disagreement  as  to  prevent  satisfactory  correlation 
without  reference  to  additional  records  from  adjoining  areas  which 
have  not  yet  been  studied.  A  single  hole  which  penetrates  approxi- 
■  mately  600  feet  below  Coal  No.  5  reaches  about  to  the  base  of  the 
Pennsylvania  rocks,  but  the  record  obtained  appears  unreliable  as 
to  details  and  is  not  published. 

The  correlation  of  certain  beds  is  well   established,   especially  of 

Coals  Nos.  7  and  5.     They  have  a  wide  persistence,  occurring  gener- 

]  ally  throughout  the  area  surveyed,  and  are  identical  with  Coals  Nos. 

!  11  and  9  of  the  Western  Kentucky  sections,  and  probably  with  Coals 

I  VII  and  V  of  the  Indiana  Survey.     The  work  of  the  Survey  has 

I  already  proved  the  identity  of  No.  7  with  No.  6  of  the  Belleville 

area  and  No.  7  of  Williamson  and  Franklin  counties.    Other  coal  beds 

i  shown  in  the  sections  having  well  defined  horizons  are  locally  either 

I  present  or  absent,  and  their  detailed  distribution  has  yet  to  be  studied. 

j  Of  the  limestones,  that  overlying  Coal  No.  7  and  another  about  45 

;  feet  higher,  are  horizon  markers  of  wide  extent.     The  sandstones  and 

shales  give  way  to  each  other  from  place  to  place  and  the  horizons 

I  have  a  tendency  to  show  one  or  the  other  as  illustrated  by  the  relative 

prominence  of  the  respective  symbols  in  the  generalized  sections  (Fig. 

i9.) 

Certain  features  of  the  stratigraphy  are  of  special  interest.     The 
beds  between  Coals  Nos.  7  and  5  are  of  the  character  indicated  by 
section  3  (Fig.  19)  and  the  interval  from  base  to  base  is  remarkably 
^constant  at  from  100  to  140  feet.    The  two  coals  are  not  exactly  par- 
i  allel  however,  and  the  extreme  variation  in  interval  is  worth  note. 
1  About  30  records  report  90  to  100  feet  in  the  area  extending  from 
;the  southwest  corner  of  the  map  (plate  11),  to  Section  9,  T.  8,  R.  5. 
A  similar  number  show  that  the  interval  exceeds  140  feet  in  parts  of 
I  the  land  in  Range  9  and  extending  from  Harrisburg  westward  nearly 
to  the  Williamson  county  line.     A  number  of  these  latter  report  a 
value  exceeding  170  feet  and  in  three  logs  an  interval  of  205  to  220 
feet  is  possibly  indicated.     One  of  the  latter  records  is  shown  as  sec- 
tion 1  (Fig.  19)  to  represent  the  dozen  or  more  records  of  questionable 
interpretation.     It  suggests  the  possibilities,  either  that  the  interval 
is  much  greater  than  usual  or  that  the  lower  coal  is  at  a  horizon  below 
No.  5.    In  many  test  holes  there  appears  to  be  a  heavy  sandstone  at  the 
horizon  of  No.   5  and  this  is  more  or  less  continuous   with   another 
.sandstone  the  top  of  which,  in  a  few  records,  is  definitely  indicated  to 
jlie  about  80  feet  below  No.  5.     In  such  cases  the  question  arise 


'See  page  214. 


234  YEAR  BOOK  FOR   IQO/.  [Bull.   No.   8 

to  whether  Xo.  5  is  much  farther  below  No.  7  than  usual  or  whether 
No.  5  is  absent  because  of  either  non-deposition  or  contemporary 
or  later  erosion,  and  replacement  by  sandstone.  Decisive  evidence  on 
these  points  is  believed  to  be  available  on  further  study.  Of  eight 
holes  which  clearly  show  the  presence  of  No.  5  and  penetrate  still 
deeper,  all  show  at  least  two  lower  coal  horizons.  Three  indicate  a 
coal  from  30  to  50  feet  below  No.  5  and  separated  from  it  by  fire  clay 
and  sandy  shale,  but  the  deep  coals  of  the  remaining  five  records  can 
not  be  correlated  with  one  another  or  with  the  deep  seams  reported  in 
the  area  to  the  east.  Section  5  (Fig.  19)  represents  the  deepest  relia- 
ble log  and  shows  a  four  foot  bed  300  feet  below  No.  5,  and  several 
thin  seams  intervening. 


STRUCTURE. 


1 


The  attitude  or  structural  relations  of  the  coal  is  a  large  factor  in 
determining  the  expense  of  mining,   since  it  affects  ease  of  haulage, 
drainage,   and   ventilation.      The   coals   and  associated   strata   of   this 
region,  which  are  essentially  parallel  with  one  another,  are  in  some 
places  nearly  horizontal,  but  in  others  appear  to  slope  or  dip  in  varying 
directions  and  amounts,  or  to  be  displaced  along  fault  planes.     The 
accompanying  map  attempts  to  show  by  contours  the  varying  elevation 
of   Coal    No.    5   above   sea   level.     The   method   of   construction   and 
the  use  of  the  map  along  with  its  limitations,  may  be  discussed  here/' 
The  elevation  of  the  ground  above  sea  level  was  determined  at  each 
test  boring  and  mine  shaft  and  from  this  figure  was  subtracted  the*: 
depth  of  Coal  No.  5  in  order  to  obtain  its  altitude.     Where  the  codM 
lies  at  different  altitudes  at  adjoining  locations,  the  dip  between  theinjj: 
is  regarded  as  uniform  and  points  of  equal  altitude  are  connected  by  a  \ 
contour  line.    The  direction  of  dip  is  thus  assumed  to  be  perpendicular  1 
to  the  contours  and  the  amount  is  25   feet  between  adjoining  lines. 
It  should  be  understood  that  there  are  several  sources  of  error  in  the 
map.  The  most  important  is  the  assumption  that  the  dip  is  uniform   ' 
between   two   neighboring   datum   points,    whereas   the   beds    may    lie 
horizontal  for  part  of  the  distance  and  steeply  inclined  for  the  remain- 
der or  even  displaced  by  faulting.     Another  error  of  minor  import-  : 
ance  has  doubtless  resulted  from  the  use  of  barometer  and  hand  level 
for  determining  surface  elevations.     As  an  excellent  topographic  map  • 
and  numerous  bench  marks  were  available   for  reference  this  error  is   . 
slight,  but  for  the  benefit  of  loeal  engineers  who  may  wish  to  do  the 
work  with  greater  refinement  a  table  of  results  is  here  presented,  to- 
gether with  an  appended  table  of  permanent  bench  marks. 


COAL  IN   SALINE  AND   WILLIAMSON   COUNTIES. 

Table  of  Surface  Data. 


235 


Location. 

Elevation. 

Township. 

Range. 

Section. 

Map  No. 

Ft.  above  sea 
level. 

Determined 
by 

8 

4 

1 

1 

408 

*L 

8 

4 

25 

1 

494 

L 

8 

4 

25 

2 

495 

*B 

8 

4 

34 

1 

492 

L 

8 

4 

34 

2 

480 

L 

8 

4 

34 

3 

520 

L 

8 

4 

34 

4a* 

549 

B 

8 

4 

35 

1 

530 

B 

8 

4 

35 

2 

522 

L 

8 

4 

35 

3 

533 

L 

8 

4 

36 

1 

443 

L 

8 

5 

7 

1 

425 

L 

8 

5 

11 

1 

405 

*E 

8 

5 

19 

1 

408 

L 

8 

5 

19 

2 

422 

B 

8 

5 

19 

3 

404 

B 

8 

5 

19 

4 

435 

L 

8 

5 

20 

1 

405 

L 

8 

5 

20 

2 

400 

B 

8 

5 

20 

3 

399 

L 

8 

5 

20 

4 

409 

B 

8 

5 

25 

I 

412 

B 

8 

5 

25 

2 

380 

L 

8 

5 

26 

1 

431 

L 

8 

5 

26 

2 

428 

B 

8 

5 

26 

3 

438 

B 

8 

5 

26 

4 

445 

L 

8 

5 

27 

1 

435 

L 

8 

5 

27 

2 

440 

B 

8 

5 

27 

3 

427 

B 

8 

5 

27 

4 

.  434 

L 

8 

5 

27 

5 

430 

L 

8 

5 

28 

la 

8 

5 

28 

2 

415 

B 

8 

5 

28 

3 

420 

B 

8 

5 

28 

4 

442 

L 

8 

5 

29 

1 

418 

L 

8 

5 

29 

2 

432 

L 

8 

5 

29 

3 

433 

B 

8 

5 

29 

4a 

8 

5 

29 

5a 

8 

5 

30 

1 

462 

L 

8 

5 

30 

2 

482 

B 

8 

5 

31 

1 

448 

B 

8 

5 

32 

1 

456 

L 

8 

5 

32 

2 

448 

B 

8 

5 

32 

3 

437 

L 

8 

5 

33 

1 

402 

L 

8 

5 

33 

2 

404 

L 

8 

5 

34 

1 

420 

L 

8 

5 

34 

2 

390 

B 

8 

5 

34 

3 

422 

L 

236 


YEAR  BOOK  FOR   I9O/. 

Table  of  Surf  ace  Data — Continued. 


[Bull.   No.   8 


Location. 


Elevation. 


Township. 

Range. 

Section. 

Map  No. 

Ft.  above  sea 

level. 

Determined 
by. 

8 

5 

35 

1 

420 

L 

8 

5 

35 

2 

423 

L 

8 

5 

35 

3a 

420 

B 

8 

5 

36 

1 

438 

B 

8 

6 

15 

1 

405 

L 

« 

6 

15 

2 

399 

L 

8 

6 

15 

3 

418 

B 

8 

6 

15 

4 

388 

L 

8 

6 

21 

1 

378 

L 

8 

6 

22 

1 

400 

L 

8 

6 

22 

2 

372 

^_                       L 

8 

6 

23 

1 

400 

L 

8 

6 

26 

1 

402 

L 

8 

6 

26 

2 

400 

L 

8 

6 

26 

3 

372 

L 

8 

6 

27 

! 

370 

L 

8 

6 

27 

2a 

365 

L 

8 

6 

27 

3 

369 

L 

8 

6 

28 

! 

376 

L 

8 

6 

28 

2 

371 

L 

8 

6 

29 

1 

370 

I 

8 

6 

29 

2 

365 

I 

8 

6 

33 

1 

360 

L 

8 

6 

34 

1 

375 

1 

8 

6 

35 

1 

375 

L 

8 

6 

36 

2 

383 

L 

9 

j 

1 

470 

I 

9 

1 

2a 

458 

1 

9 

1 

3a 

9 

2 

1 

;»fo 

B 

9 

2 

2 

183 

1 

9 

2 

3 

;>;>o 

B 

9 

2 

4 

562 

1 

9 

3 

1 

565 

1 

9 

10 

1 

485 

1 

9 

10 

2a 

466 

1 

9 

11 

1 

4;;: 

1 

9 

12 

1 

USti* 

1 

9 

12 

2 

11, 

1 

9 

12 

3 

;>;i;< 

1 

9 

12 

1 

IT.-.I. 

1 

B 

12 

;.:i 

8 

12 

•; 

IT.". 

1 

8 

i:i 

1 

412 

I 

9 

18 

■1 

l 

9 

i;t 

3 

1     ■ 

9 

i;t 

1 

186 

H 

9 

i:t 

5 

lis 

1 

B 

11 

1 

1 .11 

' 

B 

11 

■1 

44;. 

1 

B 

11 

8 

II.. 

Be  Wolf.]  COAL   IN   SALINE  AND   WILLIAMSON   COUNTIES. 

Table  of  Surface  Data — Continued. 


237 


Location. 


Elevation. 


Township. 

Range. 

Section. 

Map  No. 

Ft.  above  sea 
level. 

Determined 
by. 

9 
9 
9 

n 

4 
4 
4 
4 

15 
15 
15 
15 

2 
3 
4 

458 
495 
443 
435 

B 
B 
L 
B 

9 
9 

4 
4 

16 
16 

2 
3a 

495 

B 

9 

4 

21 

1 

455 

B 

9 
9 

4 
4 

22 
22 

1 
2a 

465 

B 

*9 
9 
9 
9 

4 
4 
4 
4 

23 
23 
23 
23 

1 
2 
3 
4a 

455 
460 
435 

B 
B 
B 

9 
9 

4 
4 

24 
24 

1 
2a 

418 

L 

9 
9 
9 
9 

5 
5 
5 
5 

1 
1 
1 
1 

1 
2 
3 
4 

377 
397 
375 
374 

L 

L 
L 

9 
9 
9 
9 
9 

5 
5 
5 
5 
5 

2 
2 
2 

2 
2 

1 

2 
3 
4 

5 

380 
400 
380 
374 
379 

L 
L 
L 
B 
B 

9 
9 

5 
5 

3 

1 
2 

395 
435 

L 
B 

9 
9 

5 
6 

4 
4 

1 
2 

395 
445 

L 

B 

9 
9 

5 
5 

5 
5 

1 
1 

432b 

471b 

B 
L 

9 
9 
9 
9 

5 
5 
5 
5 

6 
6 
6 
6 

1 
2 
3 
4 

490 
463 
497 
465 

B 
B 
L 
L 

9 

5 

7 

1 

475 

B 

9 

■  I 

9 
9 

5 
5 
5 

5 
5 

8 
8 
8 
8 
8 

1 

2a 

3 
4 

5 

477 
430 
405 
418 
420 

L 
L 
B 
L 
B 

9 
9 

5 
5 

9 
9 

1 
2 

475 
462 

L 
L 

9 
9 

5 
5 

10 
10 

2 

442 
440 

L 
L 

9 
9 
9 
9 

5 
5 
5 
5 

11 
11 
11 
11 

2 
3 
4 

375 
394 
371 
400 

L 
L 
L 
B 

9 
9 

5 
5 

12 
12 

la 
2 

360 
365 

B 
B 

9 
9 

5 
5 

13 
13 

la 

2 

366 
373 

L 
L 

9 
9 

5 
5 

14 
14 

1 
2 

395 

376 

L 
L 

238 


YEAR  BOOK  FOR  I907. 

Table  of  Surf  ace  Data — Continued. 


[Bull.   No.   S 


Location. 

1 

Elevation. 

Township. 

Range. 

Section. 

Map  No. 

Ft.  above  sea 

level. 

Determined 
by. 

9 

5 

15 

1 

428 

L 

9 

5 

15 

2 

383 

L 

9 

5 

16 

1 

410 

B 

9 

5 

17 

1 

408 

L 

9 

5 

18 

1 

419 

L 

9 

5 

18 

2 

404 

L 

9 

5 

19 

1 

421 

L 

9 

5 

19 

2 

423 

L 

9 

5 

19 

3a 

♦ 

9 

5 

21 

1 

390 

B 

9 

5 

21 

2 

395 

L 

9 

5 

21 

3a 

395 

L 

9 

5 

21 

4 

400 

.     L 

9 

5 

21 

5 

400 

L 

9 

5 

22 

! 

400 

9 

5 

22 

2 

390 

9 

5 

22 

3 

422 

L 

9 

5 

22 

4 

410 

9 

5 

23 

1 

415 

L 

9 

5 

23 

2a 

b 

9 

5 

24 

1 

361 

L 

9 

5 

24 

2 

390 

B 

9 

5 

24 

3a 

b 

9 

6 

2 

! 

367 

E 

9 

6 

2 

2 

373 

E 

9 

6 

4 

! 

365 

L 

9 

6 

4 

2 

356 

L 

9 

6 

4 

3 

365 

B 

9 

6 

5 

la 

365 

H 

9 

6 

5 

2 

370 

B 

9 

6 

6 

1 

374 

I. 

9 

6 

6 

2 

413 

V 

9 

6 

7 

1 

360 

B 

9 

6 

7 

2 

362 

L 

9 

6 

7 

3 

381 

L 

9 

6 

8 

1 

868 

\. 

9 

6 

8 

2 

350 

B 

9 

6 

8 

3 

405 

L 

9 

6 

8 

4 

402 

l. 

9 

6 

8 

5 

400 

L 

9 

6 

B 

1 

882 

L 

9 

(i 

9 

2 

393 

1 

0 

6 

10 

la 

sea 

1. 

8 

8 

10 

- 

365 

'< 

8 

6 

11 

1 

868 

1. 

8 

8 

11 

'- 

858 

'< 

!) 

6. 

13 

1 

8S8 

'• 

8 

i; 

15 

1 

870 

1 

B 

8 

1  > 

•j 

878 

8 

0 

11; 

la 

858 

1. 

8 

ti 

16 

8 

881 

1. 

B 

8                       16 

8 

1. 

» 

8                                Mi 

1 

L 

B 

8 

18 

1 

888 

a 

DFWoii\]  COAL  IN   SALINE  AND   WILLIAMSON   COUNTIES. 

Table  of  Surface  Data — Concluded. 


230 


Location. 

Elevation. 

Township. 

Range. 

Section. 

Map  No. 

Ft.  above  sea        Determined 
level.                        by. 

9 

6 

17 

1 

395 

L 

9 

C 

17 

2 

373 

L 

9 

6 

17 

3 

395 

H 

9 

6 

17 

4 

375 

1. 

9 

6 

18 

1 

365 

L 

9 

6 

18 

2 

368 

L, 

9 

6 

18 

3 

390b 

L 

9 

6 

18 

4 

370 

L 

9 

6 

18 

5 

377b 

L 

9 

6 

18 

6 

381 

L 

9 

6 

18 

7 

373b 

L 

9 

6 

19 

la 

9 

6 

19 

2 

411 

L 

9 

6 

20 

1 

376 

L 

9 

6 

20 

2 

385 

B 

9 

6 

20 

3 

380 

B 

9 

6 

22 

1 

370 

E 

9 

6 

23 

1 

358 

B 

6 

6 

23 

2 

357 

L 

9 

6 

27 

1 

380 

B 

*  (a)  Location  reported;    (b)  Log  not  used; 
from  topographic  map. 


(L)  Hand  level:     (B)  Barometer;    (E)  Estimate 


Permanent  Bench  Marks  of  the  South  Part  of  the  Galatia 

Quadrangle. 

The  elevations  in  the  following  list  are  based  upon  the  precise  level 
line  of  1906  from  Duquoin,  run  under  the  direction  of  Mr.  C.  L.  Sad- 
ler, assistant  topographer,  by  Mr.  F.  C.  Higley,  levelman.  The  stand- 
ard bench  marks  were  stamped  with  figures  of  elevation  to  nearest 
foot. 

Altitude. 
Description.  Feet. 

Rileyville,  at  milepost  E.  St.  Louis  107  mi.,  Eldorado  14  mi.,  nail  in 

top  of  west  rack  for  emergency  rail 398.854 

Rileyville,  0.71  miles  southeast  of;  500  feet  northwest  of  house  on 
south  side  of  railroad  at  point  where  county  road  jogs  north  from 
railroad,  30  feet  north  of  tracks,  in  corner  of  fence,  30  feet  north- 
west of  cattle  guard,  iron  post  stamped  "392  Illinois  1906" 392.88(1 

Rileyville,  1.91  miles  southeast  of;  at  milepost  E.  St.  Louis  109  Eldo- 
rado 12  mi.,  nail  in  top  of  west  rack  for  emergency  rail 411.870 

Rileyville,  2.9  miles  southeast  of;   at  milepost  E.  St.  Louis  110,  Eldo- 

dorado  11  mi.,  nail  in  top  of  east  rack  for  emergency  rail 417.991' 

Galatia,  0.3  mile  west  of  station;  at  Galatia  Rolling  Mill,  in  southwest 
foundation  of  "Old  Elevator"  on  south  side,  25  feet  north  of  rail- 
road track,  aluminum  table  stamped   "397    Illinois   1906" 397.850 

Galatia,  in  front  of  station;  top  of  north  rail 401.176 

[Galatia,  0.18  mile  southeast  of;    at  milepost   E.   St.  Louis,    111.    Eldo 

rado  10  mi.,  nail  in  top  of  west  rack  for  emergency  rail 412.41s 

Galatia,  1.1  G  miles  southeast  of  ;  milepost  E.  St.  Louis  112.  Eldorado 
9  mi.,  nail  in  top  of  west  rack  for  emergency  rail 386 


240 


YEAR  BOOK  FOR   I907. 


[Bull.   No.  8 


Altitude. 
Description.  Feet. 

Raleigh,  1.59  miles  east  of;  70  feet  west  of  milepost  "E.  St.  L.  117, 
Eldorado  4  M."  62  feet  south  of  center  of  track,  in  field  of  Mrs.  Liza 
Elder,  iron  post  stamped  "390  1906" 390.763 

Raleigh,  1.6  miles  south  of;  southeast  corner  where  road  turns  south, 
T.  8  S.,  R.  6  E.,  corner  sees.  21,  22,  27  and  28,  iron  post  stamped 
"373"    , 372.866 

Raleigh,  4.28  miles  south  of;  T.  8  S.,  R.  6  E.,  middle  east  and  west  of 
sec.  4,  0.33  mile  south  of  township  line,  southeast  of  second  right 
angle  in  road  south,  iron  post  stamped  "363" 362.623 

Raleigh,  7.41  miles  southwest  of;  southeast  of  crossroads  at  Mt. 
Moriah  church,  corner  between  Brushy,  Raleigh  and  Harrisburg. 
townships,  0.25  mile  east,  iron  post  stamped  "459  1906" 459.061 

Mt.  Moriah,  2.94  miles  west  of;  southwest  of  crossroads  at  center  of 

Brushy  township,  at  Voting  House,  iron  post  stamped  "402  1906" . .   401.863 

Saline  county  line,  0.5  mile  west  of,  on  east  and  west  road  which  leads 
into  Attila,  iron  post  stamped  "487  1906" 487.104 


Use  of  the  Structural  Map. 

The  contour  map  when  used  in  connection  with  the  topographic 
map  or  surface  elevations  determined  by  field  work,  enables  one  to 
calculate  the  depth  to  coal  No.  5  in  the  areas  between  test  holes,  and 
also  indicates  steepness  of  dip  by  relative  closeness  of  contours  to 
one  another.  As  indicated  by  the  contours  the  dip  of  coal  No.  5 
varies  greatly  in  direction  and  rate,  but  in  general  terms  it  appears' 
to  be  northward  from  the  south  margin  of  the  area  until  an  irregular 
belt  of  dome-like  features  is  reached.  This  is  shown  northwest  of 
Harrisburg  in  section  7  and  follows  an  irregular  course  to  the  west 
margin  of  the  area  in  section  35,  T.  9,  R.  4.  Along  this  belt  coal  No.' 
5  is  folded  or  faulted  up  to  a  position  from  100  to  200  feet  above  its 
altitude  just  to  the  south.  Northward  the  beds  descend  again  in  more 
orderly  manner.  From  the  highest  to  the  lowest  positions  No.  5  de- 
scends a  total  distance  of  about  425  feet.  If  the  change  in  altitude 
be  due  to  dip  the  rate  must  be  steep  in  several  localities,  as  shown  by 
dashed  contours.  The  following  warrant  careful  notice  and  further 
testing  to  determine  the  facts. 

Localities  of  Pionounced  Dip  or  Faulting. 


Change  in   m  m  i  ikk. 

Feet  pa 
mile 

T. 

K. 

Sir. 

Distance 
(miles.) 

8 

4 

M  86 

ISO 

1 

800 

it 

4 

l 

112 

':; 

886 

B 

B 

* 

is? 

1., 

•_'t;j 

!i 

6 

11  IS 

12:1 

H'.l 

!i 

fi 

2 

118 

•1 

141 

!l 

B 

H 

B8 

1 1 



DeWoif.]  COAL  IN  SALINE  AND  WILLIAMSON  COUNTIES.  24I 

Certain  conditions  within  and  nearby  the  area  suggest  the  presence 
of  faults.  The  considerable  changes  in  altitudes  just  referred  to, 
when  compared  to  the  usual  structure  here  and  in  the  quadrangle  to 
the  east  appear  to  be  rather  local  in  distribution,  and  suggest  abnormal 
conditions.  Small  faults  with  displacements  of  I  to  5  feet  occur  in 
several  of  the  mines  and  furthermore  dikes  of  igneous  rock,  eight 
to  fourteen  feet  thick,  cut  the  coal.*  The  intruded  rock  is  nearly 
identical  in  composition  to  that  of  Pope  and  Hardin  counties  to  the 
south  and  east,  which  is  related  to  deposits  of  fluorspar,  lead  and 
zinc.  In  one  of  the  Saline  county  dikes  a  crystal  of  zinc  sulphide, 
"jack"  was  found  by  Mr.  Wheeler  of  the  survey.  Other  evidence  of 
even  greater  weight  is  added  by  the  fault  which  trends  westward 
from  Shawneetown  in  Gallatin  county,  along  the  north  face  of  the 
"Gold  Hill"  range  of  hills,  and  which  has  a  displacement  exceeding 
1,000  feet  about  three  and  one-half  miles  south  of  the  Eldorado 
quadrangle.  From  general  evidence  this  zone  of  disturbance  con- 
tinues a  little  south  of  west,  towards  Stonefort,  and  its  proximity  to 
this  area  makes  it  very  probable  that  minor  faults  do  occur  here.  They 
mist  be  of  small  magnitude  and  need  hardly  be  considered  serious 
factors  in  developing  the  field,  unless  they  prove  to  be  much  more 
mmerous  than  at  present  indicated. 

While  the  contours  show  the  varying  altitude  of  coal  No.  5,  the 
structure  of  coal  No.  7  is  not  exactly  parallel  to  it,  being  somewhat 
nore  regular  in  attitude.  The  position  of  No.  7  or  other  beds  may  be 
tpproximately  determined  from  the  contours,  however,  by  adding 
)r  subtracting  a  figure  corresponding  to  the  average  interval  which 
eparates  No.  5  and  the  bed  sought. 

Coal  Resources, 
introduction. 
The  coal  of  this  area  is  of  superior  quality  and  the  favorable  con- 
iitions  of  its  occurrence  has  so  stimulated  production  during  the  last 
ew  years  as  to  make  the  region  one  of  great  importance.  There  are 
even  commercial  mines  in  the  area  of  this  report,  and  a  considerably 
irger  number  in  the  immediately  adjoining  area.  Though  the  ac- 
ompanying  sections  (Fig.  19)  show  coal  at  over  a  dozen  horizons 
jnly  two  are  now  worked,  Nos.  7  and  5.  Practically  all  of  the  others 
ave  so  far  proved  too  thin  for  competition  under  present  commercial 
onditions,  but  there  is  strong  possibility  that  some  of  them  may  prove 
3  be  locally  of  value.  It  is  especially  probable  that  some  of  the  lower 
|oals  which  are  of  workable  thickness  elsewhere  in  Illinois  and  indeed 
sported  as  much  as  four  feet  thick  here,  may  some  day  be  utilized. 

DESCRIPTION  OF  COALS  NOS.   5   AND  J. 

Results  of  Borings. 
A  study  of  borings  warrants  the  statement  that  the  horizons  of  coals 
ros.  5  and  7  underlie  nearly  all  of  the  area  and  that  one  or  both  have 
linable  thickness  in  almost  every  hole  drilled. 

♦Dikes  occur   in   the   following  mines   in   or   near  the   area   here   mapped:      O'Gara 
>al  Co.,  Nos.  3  and  8;  Saline  County  Coal  Co.,  No.  2  ;  National  Mining  Co. 

— 16  G  S 


242  YEAR  BOOK  FOR  I907.  [Bull.    No.  8 

The  horizon  of  coal  Xo  .7  is  absent  through  pre-glacial  erosion  in 
the  extreme  southeast  and  southwest  corners  of  the  area,  beneath  the 
bottom  lands.    In  the  southeast  the  coal  is  exposed  and  has  been  minec 
for  local  use.     In  the  southwest  the  outcrop  is  revealed  by  borings 
which  find  the  place  of  the  coal  occupied  by  glacial  clay  and  sane 
The  thickness  of   No.   7   in  the   198  holes  penetrating  its  horizon  isj 
shown  by  the  accompanying  table.     If  the  records  are  grouped  so  as 
to  assemble  those  in  which  No.  7  measures  from  1  to  Xo,  11  to  20,  21 
to  30  inches,  etc.,  it  will  be  noted  that  \l/2  per  cent  of  the  records  show 
no  coal;  10  per  cent  report  1  to  40  inches;  73  per  cent  41  to  70  inches 
and  15  per  cent  more  than  this  amount.     Partings  or  bone  coal  are 
reported  in  7  per  cent  of  the  borings. 

The  distribution  of  coal  No.  5  is  widespread  but  its  thickness  is 
more  variable  than  No.  7.  Preglacial  erosion  channels  do  not  reach 
the  horizon  within  this  area,  but  the  outcrop  occurs  in  the  region  just 
to  the  south  which  will  be  mapped  next  season.  A  number  of  borings 
show  that  No.  5  is  thin  or  absent  through  irregular  deposition  or 
through  erosion  which  accompanied  or  followed  shortly  after  deposi- 
tion. A  further  study  of  such  logs  is  planned  in  order  to  determine 
the  reason  for  this  condition  and  to  apply  the  facts  to  adjoining  areas. 
In  several  instances  where  coal  No.  5  was  not  reached  by  drilling,  a 
somewhat  deeper  hole  is  necessary  to  demonstrate  its  absence. 

The  thickness  of  No.  5  in  the  184  holes  which  reached  its  horizc 
is  summarized  in  the  accompanying  table.  Eight  per  cent  of  thd 
records  show  no  coal ;  in  nine  per  cent  it  varies  from  one  to  fort 
inches ;  in  fifty-eight  per  cent  it  measures  from  forty-one  to  sevent 
inches ;  and  in  twenty-five  per  cent  it  exceeds  this  value.  The  tabl 
indicates  a  tendency  of  the  drillers  to  report  thicknesses  in  even  % 
or  half  feet,  rather  than  as  they  actually  occur.  Thus,  coal  of  48,  51 
and  60  inches  is  more  frequently  found  in  the  table  than  thicknesj 
just  more  or  less  than  these  values. 


DivWor.r.] 

COAL 

IN   SALINE 

AND   WILLIAMSON 

COUNTIES. 

243 

Thickness 

of  Goals  Nos. 

5  and 

7  in  Borings  Penetrating  Their  Horizons. 

03 

03 

93 

03 

03 

03               1 

03 

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1 

The  mines  of  the  area  with  the  exception  of  one  are  working  No.  5 
in  preference  to  No.  7,  because  of  better  conditions  for  mining  and 
higher  fuel  value.  No.  7  is  nevertheless  an  excellent  coal,  having 
about  the  same  fuel  values  here  as  No.  7  in  Williamson  county  and 
much  better  than  "No.  6"  in  the  Belleville  region,  its  equivalent. 

No.  5  where  examined  in  the  mines  measures  from  59  to  87  inches, 
being  nearly  uniform  in  thickness  in  each  mine.  It  is  free  from  clay 
bands  and  has  but  occasional  thin  streaks  of  sulphur.  The  latter 
when  present  are  usually  from  1-16  to  y2  inch  thick  and  are  found 
from  4  to  10  inches  from  the  top.  Exceptionally  they  are  as  much  as 
27  inches  from  the  top,  and  reach  1  inch  in  thickness.  Locally,  the 
top  two  inches  of  coal  is  boney.  The  coal  is  of  medium  hardness  and 
good  appearance,  and  stands  handling  and  transportation  very  well. 
Its  composition  and  high  fuel  value  are  indicated  by  the  accompany- 
ing tables  on  page  245.  The  mining  conditions  of  No.  5  are  excel- 
lent. The  roof  is  a  hard  gray  shale  which  stays  up  with  little  timber- 
jing.  Its  regularity  is  interrupted  by  the  protrusion  of  "nigger  heads," 
frequently  exceeding  12  inches  in  diameter.  In  all  of  the  mines  there 
is  a  thin  draw  slate  of  2  to  4  inches  which  drops  with  the  coal,  and  in 
several  a  second  slate  falls  within  a  few  months  if  left  up.  The  coal 
las  no  well  developed  cleat  and)  is  cut  easily  in  all  directions.  Chain 
uachines  have  been  installed  within  the  last  year  and  practically  no 
boal  is  now  shot  off  the  solid.  The  coal  is  screjened  or  partly  rc- 
icreened  and  is  shipped  mostly  to  the  Chicago  market. 

Coal  No.  7  within  this  area  is  mined  only  at  Galatia.  Tt  is  also 
vorked  in  the  region  to  the  east  both  for  shipment  and  for  local  use. 


! 


244 


YEAR  BOOK  FOR   I907. 


[Bull.  No.  8 


and  to  the  southwest  for  local  use.  The  seam  is  recognized  by  its 
fossiliferous  limestone  roof  and  its  "blue  band"  which  occurs  near  the 
base  of  the  seam.  At  Galatia  the  coal  varies  from  66  to  76  inches  in 
thickness  and  has  a  band  of  fire  clay  y2  to  i-1/^  inches  thick  located 
from  10  to  28  inches  above  the  floor.  Other  impurities  of  the  bed 
include  occasional  streaks  of  shale  and  a  boney  and  "sulphury"  streak 
about  10  inches  below  the  top,  which  varies  up  to  y2  inch  in  thickness. 
While  the  coal  makes  a  much  poorer  appearance  than  No.  5  it  is  still 
a  good  coal  as  shown  by  accompanying  tables.  The  installation  of  a 
washer  and  new  screens  would  very  probably  extend  the  market  of 
the  coal  considerably.  There  is  no  cleat  showing  at  Galatia  and  con- 
ditions are  fairly  regular.  Pick  mining  is  employedi  The  roof  con- 
sists of  a  gray  shale  from  a  few  inches  to  one  foot  thick  which  usually 
separates  the  coal  from  a  hard  blue  limestone  from  3  to  4  feet  thick. 
Where  the  shale  is  thin  it  falls  with  the  coal.  Locally  it  is  entirely 
absent.     The  floor  is  a  fairly  hard  fire  clay  3  or  more  feet  thick. 

Mines  of  the  Area. 


No. 

LOCATION. 

No.  of 
bed. 

Average 

thickness. 

Inches. 

Depth  to 

Company. 

T. 

R. 

S. 

Map 
No. 

base  of  coal. 
Feet. 

1 
1 

12 
2 
3 
4 
9 

8 

9 
9 
9 
9 
9 
6 

5 
6 
6 
6 
6 
6 
6 

11 
2 
2 
15 
15 
22 

21 

1 
1 
2 
1 
2 
1 
1 

7 
5 
5 
5 
5 
5 
5 

66 
*84 
59 
*66 
83 
84 
87 

J 

O'Gara  Coal  Co 

♦122 

428 
248 
239 
220 
156 

*  Report  Bureau  of  Labor  Statistics  1906. 

Chemical  Analysis  of  the  Coals. 

The  high  quality  of  the  coals  of  this  region  is  shown  by  analyses 
of  samples  collected  by  Mr.  W.  F.  Wheeler  of  the  Survey.  Each  was 
obtained  from  a  clean  face  of  the  coal  by  cutting  a  channel  from  top  to 
bottom  and  collecting  the  fragments  on  oil  cloth.  After  each  sample 
was  crushed  and  quartered  down  it  was  placed  in  an  air-tight  can 
before  leaving-  the  mine.  Analysis  was  made  within  a  week  after 
sampling-.  Coal  No.  7  was  sampled  at  Galatia  and  gave  the  results 
noted  in  the  following  table.  Coal  No.  5  was  found  to  be  so  uniform 
in  character  between  Eldorado,  Harrisburg  and  Carrier  Mills  that 
all  the  results  are  summarized  here  though  many  of  the  samples  came 
from  outside  the  immediate  area  of  this  report,  as  shown  by  the  fol- 
lowing table. 

BOWCeS   Of   Samples   of   Coal    Xo.   5. 

O'Gara    Coal    Co    3* 

O'Gara  Coal   Co    8 

O'Gara    Coal    Co    9* 

O'Gara   Coal   Co    12* 

O'Gara   Coal    Co    U 

We    on  Coal  <'<>   i 

Saline  County   Coal   Co 

♦In    ;ii<:i    of    tills    report. 


DkWolf.] 


COAL  IN   SALINE  AND   WILLIAMSON   COUNTIES. 


245 


Analyses  of  Coals  in  Saline  County,  Ilinois* 

Coal  No.  5.— (Seven  Samples.)! 


As  Received. 

Oven  Dry. 

Ash  Moisture,  and 
Pyrite  Free. 

High. 

Low. 

Average. 

High. 

Low. 

Average. 

High,  j    Low. 

1 

Average. 

6.64 
36.20 
52.82 
10.89 

3.30 
12883 

4.43 
33.48 

47.87 
7.17 
2.19 

T2159 

5.90' 
34,69 
50.41 
8.98 
2.60 
12552 

Vol.  Matter 

38.52 
55.25 
11.58 
3.52 
13700 

35.66 

50.94 

7.62 

2.30 

12942 

36.88 

53.66 

9.55 

2.77 

13197 

Fixed  Carbon 

Ash 

Sulphur 

B.  T.  U 

14962 

14830 

14910 

Coal  No.  7.— (Galatia  Coal  Company.)! 


As  Received. 


Oven  Dry. 


I  Ash,  Moisture, 
!  and  pyrite  free 


Moisture 

Vol.  Matter... 
I  Fixed  Carbon , 
:  Ash 

Sulphur 

5B.T.U 


5.98 
35.22 
45.84 
12.96 

3.51 
11757 


37.46 

48.75 
13.79 
3.73 
12505 


14728 


*  Analyses  by  W  F.  "Wheeler  and  J.  M.  Lindgren  under  direction  of  Prof.  S.  W.  Parr. 

t  Samples  include  entire  seam  except  in  one  mine  where  one  inch  pyrite  ball  was  excluded. 

t  Sample  excludes  ih,  inch  blue  band. 

Mining  Methods. 

The  mines  of  the  O'Gara  Coal  Company  within  the  area  of  this  re- 
port are  equipped  with  modern  automatic  dumping  cages  and  shaker 
screens  delivering  to  three  tracks.  The  coal  is  undercut  by  electric 
machines,  and  hauled  by  mules  and  electric  motors.  The  plants  are 
strictly  modern.  At  Galatia  the  coal  is  hand  mined,  hauled  by  mules 
and  at  the  tipple  is  dumped  by  hand  over  bar  screens.  All  of  the  mines 
use  modifications  of  the  Room  andi  Pillar  system. 


Notes  on  the  Belleville-Breese  Area. 

(By  J.  A.  Udden  and  F.  W.  DeWolf.) 

Introduction. 

The  Belleville  region  has  been  an  active  mining  center  for  many 
years,  and  includes  some  of  the  largest  mines  in  the  State.  The  area 
examined  during  the  summer  of  1907  is  included  on  the  Belleville  and 
Breese  topographic  maps*  prepared  by  the  State  Geological  Survey 
and  the  U.  S.  Geological  Survey  in  cooperation. 

The  following  preliminary  report  is  based  on  field  work  by  the 
senior  author,  assisted  by  Mr.  I.  J.  Broman.  The  chemical  notes  have 
been  prepared  by  F.  W.  DeWolf. 

Stratigraphic  Notes. 

In  the  area  of  the  Breese  and  Belleville  quadrangles  the  coal  meas- 
ures are  covered  by  from  50  to  100  feet  of  drift,  and  over  the  greater 
part  of  the  country  the  streams  do  not  cut  through  this  cover.  Ex- 
posures of  the  bedrock  are  limited  to  a  few  square  rods  scattered  hero 
and  there  along  the  courses  of  the  creeks  and  ravines,  seldom  running 
continuously  as  much  as  a  quarter  of  a  mile.  The  conditions  are  such 
that  a  section  of  the  coal  measure  strata  shown  in  the  outcrops  can 
never  be  constructed  from  these  alone,  and  for  this  reason  the  struc- 
ture of  the  region  must  be  made  out  largely  from  records  of  such  deep 
explorations  as  have  been  made  for  coal  or  for  water. 

The  log  of  the  boring  made  by  the  Postel  Milling  Company  at  Mad 
coutah  a  few  years  ago  penetrated  the  sedimentary  rocks  to  the  deptl 
of  3,070  feet.     The  rocks  of  the  lower  2,500  feet  of  this  section  an 
older  than  the  coal  measures.    The  main  coal  at  Mascoutah  lies  at  ai 
elevation  of  262   Feel   above  the  sea  and  at   depths  averaging   [70  fed 
below  the  surface.     A.s  there  are  no  indications  of  an)    fractures  <>r 
Other  dislocations  of  the  bed  rock  in  this  region,  it  is  safe  to  conclude 
that    the    section    shown    in    the    Mascoutah    well    represents    stratified 
ro.ks    which    underlie    this    entire    area.      The    eoal    measures    consist 
principall)    of  clays,  shales  and  sandstone,  while  the  underlying   Misi 
ppian   (Lower  Carboniferous)   Devonian,  Silurian  and  Onloviciai 
Sediments  consist  in  the  main  of  limestones,  winch  arc  intcrhedded  with 

1  ir  i'< »ur  i' »rmati< »ns  ot  shale 


•Copies   mas    ' btained    foi    flvi    cent    each   bj    addressing   the   Dlreeto 

,.  .-a  Burvej .   w  a  blngton,   D    C 

246 


Udden  AND  i 


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d. 

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IS 

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re 

m 

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175 
!80 
170 
156 
131 
130 

117 
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135 
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;0s 
152 
ISO 
153 
;so 
32 
100 
,90 
20 
30 
50 
55 
45 
40 
44 
50 
4H 
45 
70 
75 
80 
95 
31 
95 
50 
40 
24 


T 
year 
exar 
Bre( 
and 

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seni< 
beer 


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ures 
part 
post 
and 
cont 
that 
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Uddex  and  DeWolf.  ]  THE    BELLEVILLE-BREESE   AREA. 


247 


Structure. 

The  Belleville  or  "Number  6"  coal,  which  has  been  extensively  mined 
in  this  area,  offers  data  from  which  the  structure  may  be  determined. 
Its  elevation  above  sea  level  has  been  ascertained  at  about  100  localities, 
which  are  fairly  well  scattered  over  the  area.  Most  of  these  elevations 
have  been  obtained  from  mines,  and  a  few  are  from  drillings  made 
especially  for  the  exploration  of  the  coal.  Thirty-two  of  them  have 
been  calculated  from  the  outcrop  of  a  limestone,  whose  position  in 
the  section  is  known.  The  contour  lines  shown  in  the  accompanying 
plate  (12)  are  based  upon  these  data  and  exhibit  graphically  the  ele- 
vation of  this  coal  and  hence  also  the  general  geological  structure  of 
the  region.    The  data  appear  in  the  following  table : 

Altitude  of  the  Belleville  Coal. 


Map 
No. 


Source  of  Data. 


Altitude 

above 
sea  level.* 


la 

lb 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 
10 
11 
12 
13 
14 
15 
16 
17 
18 
19 
20 
21 
22 
23 
24 
25 
26 
27 
28 
29 
30 
31 


Coal  mine. 

..do. 

..do. 


..do 

Rock  outcrop. 

Coal  mine 

..do 


Water  well  boring 
.do 


Coal  mine 

Water  well  boring 

Coal  mine 

..do 


Coal  test  boring 

..do 

Rock  outcrop 

Coal  test  boring 
..do. 


Rock  outcrop. 

..do 

Coal  mine 

Rock  outcrop. 

Coal  mine 

..do 

..do 

..do 

..do 

..do. 

..do 

..do 

..do 

..do.... 

..do 

..do 

..do 


..do 

Water  well  boring 

Coal  mine 

..do 


Air  shaft 

Water  well  boring 

Coal  mine 

..do 


..do 

Gas  well  boring 

Coal  mine 

..do 

..do 

..do 

..do 

..do 


366 
335 
295 
275 
280 
370 
356 
331 
330 
317 
325 
335 
349 
308 
352 
350 
353 


290 
320 
330 
350 
355 
345 
340 
344 
350 
348 
345 
370 
375 
380 
395 
431 
396 
450 
440 
424 

180 

390 
397 
380 
108 
882 
360 
840 
325 
262 
L28 


248 


YEAR  BOOK  FOR   I907. 

Altitude  of  Belleville  Coal. — Concluded. 


[Bull.   No.  8 


Map 
No. 


Source  of  Data. 


Altitude 

above 
sea  level.* 


Water  well  boring 

Rock  outcrop 

Water  well  boring 

Rock  outcrop 

Coal  mine 

Rock  outrop 

..do 

..do 

Coal  mine 

Rock  outcrop 

Coal  mine 

..do 

..do 

..do 

Water  well  boring 

Coal  mine 

Water  well  boring 
Coal  test  boring  . . . 

Rock  outcrop 

Water  well  boring 

Rock  outcrop 

..do 

..do 

..do 

..do 

..do. 

Water  well  boring 

Rock  outcrop 

..do 

..do 

..do 

..do 

..do 

..do 

..do 

..do 

..do 

..do 

..do. 

..do 

..do 

Coal  mine 

..do. 

..do 

Coal  test  boring  . . . 

..do 

Coal  mine 


112 

m 

127 
121 

ia 
i« 

14; 

160 
152 

19 

174 
200 
196 

2  b 

244 

260 

180 
162 

152 
17: 
192 
187 
192 

s 


♦Determined  in  close  approximation  by  hand  level,  barometer,  or  estimate  from  tomographic 
map. 

It  will  be  seen  that  there  is  a  general  dip  from  west  to  oast  of  about 
twelve  and  one-half  feet  to  the  mile.  This  is  slightly  more  than  the 
increase  of  the  depth  to  the  coal  from  the  surface,  measured  in  the 
same  direction,  owing  to  the  fact  that  the  land  has  an  average  elevation 
of  ab.»nt  twenty-five  feet  more  on  the  wesl  side  of  the  Belleville  sheet 
than  it  has  on  the  easl  side  of  the  Breese  sheet.  This  difference  in 
the  elevation  of  the  land  is  partly  due  to  the  greater  thickness  of  the 
drift    in  the  we  t. 

The  dij)  is  most  regular  along  the  north  side  <^  the  area.  It  will 
be  noticed  that  the  distance  between  the  contour  lines  is  here  quite  uni- 
form.    The  general  descent  is  a  trifle  less  than  eleven  feet  to  the  mile, 

while  measured  on  the  south  side  of  the  map  it  amounts  to  fully  four- 
teen 1 , .,  1       1 1,,-  southwest  corner  of  the  area  has  been  elevated  a  little 


UddenandDeWolf.]  THE   BELLEVILLE-BREESE   AREA.  249 

more  than  the  northwest  corner.  The  general  dip  to  the  east  is  greatest 
in  the  country  between  Mascoutah  and  New  Balden,  where  it  exceeds 
twenty  feet  to  the  mile,  and  least  in  the  country  between  New  Baden 
and  Germantown,  where  it  is  only  a  trifle  more  than  six  feet  to  the  mile. 

The  general  monoclinal  structure  is  affected  by  some  minor  de- 
formations, the  most  important  of  which  is  an  anticlinal  fold  whose 
crest  follows  a  line  from  a  point  about  a  mile  east  of  Belleville  to  a 
point  about  a  half  mile  west  of  O'Fallon  and  descends  also  in  the 
same  direction.  It  is  a  very  flat  anticline,  whose  average  height  prob- 
ably does  not  exceed  twenty  feet,  although'  it  measures  at  least  four 
or  five  miles  in  width.  It  causes  an  irregular  bend  in  the  400-foot 
contour  line  and  in  the  350-foot  contour  line  it  produces  a  loop  six 
miles  long  north  of  O'Fallon.  In  the  300-foot  contour  it  is  hardly 
perceptible,  but  it  is  possible  that  this  may  be  due  to  the  scarcity  of 
the  data  at  hand.  A  shallow  syncline  is  indicated  northwest  of  the 
anticline  by  the  low  attitude  of  the  coal  east  of  Collinsville.  The  coal 
fn  Caseyville  township  lies  at  a  level,  with  hardly  any  perceptible  dip 
in  any  direction.  Perhaps  this  tract  should  be  regarded  as  the  west 
limb  of  the  Belleville-O'Fallon  anticline.  It  is  believed  that  this  fold 
is  a  part  of  a  more  extensive  uplift  which  occurs  in  the  country  to  the 
southwest  of  Belleville. 

There  is  another  class  of  still  smaller  deformations  which  are  very 
generally  met  with  in  the  mines.  These  consist  in  dips  that  may  run 
on  for  a  few  rods  to  half  a  mile  and  then  change  in  the  opposite  di- 
rection. It  may  be  that  these  also  are  due  to  folds  with  a  definite  trend, 
but  such  observations  as  have  been  made  on  them  do  not  indicate 
much  regularity.  These  dips  may  amount  to  as  much  as  50  feet  in  a 
mile,  but  they  usually  do  not  persist  so  far.  They  seem  to  be  more 
common  in  the  mines  in  the  vicinity  of  Belleville  than  elsewhere. 

Some  small  faults  occur  in  the  New  Baden  and  the  West  Trenton 
mines.  In  the  former  some  have  been  followed  for  nearly  a  mile. 
They  appear  on  the  mine  map  as  irregular  fractures  trending  variously 
from  east-west  to  nearly  northwest-southeast  and  splitting  at  several 
points.  The  greatest  displacement  which  was  observed  in  the  faults 
in  this  mine  does  not  exceed  six  feet.  The  down-throw  is  to  the 
:  north,  and  the  hade  of  the  faults  varies  from  45  to  60  degrees  to  the 
north.  The  faulted  blocks  have  a  slight  tilt  to  the  south,  the  faults 
thus  being  of  the  normal  type. 

A  somewhat  similar  dislocation  was  noted  in  an  exposure  in  the 
bottom  of  the  creek  running  through  the  south  half  of  section  28  in 
O'Fallon  township.  It  consisted  of  three  small  fault  planes,  from  two 
to  four  feet  apart,  with  thin  dislocated  blocks  between,  and  trending 
from  east  to  west.  The  total  displacement  could  only  be  a  few  feet. 
Some  small  faults  were  also  noted  in  one  of  the  mines  at  Glen  Carbon. 
When  close  together  such  faults  sometimes  affect  the  coal  to  such 
extent  that  they  interfere  with  its  safe  mining.  Such  is  not  the  case 
in  any  of  the  mines  in  this  area. 


250 


YEAR  BOOK  FOR   1907. 


[Bull.   No.   8 


Coal  Resources. 
While  the  mines  of  the  Belleville-Breese  quadrangle  lie  mostly  in 
St.  Clair  county,  a  considerable  number  of  the  large  producers  are 
situated  also  in  Madison  and  Clinton  counties.  The  rapid  increase 
of  production  of  these  counties  is  due  in  considerable  part  to  the  grow- 
ing output  of  the  area  here  described.  In  this  connection  the  follow- 
ing figures  from  the  report  of  the  U.  S.  Geological  Survey  are  of 
interest : 

Increase  in  Coal  Production. 


Counties. 

PRODUCTION  IN  SHORT  TONS 

1906 

1907 

Clinton 

515. 796 
3.651.296 
4,  578,  372 

1, 302, 391 

Madison 

4,254,160 

St.  Clair 

4,511,879 

UddenandDeWolf.]  THE    BELLEVILLE-BREESE   AREA. 

Partial  Table  of  Mines* 


251 


Name  or  owner. 


Class. 


Map  No. 


Abbey 

Beatty  Brothers 

Heatty 

Belleville  and  O'Pallon  Coal  Co 

Bond  , 

Brauch,  John 

Breese-Trenton  Mining  Co 

Breese-Trenton  Mining  Co 

Cluley-Miller  Coal  Co.  (Ruby)  

Consolidated  Coal  Company 

Consolidated  Coal  Company 

Consolidated  Coal  Company 

Co-operative  Coal  Co 

Donk  Brothers  Coal  and  Coke  Co.  No.  3 . . . . 

Donk  Brothers  Coal  and  Coke  Co.  No.  1 . . . . 

Donk  Brothers  Coal  and  Coke  Co.  No.  2 

Enterprise  Coal  company 

Fullerton  Coal  Company 

Glendale  Coal  and  Mining  Co.  Airshaft 

Glendale  Coal  and  Mining  Co 

Heintz  Bluff 

Highland  Coal  Company 

International  Coal  and  Mining  Co. (Bennett) . . . 
International  Coal  and  Mining  Co. (Carbon), . . . 

Lebanon  City  Coal  Co. 

Lumaghi  Coal  Co.  No.  3 

Madison  Coal  Co.  No.  2 *  .... 

Phul,  Herman 

Prairie  Coal  Company 

Silver  Creek  Coal  and  Mining  Co.(Yoch  mine). 

Southern  Coal  and  Mining  Co.  No.  6 „ 

Southern  Coal  and  Mining  Co.  No.  8.. 

Southern  Coal,  and  Mining  Co.  New  Baden 

Southern  Coal  and  Mining  Co.  Germantown. . . 

St.  Louis  &  O'FallonCoalCo.  No.  2 

Summit  Coal  and  Mining  Co 

Joseph  Taylor  Coal  Co 

Joseph  Taylor  Coal  Co 

Joseph  Taylor  Coal  Co 

Tower  Grove  Coai  Co : 

Trenton  Coal  Co 

Vinegar  Hollow 

White  and  Nesbit. 

George  Widicus 

Julius  Winkler 


Local 

Commercial . 

Local 

Commercial. 
Abandoned. 

Local 

Commercial. 

..do 

..do 

..do 

..do 

..do 

..do 

..do 

..do 

..do. 

..do. 

..do 


Abandoned. . 

..do 

Commercial . 

..do 

..do 

Local 

Commercial. 

..do 

..do 

..do 

Abandoned.. 
Commercial. 

..do 

..do 

..do. 

..do 

..do 

..do 

..do 

..do 

Local 

Commercial. 
Abandoned. 
Commercial. 
Abandoned. 

..do 

..do.... 

..do 

..do 


*  Includes  only  mines  where  data  were  obtained  for  the  structural  map. 


Without  presenting  the  evidence  at  this  time  it  may  be  stated  that 
there  is  very  little  doubt  that  all  the  coal  mined  on  the  area  shown  on  the 
map  belongs  to  one  and  the  same  seam,  and  that  this  seam  underlies 
[nearly  the  entire  area  with  a  workable  thickness.  At  Highland  it  is 
1  reported  to  be  absent  in  a  drilling  which  was  made  many  years  ago. 
This  must  be  considered  as  local,  since  the  coal  is  known  to  exist  in  all 
directions  around  Highland.  At  Aviston  it  was  found  too  thin  for 
profitable  working,  and  at  Germantown  the  seam  is  thinner  than  in 
jany  other  mine  in  this  region.  Data  are  too  few  to  justify  generaliza- 
tion as  yet,  but  the  fact  that  these  three  places  arrange  themselves 
in  a  line  suggests  a  change  in  the  coal  seam  due  to  some  linear  goo- 


252  YEAR  BOOK  FOR  I907.  [Bull.  No.  8 

graphical  feature  at  the  time  the  coal  was  made.  In  the  light  of  our  pres- 
ent knowledge  there  is  not  a  section  of  land  in  this  whole  area  on  which 
it  would  seem  out  of  place  to  explore  for  coal.  Of  course  there  are 
localities  of  probably  small  extent,  where  the  coal  either  was  thin 
when  originally  laid  down,  or  where  it  perhaps  suffered  from  contem- 
poraneous erosion  and  concomitant  small  faulting  which  reduced  and 
broke  up  the  seam  sufficiently  to  render  mining  of  these  small  areas 
unprofitable  under  present  economic  conditions. 

The  question  of  the  existence  of  a  workable  seam  some  40  or  50 
feet  under  the  Belleville  coal  must  be  left  undecided  for  the  present. 
That  there  is  another  coal  at  this  horizon  is  evident  from  some  of  the 
drillings  and  explorations  in  the  southern  part  of  this  area  and  at  Mas- 
coutah,  but  it  is  also  clear  that  this  lower  seam  is  not  as  regular  in 
its  development  as  the  Belleville  coal.  Very  likely  there  are  places 
where  it  is  thick  enough  for  profitable  mining.  The  explorations  in 
the  north  part  of  the  region  show  that  this  coal  is  either  thin  or  absent. 


Chemical  Analyses  of  the  Coals. 


The  chemical  character  of  the  "Belleville"  seam  was  investigated 
by  analysis  of  a  number  of  samples  collected  by  Mr.  W.  F.  Wheeler, 
of  the  Survey,  and  Mr.  Tom  Moses,  State  Mine  Inspector.  Each 
sample  was  cut  from  top  to  bottom  of  a  fresh  face,  collected  on  oil- 
cloth, crushed,  quartered  down  and  sealed  immediately.  Impurities 
which  are  said  to  be  excluded  in  shipping  coal,  have  in  past  sampling 
of  the  Survey  been  excluded  from  the  face  sample.  As  it  has  been| 
found  impossible,  however,  to  duplicate  the  exact  custom  of  loaders 
and  pickers,  this  variable  has  been  eliminated  from  present  samples 
by  arbitrarily  excluding  impurities  measuring  %  inch  or  more  in' 
thickness.     Samples  were  taken  from  the  mines  of  the  following  list: 

Company.  Mine  Name  or  Number. 

Breese    Trenton    Mining    Co    Breese 

Cluley  Miller  Coal  Company Ruby 

Consolidated    Coal   Co    Breese; 

Consolidated  Coal  Co    17 

Cooperative  Coal  and  Mining  Co 1 

Donk  Brothers  Coal  and  Coke  Co   1 

Donk  Brothers  Coal  and  Coke  Co   

Donk  Brothers  Coal  and  Coke  Co   3 

I  iillorton  Coal  Co   Belle\  ille 

International  Coal   and  Mining  Co .  Bennett 

International   Coal  and  Mining  Co Carbon 

Lebanon    City   Coal    Co    1 

LumaghJ  Coal  Co  2 

Pittsburg   Mining  Co Belleville 

st.   Louis  &  O'Fallon  Coal  Co   

Southern  Coal  Co  Now  Baden 

Southern  Coal  Co  Shilon 

Southern  Coal  Co  Germantovm 

.Joseph  Taj  lor  Coal  <'<>   tft.  Ellen 

Trenton   Coal   Co    B> 


Udden  andDeWolf.]         THE   BELLEVILLE-BREESE   AREA.  253 

While  the  coal  mined  in  this  area  is  doubtless  all  from  the  same  bed 
its  physical  and  chemical  characters  vary  considerably  from  place  to 
place.  The  data  collected  will  result  in  some  interesting  conclusions 
later,  but  at  this  time  only  general  observations  are  presented.  In  the 
following  tables  the  analyses  of  coal  "as  received"  most  closely  ap- 
proximate the  actual  commercial  production  of  the  area,  though  there 

;  is  doubtless  some  differences  as  regards  moisture  and  ash.  Certain 
variations  in  the  analyses  seem  related  to  differences  in  roof  materials 
of  the  coal  beds.  About  one-third  of  the  mines  of  the  above  list  have 
a  shale  roof  while  the  others  have  a  hard  limestone  within  a  few  inches 

!  or  feet.  In  coal  "as  received"  from  the  mines  with  shale  roof  the 
moisture  in  general  runs  higher  and  the  heat  values  lower  fhan  from 
the  other  class,  though  this  condition  has  exceptions.  On  the  basis 
of  "ash,  moisture,  sulphur  free"  coal  the  B.  t.  u.  values  of  the  coal 
from  under  shale  roof  averages  14275  per  pound  as  compared  with 
14570  for  the  other  samples,  and  this  general  tendency  has  no  excep- 
tion, although  the  explanation  of  the  fact  has  not  yet  been  readied. 


254  YEAR  BOOK  FOR  1907.  [Bull.  No.  8 

Analyses  of  21  Samples  from  Belleville,  Breese  Quadrangles,  Illinois. 


as  Received. 

Oven   Dry. 

ash,  moisture, 
Sulphur,  Free. 

High. 

Low. 

Average 

High.   '■  Low.  Average    High. 

1 

1 
Low.  Average 

Moisture 

15.91 

40.80 
45.50 
14.26 
4.59 
11,  523 

9.41 
29.95 
37.43 
9.33 
1.39 
9,916 

12.30 

35.92 

40.68 

10.84 

3,55 

10,  965 

i 

*Vol.  matter 

45.05 

52.75 

16.56 

5  29 

12, 982 

34.72 

42.91 

9.69 

1.65 

11,  639 

40.94 

46.46. 

11.72 

4.04 

*Fixed  carbon 

Ash 

B.  t.  u 

12, 500 

14,885 

14, 174         14, 500 

*  Determined  only  for  18  samples. 

Analyses  of  Best  (1)  and  Poorest  (2)  Samples,  Based  on  B.  t.  u.  as 

Received. 


As   Received. 

Oven  Dry. 

Ash.  Moisture. 
Sulphur,  Free. 

1 

2 

1 

2 

1                2 

1 

9.44 

40.80 
39.59 
10.17 
3.96 
11,523 

14.81 
30.87 
40.21 
14.11 
2.55 
9,916 

45. 05 

43.72 

11.23 

4.37 

12.723 

36.24 

47.20 

16.56 

2.99 

11, 639 

Ash  .  . 

B.  t.  u 

14, 582 

14.174 

I 

i 


Defects  in  Coal  Number  Five  at  Peoria. 

(By  J.  A.  Udden.*) 


Contents. 

Page 

Introductory 256 

"Wash"    '. 256 

Glacial  fractures 257 

List  of  localities  explored • 257 

Exposures   in   mines 257 

The  German  Coal  Company's  mine. 257 

The  Pottstown  mine 259 

The  Vickery  mine 261 

Surface   exposures 261 

Minor   distui-bances 261 

Plications 262 

An  inverted  block 263 

The  Lamarsh  creek  fractures 263 

Cause  of  the  fractures 264 

Practical    results 267 

Clay    veins 267 


*The  author  is  under  great  obligations  to  Mr.  Tames  Taylor  of  Peoria,  Slate  Mine 
Inspector,  for  valuable  assistance  in  the  field  and  for  aid  in  securing  Information  that 
no  one  less  acquainted  with  the  field  and  with  the  local  mining  conditions  could  have 
obtained. 


256  YEAR  BOOK  FOR  I907.  [Bull.  No.  8 


Introduction. 

The  principal  coal  seam  in  the  vicinity  of  Peoria  is  known  as  coal 
No.  5  of  the  Illinois  coal  field.*  To  the  west  of  Illinois  river  this  lies 
at  an  elevation  of  475  feet  above  sea  level,  and  back  of  the  bluffs  on 
the  east  side  of  the  river  in  Tazewell  county,  it  has  an  elevation  of 
455  feet.  On  a  line  running  from  north-northwest  to  east-southeast 
it  dips  four  feet  to  the  mile  in  the  latter  direction.  This  is  the  general 
attitude  of  the  bed  as  ascertained  by  averaging  some  60  observations. 
Local  dips  are  often  much  greater.  Within  a  radius  of  ten  miles  from 
Peoria  the  extreme  difference  in  elevation  of  the  seam  is  nearly  100 
feet. 

Before  the  excavation  of  the  valley  of  the  Illinois  river  this  seam  was 
continuous,  and  it  occupied,  roughly  speaking,  the  level  of  the  surface 
of  the  present  bottom  lands,  rising  above  this  to  the  north  and  west 
and  dipping  below  it  to  the  south  and  east. 

Disregarding  erosion  by  the  present  drainage  the  thickness  of  the 
cover  over  the  seam  on  the  west  side  of  the  river  ranges  from  100  to 
200  feet.  Away  from  the  river,  probably  three-fourths  of  this  cover 
consists  of  coal  measure  sediments.  Nearer  to  the  main  drainage 
channels  the  thickness  of  the  drift  increases  and  may  make  the  greater 
part  of  the  cover.  In  Tazewell  county  this  is  mostly  the  case,  and  over 
much  of  the  land  there,  the  coal  was  already  removed  before  the  drift 
was  deposited.  In  the  Peoria  region  preglacial  erosion  had  just  begun 
to  cut  into  this  coal  seam,  when  the  great  ice  age  began. 

"Wash." 

It  is  to  be  expected  that  the  working  of  a  coal  so  situated  should 
have  sometimes  proved  unprofitable.  In  the  mines  in  Tazewell  county 
the  entries  have  on  several  occasions  come  to  the  edge  of  the  coal  and 
have  led  out  against  the  drift  filling.  The  same  has  happened  in  the 
operations  at  Edwards  and  at  Krum,  on  Kickapoo  creek.  Miners 
recognize  that  these  defects  in  the  coal  are  due  to  erosion  and  speak 
of  the  drift  as  "wash."  It  frequently  consists  of  sand  and  silt,  which 
in  some  instances  lias  been  found  to  contain  imbedded  trunks  of  trees 
and  other  vegetation.  Experience  has  shown  that  the  surface  of  the 
coal  measures  docs  nol  always  conform  to  the  present  topography  of 
the  land,  and  operators  are  careful  to  avoid  unprofitable  explorations 
in    places   where   "wash"   has   been   encountered. 

•Worthcn'H  numbers  of  Hi--  Beveral  coala  in  the  Illinois  field  are  used  In  ihis  paper- 
Coal  Dumber  "'■  Ilea  al  ni><>u  1  70  Feel  above  coal  number  ."».  and  coal  number  7  liei  • 
1  ,  feel  above  number  6,  in  the  territory  here  dlecuwed.    Tbe  lowermosl  of  theee  three. 

1      iln-    only    one    now    worked. 


57 


256 


1 

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at 

the 

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of 
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Udden.J  COAL  AT  PEORIA.  257 

Glacial  Fractures. 

list  of  localities. 

There  are  some  peculiar  fractures  which  affect  this  coal  in  the 
vicinity  of  Peoria,  and  these  have  proved  a  serious  cause  of  unprofit- 
able work  in  this  region.  These  fractures  have  been  encountered  in 
several  mines  that  are  no  longer  in  operation.*  Below  is  a  list  of  the 
locations  of  these  mines.  It  is  based  on  information  furnished  by  Mr. 
Richard  Newsam,  Mr.  Isaac  Wantling  and  some  other  operators  of 
long  experience : 

List  of  Localities  where  Fractures  have  been  Encountered,,  Affecting   Coal 
Number  5  in  the  Peoria  Quadrangle. 

1.  In  Shoal's  old  mine  in  section  1,  T.  7  N.,  R.  7  E.,  about  1,500  feet  west 
of  the  river  bluffs. 

2.  In  the  southeast  quarter  of  section  2,  T.  7  N.,  R.  7  E. 

3.  In  the  east  half  of  the  southwest  quarter  of  section  11,  T.  7  N.,  R.  7  E. 

4.  In  the  west  half  of  the  nortwest  quarter  of  section  14,  T.  7  N.,  R.  7  E. 
.  5.     In  the  west  half  of  the  northeast  quarter  of  section  19,  T.  7  N.,  R.  7  E. 

6.  In  the  east  half  of  the  northwest  quarter  of  section  19,  T.  7  N.,  R.  7  E., 
about  600  feet  north  of  the  tracks  of  the  T.,  P.  &  W  railroad. 

7.  In  the  northeast  quarter  of  section  21,  T.  7  N.,  R.  7  E.,  about  GOO  feet 
north  from  the  face  of  the  river  bluffs. 

8.  In  the  northeast  quarter  of  section  2,  T.  8  N.,  R.  7  E. 

9.  Near  the  north  line  of  section  12,  T.  8  N.,  R.  7  E.,  about  400  feet  west 
from  the  west  bluff  of  Kickapoo  creek. 

10.  In  the  southwest  quarter  of  section  6,  T.  25  N.,  R.  4  W.  (Tazewell 
county.) 

11.  About  one-sixth  mile  west  from  the  center  of  section  19,  T.  25  N.,  R. 
4%W.   (Tazewell  county.) 

In  borings  which  have  been  made  by  churn  drills  to  explore  for  coal, 
the  absence  of  the  coal  at  its  usual  level  has  been  noted  at  a  few  points, 
and  it  is  believed  that  some  irregularities  in  the  structure  of  the  coal 
measures  have  been  indicated  in  some  of  these  places.  No  coal  was 
encountered  in  a  boring  in  the  west  half  of  the  southwest  quarter  of 
section  10,  T.  7  N.,  R.  7  E.  The  same  was  the  case  in  two  holes 
bored  in  the  east  half  of  the  same  quarter  of  the  same  section,  and  in 
two  holes  in  the  northeast  quarter  of  section  15  in  the  same  township 
and  range. 

EXPOSURES  IN  MINES. 

The  German  Coal  Company's  Mine.  The  only  place  where  these 
disturbances  have  been  recently  explored  in  mining  operations  is  in 
the  workings  of  the  German  Coal  Company.  The  main  entry  of  these 
mines  is  in  the  base  of  the  bluff  near  the  southeast  corner  of  section 
2  in  Hollis  township.  It  bears  at  first  about  23 °  west  of  north,  but 
ifarther  in  it  turns  more  to  the  northwest.  Some  200  yards  from  the 
entrance  the  country  rock  was  seen  to  dip  150  to  the  northwest  in  the 
walls  of  the  entry.    About  thirty  yards  farther  in  a  fault-like  fracture 


♦See  paper  by  Richard  Newsam:  A  Fault  in  Peoria  County,  published  in  (ho  Jour- 
of  the  Illinois  Mining  Institute,  Vol.  1,  No.  3,  pp.  271-273. 

—17  G  S 


258  YEAR  BOOK  FOR  I907,  [Bull.  No.  8  . 

bearing  north  and  south  brings  the  coal  up  to  the  full  height  of  the 
entry.  (Fig.  20  and  PL  13a.)  The  coal  lies  at  this  level  for  about  sixty 
yards  from  this  point  and  then  a  dip  to  the  north  again  carries  it  below 
the  main  entry  (PL  13b),  which  for  the  next  sixty  yards  is  cut  through 
a  sandstone.  Then  the  coal  is  brought  up  by  a  fracture  hading  240 
to  the  southeast  (PL  13c).  This  block  of  the  coal  seam  has  a  thick- 
ness of  ten  feet.  In  less  than  eight  yards  this  seam  and  the  strata  in 
which  it  lies  are  cut  by  another  fracture  having  the  same  trend,  but 
hading  to  the  northwest  (PL  13d  and  PL  14).  The  coal  here  abuts 
against  a  wall  of  argillaceous  shale  and  a  partly  crushed  flange  of  the 
upper  part  of  the  seam  has  been  pushed  in  above  the  shale,  and  this 
flange  disappears  above  the  roof  (PL  14).  This  shaly  sandstone  first 
lies  in  a  nearly  horizontal  position,  forming  both  walls  of  the  entry,* 
but  some  sixty  yards  farther  in  it  is  affected  by  a  flexure  which  has 
broken  in  the  manner  of  a  thrust  fault  (PL  I3e).  This  hades  with  a 
low  angle  to  the  northwest.  About  eight  yards  beyond  this  another 
fracture,  also  clearly  a  thrust  fracture,  brings  the  coal  to  the  full 
height  of  the  entry  (PL  I3f).  This  fracture  trends  about  150  east  of 
north  and  hades  with  a  high  angle  to  the  east  (PL  15).  The  coal 
seam  is  here  double  and  has  been  crumpled  in  a  small  sharp  fold 
against  the  fracture.  The  coal  at  this  point  consists  of  two  seams, 
one  above  the  other,  and  the  two  are  separated  by  from  a  few  inches 
to  two  feet  of  clay.  Most  of  the  coal  taken  out  was  brecciated  and 
broken  to  such  a  degree  that  it  was  readily  worked  with  a  pick  and 
shovel.  The  miners  speak  of  this  as  "soft  coal."  Both  seams  other- 
wise resemble  the  main  coal  (Worthen's  No.  5)  in  this  region  and  one 
is  forced  to  the  conclusion  that  the  upper  seam  is  the  same  as  the 
lower;  that  one  part  of  this  coal  seam  has  been  pushed  over  another. 
The  overthrust  extends  for  about  thirty  yards  along  the  entry.  The 
west  side  of  the  double  coal  terminates  abruptly  with  a  nearly  vertieal 
fracture  that  is  followed  by  a  fissured  and  brecciated  zone  (PL  1, 
In  the  southwest  wall  of  the  entry  the  principal  plane  of  motion  here 
follows  a  sigmoid  course  in  the  vertical  plane,  secondary  fissures  join- 
ing it  near  its  sinuosities  at  various  angles  (PL  16,  a,  b,  c).  The  north- 
east face  shows  several  somewhat  parallel  and  flexous  fissures  follow- 
ing the  main  fracture  plane  which  terminates  the  coal.  This  fracture 
plane  exhibits  indistinct  scorings  and  gougings  which  run  horizontally 
in  both  walls.  (PL  17a,  and  PL  16a.)  In  fact,  the  flexuosities  of 
nearly  all  the  fissures  in  the  vertical  plane  represent  horizontal  flirt- 
ings on  the  blocks  separated  by  these  fissures.  (PL  17b.)  It  is  clear 
that  no  vertical  movement  could  have  produced  such  fluting  but  that 
the  movement  producing  the  dislocation  must  have  been  principally 
in  a  horizontal  direction.  The  accompanying  brccciation  is  cleai 
re  nit  of  the  same  movements. 

The  block  on  the  west  side  of  this  plane  o\  displacement  consist 
of  strata  that  overlie  the  coal  in  the  undisturbed  section.  It  continues 
for  about  thirty  fed  along  the  entry,  its  bottom  first  (lipping  and  then 
rising,  trough  like.  The  lower  part  is  a  strong  sandstone  which  ter- 
minates to  tlie  west  in  .1  rounded  edge.  The  lower  side  oi  this  saifl 
stone  appears  to  have  been  mound  away  below,  so  as  to  thin  out 


State  Geological  Survey. 


Bull.   No.   8.  PI.    14. 


Roof  and  southwest  wall  of  entry  at  point  d  (PI.  13),  looking  southeast.  A  pro- 
jecting flange  of  coal  is  seen  in  the  center  of  the  photograph  rising  in  the  roof  over 
the  timbers.     Several  shearing  joints  show  indistinct  horizontal  striae. 


State  Geological  Survey. 


Bull.   No.   8.   PI.   15. 


Southwest  wall  of  mine  at  f.  (PI.  13)  looking  southwest.  A  fracture  runs  across 
the  view  with  sandstone  at  the  left  and  coal  on  the  right.  Near  the  sandstone  the 
coal  is  shattered  and  mixed  with  fragments  of  shale  and  sandstone. 


State  Geological  Survey. 


Bull.    No.    8,    PI.    1(3. 


Southwest  wall  of  main  entry  at  g  (PI.  13),  looking  southwest.  An  S-bent  shearing 
plane  occurs  along  a,  b,  c.  Somewhat  irregular,  indistinct,  horizontal  flirtings  occur 
at  a. 


State  Geological  Survey. 


Bull.  No.  8,  PI.   17. 


Northeast  wall  of  main  entry  at  g,  section  A  and  at  k,  section  B.  (PI.  13),  looking 
northeast.  The  fractured  face  of  the  coal  appears  above  and  to  the  left  of  the  re- 
ceding entry.  Horizontal  flutings  appear  on  the  face  of  the  coal  at  a.  An  S-bent  belt 
of  fissured  coal  and  shale  separates  the  coal  from  the  sandstone  at  the  left. 


State  Geological  Survey. 


Bull.   No.   8,  PI    18. 


Northeast  wall  of  main  entry  opposite  h,  section  A.  (PL  13),  looking  northeast.  (/. 
Dark  shale  with  streaks  of  coal,  somewhat  shattered,  possibly  the  same  at  b.  b. 
Roof  shale  over  coal  No.  5.     c.     Coal  number  5.   d.     Sandstone. 


Uddbn.]  COAL  AT  PEORIA.  259 

both  directions.  (PL  13I1  and  PL  18.)  Such  wear  could  not  have 
been  the  result  of  any  other  movement  but  one  in  a  horizontal  direc- 
tion. From  under  this  wedge  of  sandstone  the  coal  again  rises.  The 
edge  of  the  wedge  has  divided  the  roof  shale,  part  of  which  continues 
under  the  sandstone  and  part  above.  (PL  18,  a,  b.)  Or  it  may  be  that 
the  shale  is  repeated,  and  that  there  is  a  nearly  horizontal  thrust  fis- 
sure following  the  upper  surface  of  the  sandstone.  The  evidence  is 
not  quite  clear. 

A  few  feet  beyond  this  point  the  coal  for  a  short  distance  measured 
twelve  feet  in  thickness,  and  it  shows  vertical  flexuous  fissures  which 
trend  in  a  general  north  and  south  direction.  (PL  13L)  All  this  coal 
appears  to  belong  to  one  seam.  It  is  thickened  by  lateral  pressure. 
In  a  short  distance  the  vein  thins  out  to  the  usual  dimension  of  from 
four  and  a  half  to  five  feet.  As  far  as  explored  in  this  direction  it 
has  been  found  to  be  quite  undisturbed,  barring  some  small  faults  or 
"slips"  involving  displacements  of  from  one  to  three  feet.  (PL  1 3 j . ) 
Two  other  displacements  have  also  been  encountered  recently,  bad 
enough  to  discourage  work,  but  the  explorations  stopped  short  of  ex- 
posing them  sufficiently  for  accurate  description. 

The  general  observation  is  pertinent  that  the  trend  of  the  fractures, 
as  here  exposed,  varies  considerably,  from  N.-S.  to  N.  150  E. 

The  Pottstown  Mine.  The  most  extensive  underground  explora- 
tions of  these  faults  were  made  in  the  old  Pottstown  mine  on  the 
northeast  quarter  of  section  2  in  Limestone  township.  This  mine  has 
been  abandoned  for  some  time  and  the  workings  are  now  filled  with 
water. 

From  the  descriptions  given  by  the  operators  it  is  quite  evident  that 
the  disturbances  in  this  mine  are  closely  related  to  those  seen  in  the 
German  Coal  Company's  working.  A  memory  sketch  of  the  entries 
and  the  "faults,"  which  was  furnished  by  one  of  the  miners  (Fig  20) 
indicates  that  a  straight  and  narrow  strip  of  sandstone  lay  between 
the  edges  to  two  blocks  containing  the  coal.  (Fig.  20a.)  This  "fault"* 
ran  a  course  from  northwest  to  southwest. 


*The  present  authors  choose  to  adopt  the  new  term  fractures  for  the  dislocations 
here  described.  Being,  as  it  is  believed,  the  result  of  physical  processes  altogether 
different  from  those  causing  faults,  it  is  desirable  that  they  be  known  by  another 
term.  In  appearance  they  have  often  a  close  resemblance  to  true  faults.  But  the 
direction  of  the  dislocation  is  normally  horizontal  instead  of  normally  vertical. 
Among  the  miners  in  the  Peoria  region  the  term  "fault"  has  been  applied  to  these 
structures,  but  in  a  sense  wholly  different  from  the  usual  one.  It  has  been  used  to 
designate  a  part  of  the  ground  where  the  coal  is  absent,  or  where  it  is  out  of  its 
proper  place.  The  entries  are  thus  said  to  be  driven  so  and  so  many  feettnrougn 
the  "fault"  i.  e.,  through  ground  where  the  coal  is  absent,  or  where  it  has  been 
■"twisted  out  of  place." 


260 


YEAR  BOOK  FOR  I907. 


[Bull.  No.  8 


Another  straight  fracture  trending  in  the  same  direction  cut  the 
coal  out  on  the  southwest.  (Fig.  20b.)  Other  fractures  with  more  or  less 
vertical  displacement  ran  transversely  to  these.     In  the  sketch  some 


Fig.  20.    Sketch  from  memory,  of  the  faults  in  the  Pottstown  mine.     The  shaded  area  shows 
the  part  of  the  mine  where  the  coal  was  double  in  thickness. 

of  these  show  gentle  curves  near  their  intersections  with  other  frac- 
tures, but  are  otherwise  represented  by  straight  lines.   (Fig.  20,  c,  d 
e,  f.)     Their  location  was  in  nearly  every  case  made  out  in  several 
successive  entries  and  there  is  no  reason  to  doubt  that  they  wen 
sentially  straight,  as  represented  in  this  sketch. 

At  least  in  one  instance  the  coal  in  this  mine  increased  in  thickness 
on  the  approach  to  one  of  these  fractures  (Fig.  20c)  as  if  thickened 
by  yielding  to  lateral  pressure.  In  places  the  coal  was  crushed  and 
brecciated.  [n  a  pari  of  the  mine  there  were  two  coals,  both  of  which 
urn-  mined.  They  were  separated  by  from  one  to  fifteen  feel  of  shale 
sandstone,  etc.     The  west  limit  of  the  upper  scam  followed  one  oi 

the    fracture   lines.    |  Fig,    20b.)    'Tins   Upper   seam    was   known    by   the 

miners  as  the  "top  coal.      Ii  lacked  the  middle  clay  seam,  which  e\ 
where  characterizes  the  overlying  coal  number  6  in  this  region,    in 
one  place,  near  a  principal  fracture,  the  coal  is  reported  to  have  I 


Udden.  ] 


COAL  AT  PEORIA. 


26l 


repeated  twice"  so  that  there  were  three  seams  separated  by  several 
feet  of  fissured  and  brecciated  material.  The  middle  coal  was  tilted 
at  a  high  angle  and  soon  run  out. 

The  Vickery  Mine—in  the  Vickery  mine,  which  is  on  the  south- 
west quarter  of  section  1,  T.  8  N.,  R.  7  E.,  and  hence  lies  to  the  south- 
east of  the  old  Pottstown  mine,  a  fractured  belt  has  been  encountered 
which  is  not  far  from  300  feet  in  width.  The  coal  is  described  as  ter- 
minating more  or  less  abruptly  on  the  sides  of  the  belt,  and  the  opinion 
of  the  miners,  who  believe  that  this  is  a  continuation  of  one  of  the 
dislocations  in  the  Pottstown  mine,  is  no  doubt  correct.  It  trends 
from  northwest  to  southeast,  diagonally  across  the  quarter  section. 


SURFACES  EXPOSED. 

Minor  Disturbances — Some  exposures  are  found  which  exhibit  dis- 
turbances that  were  no  doubt  produced  by  the  same  causes  as  the 
fractures  just  described.  The  most  common  of  these  consist  in  a 
crushed  or  slightly  crumpled  appearance  of  the  shales  and  sandstones 
which  overlie  the  coal.  The  stratification  of  the  sediments  is  shattered, 
so  that  it  is  difficult  or  impossible  to  follow  any  particular  parting  or 
seam  on  the  surface  of  the  exposure.  This  is  often  associated  with 
some  faulting,  involving  dislocations  of  small  extent,  from  a  fracture 
of  an  inch  to  a  foot  or  two.  (Fig.  21.)     These  faults  are  perhaps  as 


Fig.  21. 


Thrust  fractures  in  creek  bank   (n.  e.  qr.   Sec.  2,  T.  8  N.,  R.  7  E.)   near 
Pottstown  mine. 


frequently  reversed  as  normal,  and  hade  at  angles  varying  from  the 
horizontal  to  the  vertical.  Quite  often  they  have  opened  slightly  and 
and  filled  with  concretionary  calcareous  material.  They  may  divide 
and  branch  in  various  directions.  Usually  some  flexure  of  the  beds  is 
apparent  in  such  places.    This  may  be  quite  gentle  and  run  on  for  one 


Fig.  22.    Folds  in  shale,  E.  J2  S.  W.  ]4,  Sec.  2,  T.  7  N.,  R.  7  E. 


or  two  hundred  feet,  or  it  may  present  small  and  abrupt  folds,  only  a 
foot  or  two  in  horizontal  extent  (Fig.  22).  In  sandstones  there  may  be 
i    a  coarse  brecciation,  as  it  were,  where  blocks  from  five  to  fifty  feet  in 
diameter  have  been  turned  and  tilted  in  irregular  fashion  (Fig.  23). 


262 


YEAR  BOOK  FOR  I907. 


[Bull.  No.  8 


Fig. 


23     Fractured  sandstone  in  bank  of  creek  about   %    mile   south  from  center 
of  north  line  of  Sec.  4,  T.  25  N.,  R.  4  W.     Tazewell  county. 


.  Plications.  At  four  points  violent  crumpling  and  faulting  were  ob- 
served, clearly  due  to  lateral  pressure.  Two  of  these  places  are  seen 
in  the  banks  of  a  creek  which  runs  from  northeast  to  southwest, 
through  section  27  in  Limestone  township.  Near  the  mouth  of  a  tribu- 
tary coming  from  the  south  into  this  creek,  plications  appear  in  dark 


Fig.  24.     Plications  in  left  bank  of  a  stream  near  center  of  Sec.  27,  T.  8  N.,  R.  7  B. 

shales  in  the  left  bank  (Fig.  24).  The  trend  of  the  folds  is  NNW-SSE. 
The  largest  fold  measured  two  feet  vertically  and  the  clear  exposure 
extended  only  some  fifteen  feet  in  the  bank.  Three  faulted  fissures 
also  cut  these  folded  shales,  paralleling  the  folds.  Some  three  hun- 
dred yards  farther  up  in  the  main  creek,  more  folding  and  faulted  fis- 
sures were  noted  in  the  low  right  bank  of  the  stream,  extending  at 


1 


Plications  .-Hid    fracturlnga  300  yards  northoasi    of   those  shown   In   fig 


leasl   thirty   feet    (Fig.  25).     The  shales  here  probably  He  above  coal 
number  6  In  the  general  section  of  the  region,  and  the  limestone  ! 
over  this  coal  appears  to  the  wesl  of  the  lowermosl  exposure. 

Vnother  place  showing  this  folding  is  in  the  banks  of  the  creek  com- 

into  Little  Lamar  h  1  reek,  from  the  northcasl  al  Reed  City,  in  the 

north  half  of  section  19,  I  [ollis  township.    The  exposures  covered  only 


Udden.  ] 


COAL  AT  PEORIA. 


263 


a  few  square  yards  and  no  definite  details  could  be  made  out.  The 
disturbances  here  affect  the  slate  and  shale  capping  coal  number  5.  A 
quite  plain  case  of  this  folding  was  noted  in  the  south  bank  of  Lick 
creek  near  the  centre  of  the  northeast  quarter  of  section  29  in  Grove- 


Fig.  26.     Crumplings  affecting  Coal  No.  7,  near  center  of  N.  E.  qr.,  Sec.  29,  T    25  N 
R.  4  W.,  North  fork  of  Lick  Creek. 

land  township  in  Tazewell  county  (Fig.  26).  This  folds  coal  number 
7  and  the  beds  which  cap  this  coal,  including  a  thin  seam  of  dark  and 
impure  limestone.  The  coal  and  the  limestone  have  broken  in  some 
places,  but  the  shales  are  crumpled  into  smooth  folds  which  trend  in  a 
north  and  south  direction. 

An  Inverted  Block — About  one  fourth  of  a  mile  north  of  Pottstown 
the  left  bank  of  the  Kickapoo  exposes  the  fire  clay  and  the  shales 
which  underlie  coal  number  5.  Only  the  lower  part  of  the  coal  remains, 
and  under  this  is  the  fire  clay  and  the  shale  with  a  thin  seam  of  coaly 
shale  and  two  concretionary  bands.  Fourteen  or  fifteen  feet  of  the 
usual  succession  of  the  beds  appear  undisturbed  in  the  bank  below  the 
coal.  But  the  north  end  of  this  bank  is  bevelled  off  and  covered  by 
some  strata  that  dip  at  a  high  angle  (Fig.  27).     On  a  close  examina- 


Fig.  27.     An  inverted  block  of  coal  measures  on  Kickapoo  creek,  a  short  distance  north 
of  Pottstown.     a.     Roof  shale  of  coal  No.  5  which  overlies. 


tion  it  appeared  that  the  bevelling  was  slightly  concave  and  that  the 
overlaying  stratum  consisted  of  coal  seam  number  5,  inverted  and  rest- 
ing on  its  capping  slate.  This  block  was  too  large  and  soft  to  have  been 
placed  in  its  present  position  by  water  or  by  the  ice  of  the  stream.  It 
was  closely  pressed  against  the  horizontal  beds  and  it  appeared  as  a 
part  of  the  bed  rock.  It  is  believed  that  this  is  a  dislocation  like  those 
found  in  the  Pottstown  mines. 

The  Lamarsh  Creek  Fractures — The  most  instructive  surface  ex- 
posure of  these  disturbances  was  found  in  the  right  bank  of  Lamarsh 
creek  near  the  center  of  section  10  in  Hollis  township.    It  is  at  a  point 


264  YEAR  BOOK  FOR  1907.  [Bull.  No.  8 

where  the  stream  has  exposed  the  north  side  of  a  projecting  spur  of 
the  upland,  some  hundred  yards  below  the  mouth  of  a  small  tributary 
which  joins  the  creek  from  the  west.  About  twenty  feet  of  coal  meas- 
ure strata. are  overlain  by  assorted  drift,  consisting  of  clayey  gravel, 
sand  and  silt  (PL  19).  The  east  end  of  the  exposure  shows  the 
sandy  shales  overlying  coal  number  5,  dipping  from  50  to  200  to  the 
southeast.  The  stratification  presents  a  slightly  shattered  appearance. 
Following  the  bank  northwestward  the  coal  comes  up,  rising  about  two 
feet  above  the  water  in  the  creek.  It  then  terminates  abruptly  against 
a  fault-like  fracture  which  trends  north  150  west.  This  fracture  ex- 
tends up  through  the  coal  measures  to  the  drift  (Plate  19,  a).  A 
stringer  of  broken  coal  follows  it  from  the  upper  edge  of.  the  coal  seam 
to  the  lower  side  of  a  limestone  boulder  which  projects  downward 
from  the  drift  into  the  shale.  It  is  paralleled  by  another  fracture,  three 
feet  to  the  west  -(Plate  19  b  ).  This  is  so  sharply  cut  that  it  may  in 
places  be  traced  with  the  edge  of  a  knife.  Both  fractures  bend  in  a 
vertical  plane  so  as  to  present  convexities  to  the  west.  The  west  frac- 
ture cuts  the  shales  about  six  inches  away  from  the  limestone  boulder 
and  can  be  traced  about  as  far  up  as  to  the  upper  edge  of  this  boulder. 
The  contact  between  the  bed  rock  and  the  drift  in  the  whole  exposure 
is  at  a  level  just  above  this  boulder.  Another  small  and  sharply 
marked  shearing  plane  runs  diagonally  across  the  block  between  the 
two  main  fractures  in  such  a  way  as  to  inclose  a  triangular  area  on  the 
surface  of  the  exposure  under  the  limestone  boulder,  between  itself  and 
the  east  fracture  (PI.  19c).  In  the  lower  apex  of  this  triangle  some 
drift  pebbles  were  noted.  Some  such  pebbles  and  also  some  rounded 
lumps  of  boulder  clay  were  found  in  the  lower  part  of  the  west  fracture. 
From  this  it  is  evident  that  the  fracturing  has  occurred  at  a  time  con- 
temporaneous with,  or  subsequent  to  the  deposition  of  the  till,  from  1 
which  these  lumps  were  derived.  The  large  limestone  boulder  was 
evidently  placed  in  its  present  position  at  the  time  the  shearing  oc- 
curred, and  its  position  was  determined  by  the  movements  which  caused 
the  fractures. 

CAUSE  OF  THE  FRACTURES. 

• 

The  nature  and  the  cause  of  these  fractures  in  the  Peoria  region  has 
long  been  a  subject  of  inquiry  and  discussion  locally.  The  disturbances 
have  rendered  unprofitable  several  ventures  in  mining,  which  other- 
wise could  have  proved  successful.  Before  much  of  the  field  had  been 
examined  by  the  present  author  the  working  hypotheses  that  suggested 
themselves  for  the  correct  interpretation  of  these  unique  phenomena 
were  either  one  of  two;  contemporaneous  erosion  during  sedimenta- 
tion, or  else  the  collapse  of  extensive  caverns  in  the  underlying  Silur- 
ian or  I  x>wer  ( !arboniferous  limestones.  The  latter  theory  has  been  used 
to  accounl  for  -Mine  irregular  faulting  noted  in  the  zinc  region  in  Mis- 
souri1, and  irregularities  due  to  contemporaneous  erosion  are  known 
from  oilier  places  in  the  Illinois  eoal  field. 

•Structural  Feature!  of  thf  Jopllu   District,  C.   EJ.  Blebenthal   Bcon,   Qeol.,  rol    I 

I*.  1  r.». 


State  Geological  Survey. 


Bull.    No.    8,    Pi.    19 


Glacial   fractures   in   the   coal    measures   on   Lemarsh   creek   near    the    center    of 
sec.   10,  T.   7   N.,  K.   7   E.,   looking  south. 


Udden.]  COAL  AT  PEORIA. 


265 


But  some  features  were  soon  noted  which  indicated  that  neither  of 
these  hypotheses  were  tenable.  The  brecciation  and  the  faulting  asso- 
ciated with  the  fractures  is  such  as  to  show  that  the  sediments  were 
essentially  in  the  present  state  of  induration,  when  the  fracturing  oc- 
curred, and  contemporaneous  filling  in  erosional  excavations  were  not 
observed  anywhere  in  connection  with  these  disturbances.  Such  a 
structure  as  that  seen  in  the  west  bank  of  Lamarsh  creek,  where  the 
shattered  and  broken  coal  has  been  worked  into  a  fault  plane  which 
cuts  off  the  seam  abruptly,  and  the  further~fact  that  the  fractures  and 
the  associated  phenomena  show  thrust  movements  in  almost  every  in- 
stance, renders  it  improbable  that  they  can  be  the  result  of  collapsed 
caverns.  Another  feature  which  is  equally  difficult  to  account  for  on 
this  hypothesis  is  that  some  of  the  best  defined  fractures  run  on  straight 
courses  for  considerable  distances.  This  is  best  shown  in  the  sketch 
of  the  fractures  in  the  Pottstown  mine  but  it  has  also  been  observed 
in  the  Vickery  mine.  Faults  due  to  collapsing  caverns  would  be  apt 
to  appear  more  irregular  in  their  horizontal  outlines.  The  theory  that 
these  structures  should  be  true  structural  faults  is  believed  to  be  al- 
together untenable,  for  the  reason  that  the  horizontal  dislocations  out- 
number as  well  as  outmeasure  the  vertical. 

The  present  writer  believes  that  the  Peoria  fractures  are  disturbances 
in  the  upper  part  of  the  soft  bed  rock,  caused  by  the  pressure  and  the 
motion  of  a  continental  ice  sheet  in  Pleistocene  times,  that  they  are 
planes  marking  the  outlines  of  immense  blocks  of  large  tracts  of  the, 
uppermost  coal  measure  strata  covering  tens  or  probably  hundreds  of 
acres  of  land  which  have  been  dislodged  from  their  original  position, 
displaced,  fractured,  rotated  horizontally  and  at  times  vertically  and 
partly  ground  into  the  till.  He  regards  the  region  as  having  been  a  locus 
of  incipient  glacial  abrasion.  In  place  of  thoroughly  triturating  the 
grist  the  glacial  mill  here  merely  blocked  it  out  of  the  old  land  on 
which  it  spent  its  force.  The  evidence  which  seems  to  demand  this  ex- 
planation is  briefly  as  follows : 

1.  Flutings  on  the  walls  of  some  of  the  most  clearly  cut  faults  show  that 
the  movements  which  produced  them  were  horizontal.  Two  such  instances 
are  shown  on  the  photographs  taken  in  the  German  Coal  Company's  mine. 
The  flexure  in  the  west  fault  on  Lamarsh  creek  must  be  regarded  as  a  fluting 
of  the  same  kind.  No  vertical  displacement  between  the  two  blocks  could 
have  left  such  a  projection  across  the  line  of  motion.  Of  course  there  is  a 
vertical  displacement  here.  The  uplift  is  on  the  west  side.  But  this  can 
readily  be  accounted  for  as  incidental  to  a  much  more  extensive  horizontal 
movement. 

2.  The  locations  of  the  fracture,  so  far  as  known,  are  confined  to  a  belt 
J  following  the  principal  drainage  channels,  where  the  preglacial  topography 

must  have  been  more   deeply  dissected   than  farther  back   in   the   uplands. 

!  Glacial  abrasion  involving  the  more  or  less  intact  transference  of  entire  hill- 
tops would  naturally  be  most  effective  on  a  line  of  bluffs  and  on  uneven 

1  topography. 

3.  There  is  a  coincidence  in  the  distribution  of  known  disturbances  of  the 
coal  and  surface  exposures  showing  plications  believed  to  be  caused  by 
glacial  push.  Such  plications  as  are  shown  in  figures  4,  5  and  6,  when  they 
occur  in  a  region  where  orogenic  faults  and  folds  are  unknown,  will  be  con- 
sidered to  be  presumptive  results  of  glaciation.  The  shattering  of  sandstones 
and  sandy  shales  previously  described  are  certainly  also  as  readily  accounted 
for  by  the  glacial  theory  as  any  other. 

4.  That  the  locality  is  a  place  of  active  glacial  abrasion,  arrested  bel 
trituration  of  the  till  was'far  advanced,  is  shown  by  the  occurrence  of  what 


266  YEAR  BOOK  FOR  I907.  [Bull.  No.  8 

may  be  called  nests  of  erratics  which  are  clearly  not  far  removed  from  their 
original  place.  These  consist  of  blocks  and  smaller  boulders  of  a  local  lime- 
stone which  lies  about  a  hundred  and  twenty  feet  above  coal  number  5  in  the 
section.  In  preglacial  time  this  limestone  must  have  formed  capping  rem- 
nants on  many  buttes  and  small  mesas  in  this  region.  It  is  not  a  conspicuous 
ingredient  in  the  till,  but  it  occurs  in  nests,  where  there  are  blocks  occas- 
ionally measuring  thirty  feet  in  length,  and  where  dozens  of  smaller  boulders 
lie  together  with  these  in  isolated  limited  tracts,  an  acre  or  less  in  extent. 

5.  In  the  absence  of  great  vertical  dislocations  no  other  hypothesis  will 
explain  the  extensiveness  of  the  lateral  displacements,  which  are  known  to 
exceed  one  hundred  feet.  The  almost  horizontal  overthrusts  by  which  one 
part  of  the  principal  coal  seam  has  been  pushed  over  another  part,  measure 
in  the  German  mine  at  least  thirty  feet.  In  the  Pottstown  mine  (Fig.  20)  the 
coal  was  double  over  an  area  about  a  hundred  feet  wide  and  about  twice 
that  long.  It  is  reported  from  this  mine  that  at  one  point  in  the  broken 
ground  the  coal  seam  was  inverted  and  rested  on  its  roof  slate.  This  re- 
peats the  condition  noted  in  the  left  bank  of  the  Kickapoo  just  above  Potts- 
town. It  is  evident  that  the  horizontal  motion  effecting  a  complete  rotation 
of  even  a  small  block  of  the  bed  rock  must  have  been  very  considerable.  But 
there  is  no  evidence  that  the  vertical  displacement  anywhere  exceeds  twenty 
or  thirty  feet.  Where  the  coal  is  absent  in  the  mines,  the  entries  usually 
encounter  the  sand  stones  and  shales  which  lie  immediately  above  or  immed- 
iately below  the  coal.  A  downthrow  of  sixty-five  feet  would  bring  the  over- 
lying coal  number  6  down  far  enough  to  appear  and  it  could  not  fail  to  be  in 
evidence.  With  its  overlying  limestone  and  its  characteristic  middle  clay 
seam  it  is  a  horizon  readily  recognized. 

6.  At  one  point  in  the  Pottstown  mine  the  main  coal  was  "twisted  out," 
the  operators  report,  while  coal  number  6  lay  in  a  horizontal  position  near 
or  in  its  usual  level  above.  Such  a  condition  can  not  readily  be  accounted  for 
as  resulting  from  either  collapsed  caverns  or  from  common  orogenic  faulting, 
but  it  would  be  the  natural  and  expected  consequence  of  infra-glacial  dis- 
turbances involving  translation  of  large  subjacent  slabs  of  the  bed  rock. 
The  only  other  conceivable  theory  that  would  explain  the  phenomenon  is  that 
of  contemporaneous  erosion  and  this  hypothesis  is  certainly  untenable,  as 
must  be  evident  from  the  general  descriptions  already  given. 

7.  Pronounced  vertical  planes  were  noted  in  the  drift  close  above  the  bed 
rock  at  a  short  distance  from  the  fractures  on  Lamarsh  creek.  This  drift 
exposure  was  in  the  left  bank  of  the  tributary  which  joins  Lamarsh  creek 
from  the  west  immediately  above,  and  at  a  distance  of  some  four  hundred 
yards   west  from   this.     Associated   with  this   shearing  were   some   vertical 


■  -■■■.:■■,*::■■  i: ■■/■■■  :■./■■:„  ■/„■  [■■  I:  1  '  :t---  ■•«•••  •:«■-«>'.,;.; *•■•-.■■» 


Fig.  28.     Vertical  assuring  mid  laminations  in  the  till  in  the  loft   i-:mk  of  a  triii 

of    L;iin;iisii   creek,    four   hundred  yards   northwesl    of   center   of   Sec.    10,    P.    •    ■ 
u.  7  D. 


ISSI 


laminae  or  sill  and  sand,  such  as  mlghl  have  been  formed  in  vertical  ti^ 
in  frozen  moving  till,  or  in  glacier  Ice.  The  direction  of  this  shearing 
roughly  parallel  to  the  direction  of  (lie  fractures  in  the  bod  rock  on  the  main 
creep  The  structure  is  wholly  unique,  so  far  as  observations  on  drift  by  the 
,,r,..s.nt  authors  extend  (Fig.  28).  n  is  regarded  as  Indicating  shearing  in  a 
vertical  plane,  due  to  differential  horizontal  motion  in  the  lowest  pari  of  the 
I  ill  While  in  process  of  deposit  ion. 

in  He   structures  on  Lamarsh  creek  there  are  drift  pebbles  and  lumps 
of  boulder  clay  a1  lea  I  as  far  down  as  ten  feel  below  the  top  of  the  bod  rock. 
This   I     regarded  ns  proof  thai   the  fractures  are  not   older  than  the  till  they 
Inclose,    and    as    pre  umptive   evidence    thai    the    fractures    are    theniselvi 
[a]    origin.      Drlfl    pebbles    were   also   noted    in   one  o\'  the   shearing    | 

in  the  Q(  i- 1 1 i.i n  mine. 


State  Geological  Survey. 


Bull.   No.  8.  PI.   20. 


Clay  vein  in  the  coal  and  roof  shales.     Scene  in  the  main  entry  of  the  German  mint 


Udden.]  COAL  AT  PEORIA.  267 

9.  On  the  east  side  of  Kickapoo  creek  in  the  southeast  quarter  of  section 
12,  T.  8  N.  R.  7  E.  two  wells  have  been  drilled  on  the  upland,  which  have 
gone  through  first  drift,  then  coal  measure  sandstone  and  shale  and  in  one 
case  coal,  in  the  upper  one  hundred  feet,  and  below  this  they  have  been  sunk 
for  more  than  fifty  feet  through  sand  and  gravel,  clearly  belonging  to  the 
drift.  One  such  well  might  be  accounted  for  by  fortuitous  location  on  an 
overhanging  buried  cliff  of  coal  measure  beds,  but  not  very  well  two.  Evi- 
dently a  piece  of  coal  measure  strata,  some  hundred  yards  wide  and  thirty 
or  forty  feet  thick,  has  been  caught  by  the  ice  sheet  and  slid  from  the  nearby 
hills  and  is  now  lodged  in  the  drift.  This  appears  to  be  an  actual  case  of  the 
particular  kind  of  glacial  work  our  explanation  of  the  disturbances  in  the 
Peoria  coal  implies. 

PRACTICAL  RESULTS. 

These  can  be  stated  very  briefly.  If  the  fractures  affecting  the  coal  at 
Peoria  are  of  glacial  origin,  as  we  believe  the  evidence  fully  proves, 
there  is  no  doubt  that  they  will  be  limited  to  places  near  preglacial 
drainage  channels  where  the  capping — excluding  the  drift — is  scant, 
say  less  than  a  hundred  feet,  and  where  the  preglacial  topography  had 
a  comparatively  high  relief.  In  the  uplands  where  the  drift  is  thin, 
where  the  old  land  surface  is  more  even,  and  where  the  coal  has  a  bed 
rock  cover  of  a  hundred  feet  or  more,  there  is  little  if  any  danger  of 
such  damage  to  the  seam. 

Some  guidance  in  avoiding  bad  tracts  in  the  fractured  belt  can  also  be 
obtained  by  examining  closely  all  outcrops  of  the  bed  rock  for  such 
small  folding,  fracturing,  faulting,  jointing  and  crushing,  as  have  here 
been  described  and  figured.  The  presence  of  concretionary  filling  in 
joint  planes,  especially  when  frequent  and  profuse,  must  also  be  regard- 
ed as  an  indication  of  disturbance,  though  known  to  occur  in  some 
places  where  the  coal  is  intact.  It  will  be  understood  that  the  destruc- 
tion of  the  coal  is  only  one  incident  in  the  general  fracturing  of  the  bed 
rock  and  that  the  "faults"  in  the  coal  may  be  far  to  the  side  from  the  dis- 
turbances appearing  on  the  surface. 

Unlike  true  structural  faults,  which  tend  to  run  parallel,  these  frac- 
tures may  be  expected  to  have  almost  any  course.  The  greater  number 
have  been  found  to  vary  from  a  northwest-southeast  to  northeast- 
southwest  trend,  which  is  in  harmony  with  the  fact  that  the  general 
glacial  motion  was  from  north  to  south  in  this  region. 

On  land  where  glacial  disturbances  affect  the  bed  rock,  explorations 
by  the  drill  cannot  always  be  trusted,  unless  a  number  of  borings  are 
made.  There  are  cases  on  record  where  such  explorations  have  proved 
misleading. 

Clay  Veins. 

The  structures  known  among  the  miners  as  horsebacks  are  fissures 

in  the  coal,  usually  from  an  inch  to  a  foot  in  thickness  and  filled  with  a 

light  gray  indurated  clay.     They  are  also  known  as  clay  veins.     They 

do  not  offer  any  serious  trouble  to  mining  in  this  field  and  are  prob- 

:  ably  no  more  frequent  in  this  locality  than  elsewhere.  They  usually 
cut  the  coal  vertically.  Sometimes  they  are  accompanied  by  slight 
faulting  and  this  faulting  may  affect  the  fire  clay  as  well  as  the  roof. 

j  A  typical  horseback  of  this  kind  is  shown  in  a  photograph  taken  in 
the  main  entry  of  the  German  Coal  Company's  mine  (Plate  20). 


Report  on  Field  Work  Done  in  1 907.* 

(By  David  White.) 

General — The  field  operations  in  1907  consisted  chiefly  of  a  study  of 
the  lower  beds  of  the  coal  measures,  their  contact  with  the  underlying 
older  formations,  and  the  search  for  fossils,  especially  plant  remains, 
for  the  purpose  of  correlation.  This  work  was  in  continuation  of  that 
begun  the  previous  summer.  The  studies,  which  were  carried  on  with- 
out topographic  maps  and  in  advance  of  detailed  areal  work,  were  in 
the  nature  of  a  reconnoissance ;  therefore,  the  observations  both  strati- 
graphical  and  paleobotanical  were  confined  to  more  or  less  remote 
selected  points,  it  being  impossible  to  devote  the  time  necessary  for 
detailed  tracing  of  the  beds  through  the  intervening  areas. 

Beginning  with  the  northwestern  portion  of  the  basin,  examinations 
were  made  in  the  vicinity  of  Rock  Island,  near  Monmouth,  at  Colches- 
ter, Mount  Sterling,  vicinity  of  Chapin,  Whitehall,  Golden  Eagle,  and 
Collinsville,  in  passing  southward.  The  total  time  spent  within  the. 
limits  of  the  State  embraced  about  two  months,  the  closing  portion  of: 
which  was  given  to  a  preliminary  examination  of  the  sections  of  the 
basal  portion  of  the  Pennsylvanian  near  Murphysboro,  Alto  Pass; 
Goreville,  and  Ozark,  in  the  southern  part  of  the  State. 

Region  North  of  St.  Louis — In  1906,  it  was  found  that  the  basal 
sands  and  clays,  including  the  stoneware  and  sewer  pipe  clays,  together 
with  the  so-called  "No.  1  coal"  in  Rock  Island  county,  are  referable 
to  the  Upper  Pottsville  formation,  coal  No.  2  being  found  to  date  with- 
in Allegheny  time.  The  observations  made  in  1907  show  that  the  val- 
uable stoneware  clays,  along  the  western  margin  of  the  field  at  all  the 
points  visited,  going  as  far  south  as  St.  Louis,  are  at  the  same  horizon 
and  in  a  closely  similar  stratigraphic  position.  The  local  sections  at 
Rock  Island,  Fairport,  (Iowa),  Monmouth,  Colchester,  Ripley,  Exeter. 
Alsey,  Whitehall,  Golden  Eagle,  East  Alton,  St.  Louis  and  Cant i no 
near  Collinsville,  though  variable  within  certain  limits  as  to  the  thick- 
ness and  sequence  of  sandstone,  clays  and  carbonaceous  beds,  are  in  the 
main  very  much  alike.  Usually  there  is  little  sandstone,  seldom  - 
20  Feel  in  thickness,  often  with  underlying  carbonaceous  matter,  oc- 
cupying  the  depressions  of  the  old  land  surface.  Following  or  ii 
calated  with  the  sands,  which  are  usually  relatively  free  from  mica. 
there  is  found  more  or  less  shaly  material,  the  latter  including  inter 

♦Mr      l»:i\l<l    \\"lill«'    \\:is    con  Iroiisly    d«'l:i I I«m1    by    tho    IMivrtor    of    \\w    V      S.    CoolodHj 

Burn  In  the  studj  of  the  coal  fields  of  the  State,  and  it  li  by  hli  permi 

thai  Mils  preliminary   report  is  published,     n.  r.  B. 


268 


Wttt 


White.]  FIELD  WORK  IN  I907.  269 

bedded  lenses,  wedges,  and  somewhat  irregular  deposits  of  clays,  that 
are  sometimes  of  great  economic  value  over  considerable  areas.  For 
lack  of  natural  exposures  and  systematic  prospecting  the  actual  area 
I  and  volume  of  these  clays  in  their  better  phases  suitable  for  stoneware 
lor  sewer  pipe  manufacture  is  largely  a  matter  of  conjecture.  Without 
doubt,  however,  proper  search  will  enormously  extend  the  available 
areas  of  these  valuable  deposits.  Rarely  the  argillaceous  deposits  rest 
directly  upon  the  old  land  surface  debris,  the  sandstone  being  absent. 
At  other  points  there  is  interbedding  of  sandstone  and  clays  though  oc- 
casionally there  is  but  little  development  of  either.  At  no  point  within 
this  area  is  there  any  great  thickness  of  Pottsville  sediments,  the  thick- 
est sections  .observed  being  at  Wyoming  Hill,  near  Fairport,  Iowa,  and 
at  Golden  Eagle  above  the  mouth  of  the  Illinois  river. 

The  fossils  in  the  basal  sandstone,  resting  upon  the  eroded  Devonian 
in  this  region,  appear  not  to  be  older  than  Sharon,  at  earliest.  The 
plants  from  the  level  of  the  overlying  stoneways  clays  constitute  a  flora 
apparently  identical  with  that  known  from  the  shales  at  the  top  of  the 
Sharon  group,  or  in  the  Lower  Connoquenesing  in  western  Penn- 
sylvania and  the  northern  portion  of  the  Ohio  coal  field.  This  unique 
and  easily  recognized  flora,  as  found  in  Illinois,  includes  Archaeopteris 
stricta,  Cheilanthites  Cheathami  var.,  Alethopteris  lonchitica  var.,  Mar- 
iopteris  inflata,  Sphenopteria  sp.,  Aloiopteris  gracillima,  Lesleya  gran- 
dis,  Mariopteria  inflata,  Danaeites  sp.,  Megalopteris  Southweili,  Neu- 
ropteris  neuropteroides,  Asterophyllites  erectifolius,  Lacoeia  sp.,  Whit- 
tleseya  elegans,  and  an  unpublished  Ohio  species  of  Cardiocarpon. 
Representatives  of  this  flora  are  found  not  only  in  Rock  Island  county 
and  vicinity,  but  also  in  association  with  the  same  stoneware  clays  near 
Colchester,  Ripley,  Exeter  and  Golden  Eagle,  proving  the  contempor- 
aneity of  these  clays  from  St.  Louis  northward. 

In  the  vicinity  of  Alsey,  Exeter,  Mount  Sterling  (Ripley),  Colches- 
ter and  Monmouth,  the  clays  are  overlain  almost  directly  by  a  zone  of 
calcareous  sediments  in  the  form  of  limestone  lenses,  boulders,  or  a 
I  continuous  limestone  sheet  which  may  exceed  15  feet  in  thickness 
locally,  although  represented  only  by  small  lenses  at  other  points.  This 
is  the  limestone  underlying  the  Colchester  coal,  which,  in  western  Illi- 
nois, has  usually  been  correlated  with  the  Wilmington  (Morris),  or 
"No.  2  coal"  of  the  northeastern  portion  of  the  basin,  and  known  also 
as  the  "Third  Vein"  in  the  vicinity  of  LaSalle  and  Streator.  The  so- 
called  "Coal  No.  1,"  worked  in  Rock  Island  county,  at  Carbon  Hill,  at 
Cable,  Sherrard,  and  probably  also  at  Gilchrist's  Switch,  belongs,  as 
already  stated,  to  the  Upper  Pottsville.  So  also,  I  believe,  does  the 
coal  worked  at  Gerlaw,  north  of  Monmouth,  though  I  was  not  able 
!to  enter  the  small  county  mines  at  this  locality  on  account  of  their  idle- 
ness at  that  time.  The  low  coal  in  the  small  mines  just  to  the  east  of 
Monmouth  is,  however,  equivalent  to  the  Colchester  bed.  To  the  same 
horizon  belong  the  coal  banks  of  Mount  Sterling,  Exeter,  Alsey,  Golden 
Eagle,  and  East  Alton,  and  probably  at  Whitehall.  The  limestone  hori- 
zon mentioned  above  as  lying  beneath  the  Colchester  coal  and  just  above 
the  stoneware  clays  in  this  part  of  the  State  appears  to  be  represented 
towards  the  south  in  the  vicinity  of  East  Alton,  Golden  Eagle,  and  Col- 


270  YEAR  BOOK  FOR  1907.  [Bull.  No.  8 

linsville,  by  mere  boulders  which,  at  the  two  localities  last  mentioned, 
weather  out  in  a  pisolitic  structure.  Observations  towards  the  ex- 
treme north  of  the  field  are  not  yet  sufficient  for  a  definite  conclusion, 
but  it  appears  probable  that  this  calcareous  horizon  may  be  represented 
by  the  calcitic  bed  and  Lingula  fauna  at  Carbon  City,  east  of  Rock  Is- 
land. The  calcareous  matter  here  exhibits  beautiful  cone-in-cone  struc- 
ture in  fibrous  calcite  crystals.  No  trace  of  the  limestone  was  observed 
in  the  Whitehall  clay  pits,  perhaps  on  acount  of  Pleistocene  erosion, 
but  it  will  probably  be  found  in  the  vicinity.  The  clays  immediately 
above  the  limestone  are  the  so-called  "plastic"  clays. 

Southern  Margin  of  the  Field — The  data  outlined  above  concur  in 
showing  a  contemporaneous  and  fairly  uniform  encroachment  by  the 
Upper  Carboniferous  sea  upon  the  old,  somewhat  uneven,  land  surface 
as  now  revealed  along  the  western  margin  of  the  field- from  St.  Louis 
northward.  It  appears  that  this  subsidence  of  the  ancient  shore  occur- 
red during  late  Sharon  or  Connoquenessing  time,  the  thin  series  of 
deposits,  including  the  stoneware  clays,  being  of  very  late  Pottsville 
age.  Theoretically  the  sea  should  have  advanced  upon  this  old  land 
surface  from  the  south  or  southeast.  It  is,  therefore,  important  as  well 
as  interesting  to  make  some  observations  bearing  upon  this  question. 

Without  entering  in  detail  on  the  description  of  the  southern  sections 
hurriedly  examined,  it  will  suffice  for  the  present,  in  view  of  the  fact 
that  the  work  in  this  part  of  the-  field  is  merely  a  beginning  on  the 
problem  of  the  geological  history  of  the  eastern  interior  basin,  to  state 
briefly  as  possible  the  principal  facts  observed.  It  is  found  that  at 
Sparta,  the  first  point  visited  in  the  southern  area,  we  have  nearly  200 
feet  of  Pottsville  sediments  underlying  the  Murphysboro  coal  which  : 
appears  to  correspond  to  the  Colchester  bed.  South  of  Murphysboro 
the  section  at  the  base  of  the  coal  measures  is  still  thicker,  with  the  in- 
troduction of  additional  sandstones,  shales,  and  thin  coals,  so  that  the 
section  north  of  Alto  Pass  has  a  thickness  of  300  feet  or  more.  The  low- 
est of  these  beds  are  apparently  of  Middle  Pottsville  age.  North  of 
Buncombe,  the  next  point  visited,  my  hasty  and  incomplete  examina- 
tion shows  as  much  as  650  feet  of  Pottsville,  the  lower  portion  of  which 
probably  is  as  old  as  the  top  of  the  Lookout  formation  which  consti-  ' 
tutes  the  thick  lower  member  of  the  Pottsville  in  the  Appalachian 
trough.  At  Ozark,  the  next  and  last  point  visited,  we  have  as  great  a 
thickness,  including  a  number  of  coals,  two  of  which  appear  to  be 
locally  workable  at  county  banks. 

The  examination  of  the  southern  section  was  merely  preliminary  and 
without  time  for  complete  study  from  either  the  paleobotanical  or 
stratigraphical  stand  points.  In  neither  of  the  two  sections  last  visited 
were  plants  found  or  collected  from  a  sufficient  number  o\  horizons  to 
warrant  the  delimitation  of  the  upper  boundary  of  the  Pottsville.  The 
data  are,  however,  sufficiently  complete  to  show  that  in  the  thick 
tions  along  the  southeastern  border  of  the  field  we  have  sediments  laid 
down  in  the  waters  of  the  earlier  Pennsylvania  sea.  loom  (his  re- 
strict* <l  and  probably  narrow  arm  of  the  southern  gulf,  with  its  content 
of  older  Pottsville  sediments,  the  waters  spread  by  subsidence  of  ihe 
land  until,  very  late  in  Pottsville  time  they  eventuall)  covered  where 
now  is  the  margin  of  the  coal  field  north  i)\  St.  Louis.    In  direct  con- 


I  White.]  FIELD  WORK  IN   1907.  27 1 

firmation  of  this  fact  it  may  be  noted  that  in  the  farthest  of  the  south- 
i  ern  sections — that  at  Ozark — the  flora  which  in  the  northern  region 
I  occurs  at  the  base  of  the  coal  measures  and  which  marks  the  time  of 
the  encroachment  of  the  sea  in  that  area  is  found  in  some  sandy  clays 
about  550  feet  above  the  base  of. the  Upper  Carboniferous  section.    The 
I  earlier  age  of  the  lower  beds  in  this  region  and  the  probable  contem- 
poraneity of  the  lowest  Pennsylvanian  in  the  State  with  the  upper  part 
I  of  the  lower  Pottsville  in  the  Appalachian  trough,  is  also  indicated  by 
the  fossil  plants  on  the  Illinois  side  of  the  Ohio,  near  Battery  Rock. 

Scope  of  the  Work — Aside  from  the  problems  of  the  subdivision  and 
correlations  of  the  thicker  sections  of  Southern  Illinois,  and  in  addition 
to  the  paleobotanical  and  stratigraphical  delineation  of  the  Pottsville- 
Allegheny  and  other  boundaries,  there  remain  certain  broad  and  im- 
portant questions  concerning  the  physical  changes  and  development 
of  the  eastern  interior  basin  as  a  whole.  One  of  these  is  to  account  for 
the  considerable  interval  of  time,  as  indicated  by  the  succession  in  the 
Appalachian  trough,  which  in  western  Illinois  is  represented  by  the 
surprisingly  small  interval,  sometimes  only  a  few  feet,  including  the 
limestone  horizon,  between  the  stoneware  clays  with  the  Megalopteris 
flora  and  the  roof  of  the  Colchester-Murphysboro  coal.  Another  ques- 
tion is  that  of  the  extent  and  position  of  the  earliest  Pottsville  sea  in 
southern  Illinois  and  western  Kentucky,  and  the  history  of  the  invas- 
ion along  the  Indiana  side  of  the  basin.  Concerning  this  problem,  in- 
volving the  age  of  the  various  terrances,  the  dates  of  the  submergence 
at  various  points,  and  the  age  reference  of  the  coals  along  the  eastern 
margin  of  the  basin  in  Indiana,  we  have  at  present  almost  no  paleobot- 
anical data.  There  is,  however,  room  for  the  suspicion  that  one  or 
more  of  the  important  Indiana  coals  are  Pottsville.  The  question  of 
the  thickness  of  the  basal  sediments  and  the  data  of  the  contact  of  the 
Upper  Carboniferous  in  the  northeastern  portion  of  the  basin  is  also  re- 
lated to  the  problem  of  the  former  connection  of  the  Michigan  basin 
with  the  eastern  interior  basin,  on  the  one  hand,  or  with  the  Appalach- 
ian basin,  to  the  southeast,  on  the  other. 

During  the  past  season  very  little  progress  was  made  in  securing  pal- 
eobotanical data  from  the  main  coal-bearing  portion  of  the  Illinois  series. 
The  small  amount  of  material  gathered  harmonizes  with  that  secured 
the  previous  season  in  pointing  toward  a  Freeport  age  for  coal  No.  6 
in  southern  Illinois.     The  correlation  is  not  fully  conclusive. 

The  flora  represented  by  the  long  list  of  plants  found  in  the  shales  a 
long  Mazon  creek  in  Groundy  county,  Illinois,  present  some  minor  ob- 
.  stacles  to  satisfactory  interbasinal  correlation  on  account  of  the  occur- 
rence of  a  number  of  species  which  are  usually  regarded  as  indicating 
I  an  horizon  considerably  higher  than  that  indicated  by  the  stratigraphy, 
or  inferred  from  the  presence  of  Neuropteris  vermicularis,  Uloden- 
dron,  and  other  older  types.  Bearing  in  mind,  however,  that  the 
species  of  Odontopteris  from  Mazon  creek  are  probably  less  numerous 
than  has  been  represented  and  that  they  belong"  to  the  Mixoneura  sec- 


272  YEAR  BOOK' FOR  I907.  [Bull.  No.  8 

tion  of  the  genus,  the  chronological  inferences  drawn  from  the  plants 
become  less  varied.  It  is  possible  that  the  minor  differences  may  be 
found  in  part  to  be  due  to  slight  stratigraphical  differences  between 
the  two  principal  Mazon  localities.  The  matter  of  the  relation  of  these 
two  points  and  of  the  distribution  of  the  plant  species  among  them  is 
one  deserving  further  consideration. 


PETROLEUM  FIELDS  OF  ILLINOIS  IN  1907. 

(By  H.  Foster  Bain.) 


Contents. 

Page 

Introduction    274 

Production   in  the  United   States 274 

Production   in   Illinois 275 

Composition  and  properties  of  petroleum 278 

Chemical    composition 278 

Physical    character 

Illinois     oils 280 

Mode  of  occurrence  of  gas  and  petroleum 281 

Petroleum  bearing  rocks   of  Illinois 284 

General    sections •  • . . .  284 

Northern  Illinois  section 284 

Central   Illinois   section 285 

Southern  Illinois  section 286 

Gas  in  Pleistocene  deposits 286 

Carboniferous  oil  horizons 287 

General  character  of  the  rocks 287 

Coal   measure   sands 297 

Pottsville    sands 297 

Chester    sands 299 

Pre-Chester    sands 303 

Pre-Carboniferous   oil  bearing  rocks 303 

'orrelation  of  Illinois  oil  and  gas  bearing  rocks 304 

Cnown  ail  pools  of  Southeastern  Illinois 305 

)il  and  gas  in  the  western  part  of  the  State 307 

Introduction •  • 307 

Randolph  county , 307 

Montgomery    county 309 

Pike    county 310 

Scattered  occurrences  of  gas  and  oil 311 


*A  preliminary  report  on  the  Petroleum  Industry  of  Illinois,  prepared  by  W.  S. 
Jlatchley,  was  published  in  1906  and  forms  Bulletin  2  of  the  present  series.  In  the 
•resent  paper  supplementary  data  will  be  found. 


273 

— i8G  S 


274 


YEAR    BOOK    FOR    I907. 


[Bull.  No.  8 


Introduction. 

Production  in  the  United  States — One  of  the  most  striking  features 
of  the  recent  mineral  production  of  the  United  States  has  been  the  great 
increase  in  the  output  of  petroleum.  This  has  practically  doubled  in 
the  last  five  years,  and  now  reaches  the  enormous  total  of  166,000,000 
barrels,  having  a  value  of  over  $100,000,000  in  the  crude  state.  The 
general  features  of  recent  production  are  shown  in  the  table  below, 
in  which  the  figures  for  1902  and  1906  are  taken  from  the  reports 
of  the  U.  S.  Geological  Survey,  and  those  for  1907  are  the  estimates 
of  the  Engineering  andi  Mining  Journal  except  for  slight  modifications 
introduced  on  the  basis  of  later  figures  from  Illinois. 


Production  of  Petroleum  in  the  United  States. 

(In  barrels  of  42  gallons.) 

1902 

1906 

1907 

368, 849 
13.984.268 
32. 018.  787 
200 
18. 632. 275 
23.358.826 

403. 911 

21.  718. 648 
33. 098,  598 
27.741.472 
4. 397,  050 
21. 645.  425 
17.554.661 
338.082 

47.556.9W 
40.000,0<X 
25,  500, 00C 
24,540.024 

California 

18, 175.00C 

8. 030, 001 

Others 

2,  238, 081 

Total 

88.767.116 

126. 493. 936 

166. 040. 00) 

These  figures  are  not  exactly  comparable,  but  they  serve  to  indicate 
with  fair  accuracy  the  principal  changes  in  production  in  recent  years 

As  is  well  known,  the  Appalachian  field  was  for  many  years  tin  SOW 
producer,  and  later  long  maintained  a  dominant  position  in  tin 
dustry.  Its  output  has  now  been  practically  stationary  since  1S80 
and  is  at  present  declining.  Not  even  extra  inducements  in  price  am 
grading  have  stimulated  development  enough  to  bring  in  new  produc 
tion  as  fast  as  old  wells  cease  to  flow,  and  of  the  7,053  new  wells  drillet 
27  per  cent  were  dry,  while  the  new  daily  production  per  wcl 
amounted  to  only  6.1  barrels.  In  southeastern  Ohio  39.5  per  cent  0 
the  wells  drilled  were  dry.  These  figures  indicate  clearly  that  the  higl 
grade  oil  fields  of  the  east  are  unable  to  respond  to  the  demand  for  in 
created  production,  and  that  other  parts  of  the  country  must   he  relio 


Bain.] 


PETROLEUM    IN    ILLINOIS. 


275 


on  to  make  good  the  deficiency.  Fortunately  there  seems  to  be  no 
lack  of  good  oil  territory  elsewhere.    Aside  from  the  Lima  field,  where 

SLTT  dedme  haS  been  Sharp  and  ^ifi^  the  various  fields 
either  show  an  increase  in  output  or  are  clearly  capable  of  vieldin? 
more  oil  if  development  be  pushed.  yieiuing 

hJ}6-  ™?u  ^f-T'A11'  i.ncreascs  in  oil  production  in  recent  years  have 
tZ  \l  u  Mld:C°ntinental  (Kansas-Oklahoma)  and  the  Illinois 
fields.  Ab  shown  by  the  tables  already  quoted,  the  former  is  now  the 
leading  American  oil  field.    The  Illinois  production,  while  not  so  kree 

JL  T1!-3  y°Unfer  fif'd  *°?  ,S  Sufficient  to  more  tha"  compensate  For 
the  decline  m  the  output  of  the  Lima  district 

^I°^Uf°n  t  Illin0l/~ While  attempts  to  find  oil  and  gas  in  Illinois 
on  d  in  i886l8Sh3'  ^  ra  Montgomery  county  a  small  field  was  deveb 
oped  m  1886  which  continued  in  production  up  t'o  1902,  the  present 
petroleum  industry  of  southeastern  Illinois  dates  from  1.^4  only  As 
early  as  1865,  six  wells  were  drilled  in  the  heart  of  what  is  now  the 
productive  territory  of  Clark  county,  but  the  showing  being  smaTl  he 
work  was  abandoned.  Enough  oil  was,  however,  foundftt Head  to 
renewed  drilhng  in  1904,  when  J.  J.  Hoblitzel  &  Son  rediscovered  Ms 
field.  Shipments  began  in  June,  1905.  and  since  that  date  the  increase 
fatlw    ^  "P^    ^  ^  Mpme"tS  h™  the  field  hav" 

Production  of  Crude  Petroleum  in  Illinois. 
(In  barrels  of  42  galloms.) 


1905* 

1906 

1907 

1  January 

55. 680* 
65, 209* 
19,352* 
102, 862f 
267. 746t 
410,654+ 
610, 401+ 
778, 463+ 
722,168, 
463, 819+ 
350, 985+ 
538, 130+ 

February 

752, 670+ 

March , 

918, 620+ 

1 

=  April 

1, 494, 598+ 

May 

1, 823, 024+ 

June 

5,489 
9.208 
15,  092 
19, 592 
26, 444 
34,  766 
45, 912 

2,  094, 194+ 

July 

1, 830, 633+ 



August 

2, 376.  281+ 

September 

2, 398, 895+ 

October 

2,560.592+ 

November 

2. 818, 952 1 



December 

2,  464,  980+ 

j                                        

'Tank  car  shipments  1907 

2, 201,  265+ 
806, 234* 

Totals 

'"" 

156, 503 

4, 385, 939 

24,540,938 

♦Tank  car  shipments. 
tPipe  line  run.  Ohio  Oil  Co. 

•arYPoX    1  Anr71MfiarC.h'  -I9°£  a"  shiPments  ,  ., 

Zl  £  yV  /I'  th^e,  ?rst  pipe  Ime  cached  the  district,  and  since 

.hen  the  hues  of  the  Ohio  Oil  Co.  have  been  rapidly  extended  u     1 


276 


YEAR    BOOK    FOR    I907. 


[Bull.  No.  8 


they  now  reach  all  the  pools  and  carry  oil  both  to  the  eastern  refineries 
and  to  the  new  Wood  river  plant,  opened  in  1907,  near  Alton.  In 
addition,  the  Robinson  Oil  Refining  Co.  has  built  at  Robinson,  and  the 
Sun,  Cornplanter  and  a  number  of  other  companies  ship  by  tank  cars. 

The  figures  given  above  do  not  show  the  entire  production,  since 
there  is  always  a  large  amount  held  in  storage  by  the  producers.  The 
pipe  lines  have  not  been  able  to  handle  all  the  oil  offered,  despite  the 
rapid  rate  at  which  they  have  been  extended.  Accordingly  the  true 
producing  capacity  of  the  field  has  not  yet  been  tested.  As  illustrating 
some  of  the  difficulties  involved  in  handling  such  enormous  quantities 
of  oil,  it  may  be  stated  that  on  January  1st,  1908,  the  Ohio  Oil  Co.  hac 
stored  12,610,618  barrels,  and  is  constantly  building  additional  tanks. 
The  pipe  line  runs  for  the  first  six  months  of  1908  amounted  to  17, 
694,759  barrels,  and  the  total  storage  July  1st  was  20,352,880  barrels 

In  1907  the  development  of  the  field  was  particularly  active.  Th( 
area  was  extended  rapidly  to  the  southeast,  many  gaps  were  filled  in, 
new  and  lower  sands  were  tapped,  additional  pipe  lines  were  laid, 
new  refinery  was  built  and  the  output  was  phenomenal. 

At  the  close  of  the  preceding  year  the  number  of  producing  wells 
was  estimated  at  4,185,  and  532  dry  holes  were  known  to  have  been 
drilled.  The  total  number  of  producing  wells  January  1,  1908,  may  be 
estimated  at  9,772,  with  1,260  dry  holes.  At  this  rate  88  per  cent  o' 
the  holes  put  down  have  proved  productive,  despite  the  fact  that  th< 
outlines  of  the  field  are  at  many  points  yet  to  be  determined.  The  ne\ 
production  for  the  year  may  be  estimated  at  139,163  barrels  daily.  Th< 
detailed  figures  for  the  year  are  given  in  the  accompanying  table,  bemj 
derived  from  the  careful  monthly  records  of  the  Oil  City  Derrick : 

Wells  Drilled  in  Illinois,  igoy . 


Month. 


Complete. 

Production 
barrels. 

Aver.  Initial 

Production 

barrels. 

253 

9,433 

44 

356 

9.842 

32*) 

351 

10, 392 

BBS 

387 

11.083 

88 

493 

13. 329 

31 

f>39 

18,807 

88  Hi 

521 

i7.:t7.-> 

461 

1 1 .  810 

81 

400 

to,  801 

32':: 

868 

B,  I."-: 

86k 

180 

:i.  tso 

•js'i 

;t:t4 

;ti'. 

Dry  Holos 


January . . . 
February. 

March 

April 

May 

June 

.Inly 

August  .  .  . 

September 
<  kstobei 
November 
December 


State  Geological   Survey 


Bulletin    No.    8.    PI.    21. 


Map   showing  producing  oil  pools   in    Southeastern    Illinois 


State  Geological   Survey. 


Bulletin   No.    8.   PL    21 


MANZ-CHICACO 


Map    showing  producing   oil   pools    in   'Southeastern    Illinois. 


Bain.] 


PETROLEUM    IN    ILLINOIS. 
Summary  by  Counties. 


277 


County. 


Complete. 


ProEion.     Dr>" Holes- 


Crawford... 

Clark 

Lawrence . . . 
Cumberland 

Coles 

Edgar 


2,840 

83, 263 

1.176 

30,385 

690 

30, 543 

152 

3,612 

56 

314 

25 

118 

376 
201 
70 
13 
11 
14 


This  enormous  development  was  accomplished  in  a  thoroughly  busi- 
ness like  and  quiet  manner.  Leases  are  selling  at  very  good  prices, 
and  a  bonus  of  $150  to  $200  an  acre  with  a  royalty  of  one-eighth  is  not 
uncommonly  demanded  in  the  productive  district.  At  the  same  time 
there  was  little  speculation  by  those  not  familiar  with  the  oil  business 
and  its  risks.  Practically  none  of  the  usual  stock  peddling  companies 
were  organized,  and  there  is  a  strong  sentiment  against  them. 

Experienced  men  have  found  this  field  an  unusually  profitable  one 
despite  the  high  bonus  asked  and  certain  other  drawbacks.  One  con- 
servative operator  estimates  that  three  out  of  four  will  make  money. 
It  is  by  no  means  unusual  for  a  well  to  flow  enough  oil  to  pay  for  itself 
by  the  time  it  is  connected  up,  and  initial  productions  of  1,000  barrels 
occur.  So  far  the  wells  have  stood  up  well  under  pumping.  The  most 
northerly,  or  Westfield  pool,  is  the  only  one  which  is  even  approxi- 
mately drilled  in.  It  was  here  that  the  oil  was  first  found  and  the 
shallow  depth,  350  to  400  feet,  has  made  its  exploitation  rapid.  In 
October  a  careful  estimate  showed  that  the  wells  of  this  pool  were 
yielding  an  average  of  about  six  barrels  daily,  and  many  of  them  had 
been  pumped  more  than  two  years.  The  Crawford  county  wells  were 
at  the  same  time  estimated  to  be  yielding  twenty  barrels,  while  those 
of  Lawrence  county  were  yielding  forty  barrels. 

The  approximate  limits  of  the  producing  territory,  so  far  as  devel- 
oped, are  shown  on  the  accompanying  map  (plate  21).  It  will  be  noted 
that  the  territory  extends  from  Clark  and  Cumberland  counties  south- 
east through  Crawford  and  into  Lawrence.  Beyond  the  latter,  in  Gib- 
son county,  Indiana,  there  is  an  additional  pool  at  Princeton.  The  pro- 
ductive strip  has  a  proven  length  of  approximately  eighty  miles.  In 
breadth  it  varies  from  a  general  width  of  two  or  three  miles  to  an 
exceptional  one  of  ten  or  twelve.  The  limits  are  as  yet  but  poorly 
defined  by  drilling  and  additional  territory  is  constantly  being  brought 
in,  though  for  much  of  the  distance  shown  on  the  map  there  is  a  fairly 
consistent  line  of  dry  holes,  both  to  the  east  and  west  of  the  territory 
indicated  as  productive. 

Outside  this  district  there  is  no  regular  oil  production  in  Illinois, 
though  oil  has  been  found  at  a  number  of  points  as  detailed  elsewhere. 


278 


YEAR    BOOK    FOR    I907. 


[Bull.  No.  8 


Composition  and  Properties  of  Petroleum. 

Chemical  Composition — Petroleum  is  not  a  definite  chemical  com- 
pound, and  the  name  is  used  to  cover  a  wide  variety  of  mineral  oils 
occurring  in  the  rocks.  F.  W.  Clarke  has  recently  reviewed  the  liter- 
ature and  discussed  the  composition  and  character  of  the  group  of 
natural  hydrocarbons,  to  which  petroleum  belongs.  It  will  be  suffi- 
cient here  to  note  that:  "Natural  gas,  petroleum,  bitumen  and 
asphaltum  are  all  essentially  compounds  of  carbon  and  hydrogen ;  or, 
more  precisely,  mixtures  of  such  compounds  in  bewildering  variety. 
They  contain,  moreover,  many  impurities — sulphur  compounds,  oxi- 
dized and  nitrogenous  substances,  etc. — whose  exact  nature  is  not 
always  defined.  *  *  *  *  *  *  *  All  the  hydrocarbons  fall  pri- 
marily into  a  number  of  regular  series,  to  each  of  which  a  generalized 
formula  may  be  assigned."* 

Of  these  series,  the  eight  following  have  been  discovered  in  petro- 
leum: 


1.  CnH2+2 

2.  CnH2n 

3.  CnH2n— 1 

4.  CnH,i 


5.  CnH3n — 6 

6.  CnH2n— 8 

7.  CnHsn— 10 

8.  CnH3ii— 12 


Clark  considers  these  formulas  as  being  of  only  preliminary  value. 
The  first  represents  the  paraffin  group  and  begins  with  march  gas  or 
methane  and  ranges  through  a  series  of  liquid  compounds  to  solids, 
such  as  ordinary  paraffin.  March  gas  (CH4)  is  the  most  important 
constituent  of  natural  gas,  and  the  larger  number  of  American  petro- 
leums belong  to  the  paraffin  series. 

A  small  amount  of  sulphur  is  found  in  practically  all  petroleums. 
In  part,  it  is  believed  to  be  in  chemical  combination,  although  free 
sulphur  has  been  found  in  the  Texas  soils.  Nitrogen  is  nearly  always 
present,  from  a  trace  up  to  I  per  cent  and  over.  It  seems  to  be  in 
chemical  combination,  but  has  not  yet  been  thoroughly  studied.  Asphalt 
and  the  solid  hydrcarbons  are  most  generally  considered  to  be  the 
oxidized  residue  of  normal  petroleum  exposed  to  the  acid,  but  the 
matter  is  not  wholly  bevond  doubt.  Such  materials  are  especially  char- 
acteristic of  seepages. 

Ultimate  analysis  shows  petroleum  to  consist  essentially  of  carbon, 
and  hydrogen.  In  the  table  below  are  given  analyses  of  a  few  repre- 
sentative crude  oils : 

Chemical  Composition  of  PctrolnnnA 


Source  of  oil. 


c  larbon, 


Hydrojren. 


Ox\  ;:(M1 


w.st  Virginia    heavy 
Pennsylvania-  Light 


S3. 5 
84.8 


13.3 

111 


3  2 
1  I 


•Clarke,  u.  s.  Geo]  Survey,  Bull.  ::::<>,  p.  819. 

rBoverton  Redwood.  Petroleum  and   fta  Product!,  London,   L006,  p.  210 


Baix.  ] 


PETROLEUM    IN    ILLINOIS. 


279 


Physical  Character — Crude  oils  vary  greatly  in  physical  as  well  as 
chemical  properties.  The  most  important  variations  are  in  specific 
gravity,  viscosity,  capillarity,  color,  odor  and  heating  and  illuminating 
power.    Variations  in  the  last  named  are  the  most  important. 

For  comparison  with  the  analyses  given  above,  the  following  analyses 
of  a  few  coals  may  be  quoted  : 

Chemical  Analyses  of  Certain  Coals* 


Coal. 

Hydrogen. 

Carbon. 

Nitrogen. 

Oxygen. 

Sulphur. 

Ash. 

111.  No.  3 

4.92 
4.20 
4.70 

67.30 
81.98 
83.62 

1.43 
1.36 
1.70 

12.99 
3.56 
4.23 

1.77 

1.49 

.66 

11  59 

Pa.  No.  1 

7  41 

W.  Va.  No.  6 

5  09 

While  the  two  sets  of  analyses  are  not,  perhaps,  strictly  comparable, 
the  much  higher  content  of  the  oil  in  carbon  and  hydrogen  is  at  once 
apparent,  and  this  is  largel  ythe  explanation  of  its  higher  value  as  a 
fuel.  In  addition,  the  liquid  form  permits  of  burning  so  as  to  produce 
more  complete  combustion  and  saves  the  specific  heat  used  in  convert- 
ing the  solid  fuels.  Direct  comparison  of  the  calorific  values  is  given 
below : 


Clorific  Power  of  Certain  Fuels,  t 


B.  T.  U. 


Heavy  petroleum  from  West  Virginia 
Light  petroleum  from  Pennsylvania. 

Heavy  petroleum  from  Baku 

Light  petroleum  from  Baku 

Coal 

Coke 

Peat 

Wood 


10, 180 
9.963 
10,800 
11, 460 
7,500 
6.500 
4,500 
2,500 


These  figures  are  of  only  general  value,  but  will  illustrate  the  greater 
value,  weight  for  weight,  of  oil,  when  compared  with  other  fuels. 

Illuminating  power  is  also  a  most  important  property  of  petroleum. 
It  contains  certain  compounds  which  burn  with  a  luminous  flame,  and 
one  of  the  important  uses  of  even  the  heavier  portion  of  the  crude  oil 
is  the  enrichment  of  gas  made  from  other  materials  to  make  it  avail- 
able for  illuminating  purposes. 

The  specific  gravity  of  a  crude  oil  is  mainly  important  as  measuring 
the  relative  yield  of  light  and  heavy  oils  on  distillation.  It  is  usually 
measured  on  what  is  known  as  the  Baume  scale.  Below  is  given  the 
gravity  of  various  American  oils : 


*U.  S.  Geol.  Surv.,  Prof.  Pap.  No.  48,  pt.  1. 
tRedwood,  Op.  Cit.  p.  210. 


280  YEAR    BOOK    FOR    I907.  [Bull.  No. 

Specific  Gravity  of  Various  American  Oils. 


Sp.  Gr. 

Baume. 

PermsylTania— * 

.810 

.829 
.839 

.912 

.880 
.979 

.806 

.876 

.859 

.887 
.873 
.870 

. 

Ohio—* 

Macksburg 

39 

Lima 

37 

Wyoming* , 

24 

California—* 

Puente 

29 

Coalinga 

13 

Colorado—* 

Boulder 

41 

Texas—* 

Spindletop 

30 

Oklahoma—* 

Bartlesville 

33 

Illinois— t 

Weaver  lease 

28 

30 

Birch  lease 

31 

♦Redwood,  Op.  Cit.  p.   196. 

tGrout,  F.  F.,  State  Geological   Survey    (Illinois)   Bulletin  2,  p.   100. 

The  properties  of  capillarity,  flashing  point,  viscosity,  etc.,  are  im- 
portant principally  in  the  derivatives  of  a  crude  oil,  as  measuring  their 
availability  for  certain  uses.  No  complete  study  has  yet  been  made  of 
Illinois  oils,  and  the  reader  is  referred  to  Boverton  Redwood's  treatise 
for  a  discussion  of  the  subject  in  general.  It  may  be  remarked  that 
the  properties  of  the  product  derived  from  any  oil  are  to  some  extent 
determined  by  the  process  of  refining,  and  are  therefore  to  a  slight 
extent  under  control.  For  this  reason  fractional  distillations  of  the 
crude  made  in  a  laboratory  are  of  only  limited  value  in  determining 
the  relative  commercial  importance  of  different  oils. 

Illinois  Oils — Illinois  petroleums  have  only  recently  been  studied 
chemically,  though  some  preliminary  work  was  done  by  F.  F.  Grout 
and  published  in  connection  with  Blatchley's  report  on  the  district.* 

The  oil  in  the  main  grades  about  32 °  and  sells  for  68  cents  a  barrel.  A 
limited  amount  grading  below  300  is  purchased  at  60  cents.  This  low 
grade  oil  is  sold  for  fuel,  but  the  great  bulk  of  the  output  goes  to  the 
refineries,  its  content  of  the  higher  oils  being  sufficient  to  make  it  highly 
desirable.  It  is  dark  olive  green  in  color  and  the  sulphur  content  runs 
below  1  per  cent.  Careful  studies  of  its  chemical  properties  made  by 
Dr.  David  T.  Day  of  the  U.  S.  Geological  Survey  are  summarized 
iu  the  accompanying  table. 

The  samples  were  examined  as  to  odor,  color,  and  specific  gravity, 
and  then  distilled  by  the  Engler  distilling  apparatus,  the  quantity  dis- 
tilling Up  to  150"  C.  being  classed  as  naphtha,  and  that  between  150° 
and  3(X)"  (  ".  as  burning  oil.  The  determination  of  the  sulphur  content 
of  the  oils  was  made  in  t lit*  Pittsburg  laboratory   of  the  Survey, 

•State  Geological  Survey  (Illinois)   Bulletin  2,  p,   LOO. 


Bain.]  PETROLEUM    IN    ILLINOIS.  28l 

The  methods  used  in  these  oil  tests  have  been  selected  because  of  their 
simplicity,  which  enables  them  to  be  carried  rapidly  to  completion,  and 
the  treatment  of  all  the  samples  in  precisely  the  same  manner  affords 
a  basis  for  a  just  comparison  of  the  oils.  In  the  first  series  of  tests 
oils  from  34  samples  were  examined. 

The  oils  range  in  gravity  from  39.50  B.  in  the  deep  wells  (1,500 
feet)  in  the  Bridgeport  pool  to  22.3 °  B.  in  the  Duncansville  pool.  Some 
of  the  shallow  wells  (300  feet)  in  the  north  end  of  the  field  also  yield 
oils  as  light  as  35. 50  B. 

No  oil  was  found  with  more  than  half  of  1  per  cent  of  sulphur,  and 
this  only  in  the  extreme  north  end  of  the  field.  Farther  south  the 
average  is  about  one-fourth  of  1  per  cent  and  the  oils  are  acceptable 
as  non-sulphur  oils.  Pipe-line  samples  from  all  pools  averaged  still 
less — that  is,  0.2  per  cent. 

The  percentage  distilling  below  1500  Centigrade  ranged  from  1  to 
21,  averaging  13.2  per  cent  for  the  State.  The  burning  oil  averaged 
31.2  per  cent. 

Most  of  the  oils  contained  practically  no  asphalt  and  considerable 
proportions  of  paraffine  wax." 

Mode  of  Occurrence  of  Gas  and  Petroleum. 

Petroleum  is  very  generally  distributed  throughout  the  sedimentary 
rocks.  Numerous  tests  have  shown  that  it  is  present  in  small  quantities 
in  shales,  limestones  and  sandstones  of  widely  varying  age  and  char- 
acter. Dr.  Edward  Orton  has  estimated  that  in  the  Ohio  black  shale, 
when  the  latter  is  1,000  feet  thick,  the  amount  present  would  amount 
to  more  than  ten  million  barrels  to  the  square  mile.*  Dr.  T.  Sterry 
Huntf  has  estimated  that  the  Niagara  limestone  at  Chicago  contains 
7,743,745  barrels  of  petroleum  per  square  mile,  assuming  that  the 
petroliferous  portion  is  only  thirty-five  feet  thick. 

The  problem,  therefore,  is  not  so  much  the  presence  of  the  oil  as  its 
accumulation  in  quantity.  The  conditions  under  which  it  occurs  in 
nature  have  been  much  discussed,  and  were  summarized  by  Professor 
Blatchley  in  his  report  upon  the  Illinois  petroleum  fields.*  They  may 
now  be  most  generally  stated  to  include  the  presence  of  (1)  a  porous 
rock,  to  contain  the  oil  or  gas  ;  (2)  an  impervious  cover;  (3)  geologic 
1  structure  which  will  permit  their  accumulation.  To  produce  flowing 
wells,  pressure  of  some  sort  is  necessary,  and  a  most  common  accom- 
paniment of  oil  and  gas  is  salt  water. 

The  necessity  of  the  porous  rock  is  clear  when  it  is  reflected  that  oil 
pools  are  very  seldom,  if  ever,  actual  cavities  or  open  spaces.  In  nearly 
every  instance  the  oil  or  gas  merely  occupies  the  pores  or  open  spaces 
in  some  rock.  Since  of  the  common  sedimentary  rocks  sandstone  is 
the  most  porous,  it  is  the  one  in  which  the  oil  most  commonly  occurs. 
From  this  has  arisen  the  custom  of  referring  to  any  rock  in  which 
petroleum  is  found  as  a  "sand."  Actually  many  of  the  best  "oil  sands" 
are  not  sand  at  all  in  a  geological  sense,  but  are  limestones,  dolomites  en- 
even  shales.  The  latter  are  so  dense  as  seldom  to  serve  directly  as  oil 
containers. 


♦Geological  Survey  of  Ohio,  vol. VI,  p.  413-414. 

tChemical  and  Geological  Essays,  p.   173. 

tState  Geological  Survey   (Illinois),  Bulletin  2,  p.  25. 


282 


YEAR  BOOK  FOR  I907. 


[Bull.  No.  8 


Xext  to  sandstones,  dolomites  and  magnesian  limestones  most  fre- 
quently serve  to  hold  the  oil. 

In  the  Illinois  fields,  so  far  developed,  the  productive  wells  are  usually 
in  true  sands.  The  "gas  sand"  exploited  at  Pittsfield,  in  Pike  county, 
is,  however,  the  Niagara  dolomite;  and  in  the  Westfield  pool  of  the 
Casey  district  certain  wells  find  their  supply  of  oil  in  one  of  the  coal 
measure  limestones.  This  limestone,  as  found  outside  the  productive 
area,  is  non-magnesian,  but  the  following  analyses  show  that  locally 
it  is  highly  magnesian,  and  that,  in  fact,  the  more  magnesian  it  is  the 
more  oil  it  contains. 

Analyses  of  Samples  of  Drillings  from  Well  No.  8,  Briscoe  Lease, 
Southwest  Quarter  Section  20 ,  Township  11  N.,  Range  14.  IV.,  Parker 
Township,  Clark  County,  Illinois. 


F.  F.  Grout,  Analyst. 

Above  best 

pay 
361-365  feet. 

In  best 

pay 

380-385  feet. 

Below  best 

pay 
395-400  feet. 

46.38 
20.69 
10.93 
21.69 

51.38 

28.76 

3.71 

11.45 

55.16 
17. »4 
2.47 
24.47 

Magnesium  carbonate  (MgC03) 

Iron  oxide  and  alumina  ( Al203Fe203) , 

Totals 

99.69 

95.30 

99.74 

Drillings  from  just  above  the  pay,  at  a  depth  of  361-365  feet,  showed1 
under  the  glass  as  angular  fragments  of  a  grayish  close-grained  lime-, 
stone,  with  crystals  of  calcite,  iron  pyrites  and  particles  of  shale  inter- 
mingled. Drillings  from  the  best  pay,  310  to  385  feet,  were  much 
darker  in  hue,  due  to  the  brownish  discoloration  by  the  oil.  Under  the 
glass  they  resemble  a  miniature  mass  of  water  worn  gravel,  the  frag- 
ments being  rounded  instead  of  angular  and  loosely  cemented  in  small 
bunches.  Less  pyrites  and  no  shale  were  visible.  The  layer  below  the 
oil  pay  was  more  like  that  from  above,  the  fragments  being  angular 
there,  though  darker  in  color. 

The  relation  of  the  oil's  accumulation  to  the  more  magnesian  por-i; 
tions  of  a  limestone  formations  has  been  previously  noted  and  was 
studied  by  Orton,  who  placed  much  weight  upon  this  feature.  The 
simple  explanation  is  that  the  dolomitic  portion  of  the  rock  being 
more  porous  acts  as  a  reservoir.  That  this  enters  into  the  explanation 
can  not  be  doubted,  but  the  Westfield  occurrence  raises  sonic  doubt 
whether  this  he  the  whole  of  the  matter.  The  coal  measure  limestone 
in  which  the  oil  occurs  here  is  one  of  a  number  widely  outcropping 
thrOUghoul   the  State.   It   is,  where  exposed  at   the  surface,  particularly 

free  from  magnesia)  and.  in  fact,  so  far  as  present  observation  goesj 

none  of  the  coal   measure  limestones  at  or  near  this  horizon  are  mag- 
nesian   except    within    the   small    area    where    the   oil    oecurs.      Samples 

blown  from  the  wells  here  are  not  distinguishable  lithologically  from 

the  Trenton   limestone  of    Indiana,  and    -how    that    the  rock    is  a  coarse 
DOrOUS  dolomite  very  similar  in  general  appearance  to  the  Galena  dolo- 


Bain.]  PETROLEUM    IN    ILLINOIS.  283 

mite  of  the  northwestern  part  of  the  State.  This  striking  local  change 
in  the  character  of  the  rock,  coincident  as  it  is  with  the  accumulation 
of  oil  in  his  and  other  rocks,  at  least  fairly  raises  the  question  whether 
the  magnesia  did  not  come  in  with  the  oil  rather  than  antecedent  to  it, 
or  whether  both  are  not  in  some  way  connected  with  a  common  cause. 
This  question  must,  for  the  present,  remain  unanswered. 

The  necessity  for  an  impervious  cover  arises  from  the  low  specific 
gravity  of  gas  and  oil  and  the  high  capillarity  of  the  latiter.  In  any 
saturated  rocks  both  gas  and  oil,  in  the  absence  of  a  cover,  would  be 
forced  to  the  surface  and  escape.  Even  in  dry  rocks  the  gas  and  the 
lighter  portion  of  the  oils  will  escape  until,  as  seems  actually  to  have 
occurred  in  California,  the  heavy  residue  seals  of  the  pores  of  the  rock 
and  makes  a  cover.  In  the  Illinois  field,  as  commonly  elsewhere,  shales 
form  a  sufficiently  impervious  cover  and  prevent  the  escape  of  the  gas 
and  oil,  even  when  considerable  pressure  has  been  generated. 

The  structural  conditions  which  favor  the  accumulation  of  gas  and 
oil  are  varied.  Granted  the  presence  of  sufficient  porous  rock  and  of 
disseminated  oil,  the  actual  point  of  accumulation  may  be  either  an 
anticline,  in  a  syncline,  on  a  terrace  or  a  flat,  and  the  most  important 
determining  factor  seems  to  be  the  wetness  or  dryness  of  the  rock. 

Mr.  W.  T.  Griswold  has  recently  discussed  this  subject*  and  an- 
nounces the  following  conclusions : 

"In  dry  rocks  the  principal  points  of  accumulation  of  oil  will  be  at  or 
near  the  bottom  of  the  synclines  or  at  the  lowest  point  of  the  porous 
medium,  or  at  any  point  where  the  slope  of  the  rock  is  not  sufficient 
to  overcome  the  friction,  such  as  structural  terraces  or  benches.  In 
porous  rocks  completely  satuated  the  accumulation  of  both  oil  and 
gas  will  be  in  the  anticlines  or  along  level  portions  of  the  structure. 
Where  the  area  of  porous  rocks  is  limited  the  accumulation  will  occur 
at  the  highest  point  of  the  porous  stratum ;  and  where  areas  of  impervi- 
ous rocks  exist  in  a  generally  porous  stratum  the  accumulation  will 
take  place  below  such  impervious  stop,  which  is  really  the  top  limit  of 
the  porous  rock.  In  porous  rocks  that  are  only  partly  filled  with 
water  the  oil  accumulates  at  the  upper  limit  of  the  saturated  area.  This 
limit  of  saturation  traces  a  level  line  around  the  sides  of  each  struc- 
tural basin,  but  the  height  of  this  line  may  vary  greatly  in  adjacent 
basins  and  in  different  sands  of  the  same  basin. 

"Partial  saturation  is  the  condition  most  generally  found,  in  which 
case  accumulations  of  oil  may  occur  anywhere  with  reference  to  the 
geologic  structure.  It  is  most  likely,  however,  to  occur  upon  terraces 
j)r  levels,  as  these  places  are  favorable  to  accumulation  in  both  dry  and 
saturated  rocks. 

"Under  all  conditions  the  most  probable  locations  for  the  accumula- 
tions for  the  accumulation  of  gas  are  on  the  crests  of  anticlines.  Small 
folds  along  the  side  of  a  syncline  may  hold  a  supply  of  gas,  or  the 
"ocks  may  be  so  dense  that  gas  may  not  travel  to  the  anticline,  but  will 
emain  in  volume  close  to  the  oil." 

Mr.  Griswold's  observations  are  of  particular  interest,  since  they 
ire  based  on  studies  of  oil  in  rocks  of  similar  age  and  character  to 


*U.  S.  Geological  Survey,  Bulletin  318,  p.  15. 


284  YEAR  BOOK  FOR  I907.  [BULL.  No.  8 

those  in  which  most  of  the  oil  and  gas  in  Illinois  have  been  found. 
Data  are  not  at  hand  for  making  a  complete  application  of  his  con- 
clusions to  our  own  field.  In  southeastern  Illinois  the  oil  and  gas  so 
far  discovered  are  all  under  a  broad  shallow  anticline,  the  presumable 
southeastern  extension  of  that  which  crosses  the  Illinois  river  at 
LaSalle.*  While  dry  sands  are  present  in  the  region,  the  oil  is  found 
in  those  that  are  not,  and  several  sections  made  across  the  field  show 
that  it  is  crowded  up  and  under  the  crest  of  narrow  arches.  Along  the 
south  line  of  Westfield  township,  in  Clark  county,  the  productive  hori- 
zon rises  ioo  feet  in  an  arch  four  miles  wide.  Beyond  that  the  sand 
is  wet  or  non-porous.  Along  the  south  edge  of  Parker  township  of  the 
same  county  an  arch  129  feet  high  and  two  miles  wide  is  found  with 
the  oil  again  under  its  crest.  A  similar  east-west  section  across  the 
center  of  the  Siggins  pool,  in  Cumberland  county,  shows  an  arch  sixty- 
eight  feet  high  and  four  miles  wide.  Beyond  these  limits  it  has  not 
been  traced.  South  of  Casey  and  Martinsville,  in  Casey  township,  level 
lines  to  various  points  on  the  Quarry  creek  limestone  show  a  similar 
arch  to  be  present.  Other  portions  of  the  field  have  not  yet  been 
studied  in  sufficient  detail  to  make  out  the  structural  features. 

Whether  these  arches  are  true  anticlinals  and  deformational  in  origin 
can  not  be  positively  affirmed.  They  may  represent  original  inequali- 
ties in  the  thickness  of  particular  beds  or  even,  in  part,  the  effect  of 
unequal  settling  during  consolidation  of  the  beds.  On  the  whole,  this 
seems  unlikely  in  the  case  of  arches  of  the  breadth  noted  above.  Certain 
instances  observed  elsewhere  in  the  field  of  sharp  differences  in  the 
depth  to  the  sand  where  the  surface  level  was  the  same,  leads  to  the 
inference  that  irregularities  in  the  original  distribution  of  the  sand 
beds  will  be  found  to  be  very  important  in  the  distribution  of  the  pro- 
ductive and  barren  areas  in  minor  detail.  Here,  as  elsewhere,  dry  holes 
are  encountered  in  the  midst  of  productive  territory,  and  rich  and 
barren  streaks  are  woven  together  in  a  somewhat  irregular  pattern 
when  projected  on  a  horizontal  plane. 

Outside  the  southeastern  area  also  the  oil  and  gas  so  far  found  has 
been  under  anticlines  or  terraces. 


Petroleum  Bearing  Rocks  of  Illinois. 

general  sections. 

The  general  geology  of  the  State  has  been  very  briefly  discussed 
by  Stuart  Weller*  in  connection  with  preliminary  geological  map  of 
the  State.  Additional  data  of  importance  have  been  given  by  David 
White, f  and  published  elsewhere  in  this  volume  by  T.  E.  Savage  and 
by  Weller.  From  these  and  oilier  sources  the  following  general 
lions  have  been  compiled.  In  preparing  these  sections  no  attempt  lias 
been  made  to  reconcile  differences  of  nomenclature  or  classificatioOi 
the  terms  adopted  being  merely  those  in  general  use,  though  not  alv 
exactly  as  here. 

•Weller:     State  Geological  Burvey,  (Illinois!   Bulletin  <•».  p,  11 

•  State   Geological    Survey,    (111.)    Bulletin    I;   also    (new   edition)    Bulletin   8 

;  state  Geological   Survej    I  (11.)    Bulletin    1.  iu>.  201  209 


jBain.] 


PETROLEUM    IN    ILLINOIS. 


285 


NORTHERN  ILLINOIS  SECTIONS. 

This  section  is  intended  to  be  representative  for  that  portion  of  the 
State  lying  north  of  Rock  Island,  LaSalle  and  Kankakee. 


Carboniferous. 
(Pennsylvanian . ) 


Coal   measures,   mainly   lower  ;   consisting   of   coal,  shale,  sandstone 

and  limestone  ;  575  feet  thick  ;  no  known  gas  or  oil. 
Unconformity. 


Devonian . 


Limestone ;  150  feet  thick. 
Unconformity. 


Silurian. 


Niagara   limestone  ;   dolomite ;    335-388   feet   thick ;    containing   fre- 
quent seepages  of  bitumen  in  the  vicinity  of  Chicago. 
Unconformity. 


Ordovician. 


Cincinnatian  shales  and  limestone  ;  68-250  feet  thick 

Unconformity. 

Galena-Trenton;  mainly  dolomite,  a  little  limestone  and  shale  at 
the  base ;  300-440  feet ;  a  very  persistent  oil  "rock"  or  petrolif- 
erous shale  in  the  lower  portion.  St.  Peter  sandstone;  friable 
sandstone  150-275  feet ;  heavily  water  bearing. 

Lower  Magnesian  dolomitic  limestone ;  450-811  feet,  all  but  upper 
part  known  from  well  records ;  rests  on  Potsdam  sandstone 
known  only  from  well  records. 


Central  Illinois  Section. 
I    For  the  region  south  of  Rock  Island,  LaSalle  and  Kankakee,  and  north  of 
the  mouth  of  the  Illinois  river  and  Danville. 


• 

:  r 

1 

d 

c3 

'1 

> 

BO 

d  - 
d 

Coal  measures,  upper  ;  coal,  shale,  limestone,  and  sandstone  ;  600- 

700  feet  thick. 
Coal   measures,    lower;    coal,    shale,    sandstone   and   coal    including 

approximately    from    "No.    2    coal"    to    "No.    6    coal :"    300    feet 

thick. 
Pottsville   equivalents,   including  coal,   clay,   shale,   and   sandstone ; 

mainly    the    beds    associated    with    the    "No.    1    coals"    of    the 

western   part    0   fthe    State    and   irregular    thickness,    found    in 

deep;  borings   elsewhere;    50-150  feet   thick;    small   amounts    of 

oil  and  gas  reported,  out  origin  not  certain. 
Unconformity. 

d 

S3 

a 
a 

"w 

w 

CO 
CO 

s 

Chester;  irregular  thickness  of  sandstone,  shale  and  limestone, 
recognized  in  a  few  borings  ;  generally  absent  in  this  territory ; 
0-50  feet  thick. 

Unconformity. 

St.  Louis,  Salem,  Ste.  Genevieve  ;  limestone,  non-magnesian,  partly 
cherty  and  partly  oolitic ;  50-100  feet  thick,  Osage  group, 
Warsaw,  Keokuk,  and  Burlington ;  shales  and  limestone,  the 
latter  often  cherty ;  250-350  feet  thick ;  crude  petroleum  in 
geodes  near  the  top  of  the  Keokuk. 

Kinderhook ;   shales,  limestones  and  sandstones ;   80-150  feet  thick. 

Unconformity. 

a 

"3 

0 
> 

P 

Limestone,  15  feet. 
Unconformity. 

1 

d 

33 

Niagara ;    dolomite ;    50-120   feet   thick ;   gas   at   Pittsfleld  in   Pike 
county,  and  oil  seepage  in  Calhoun  county. 

3 

§ 

V 
0 

■g 

0 

Cincinnatian ;  shales ;  40-100  feet  thick. 
Unconformity. 

Galena-Trenton  ;  dolomite  ;   300-400  feet  thick  ;  oil  seepage  in  Cal- 
houn county. 
St.    Peters ;    sandstone  ;    130   feet   exposed  ;   heavily   water   bearing. 

286 


YEAR    BOOK    FOR    I907. 


Southern  Illinois  Section. 


[Bull.  No. 


For  the  area  south  of  the  mouth  of  the  Illinois  river  and  Danville,  includ- 
ing the  principal  oil  and  gas  producing  districts. 


P 


Lafayette,  Porters  Creek  and  Lagrange ;  sands :  clays  and  fer- 
ruginous conglomerate ;  found  in  extreme  southern  countie- 
only  ;  150  feet  thick. 


Ripley  ;   sands  and  clav: 
only  ;  20-40  fet  thick. 
Unconformity. 


in  extreme  southern  portion  of  the  State 


Coal  measures,  upper ;  coal,  shale,  sandstone  and  limestone ;  500- 
700  feet  thick  ;  contains  the  oil  and  gas  sands  of  the  WestficM. 
Siggins  and  Casey  pools. 

Coal  measures,  lower  ;  coal,  shale,  sandstone  and  limestone :  400- 
650  feet  thick;  including  probably  the  lower  pay  of  the  Johnson 
toicnship  pool  in  Clark  county,  and  possibly  the  Robinson  sand. 

Pottsville  equivalents,  including  Mansfield  sandstone  of  Indiana ; 
sandstone,  conglomerate,  shale,  and  thin  coals ;  50  to  500  feet 
thick  ;  including  the  Buchanon  sand  and  probably  the  Robinson 
and  Bridgeport  sands,  with  the  greater  part  at  least  of  the  pro- 
ductive sand  of  Montgomery  county. 

Unconformity. 


Chester  group ;  limestone,  shales  and  sandstones,  usually  three 
well  defined  limestones  (non-cherty)  and  frequently  with  re<j 
shale  at  the  base ;  500  feet  thick :  includes  the  Kirkicood  oil 
sand  of  Lawrence  county,  the  oil  sand  at  Princeton,  Indiana 
had  a  showing  of  gas  at  Vincennes,  and  the  gas  and  oil  tana'* 
at  Sparta-  in   Randolph  county. 

Cypress  ;  sandstone,  massive,  coarse  grained  and  fairly  regular  in 
thickness  which  amounts  to  80  to  150  feet  ;  not  known  to  haw 
been  prospected  for  gas  or  oil. 

Unconformity. 

Ste.  Genevieve,  St.  Louis  and  Salem ;  limestone,  partly  chertx 
and  partly  oolitic:  250-400  feet  thick. 

Osage  group  (Burlington,  Keokuk,  Warsaw)  ;.  limestones  oti.i 
cherty  with  some  shale  ;  200  feet  thick. 

Kinderhook  :   mainlv   shale,   some  limestone ;   50  feet  thick. 


Limestone,     sandstone,     shale;     limited     In     outcrop     to     southern 
counties  ;  500-700  ffet. 


Niagara  and   Clinton;   Limestone;    in    southern   counties  only:    100- 
110  feet  thick. 


Clncinnatian ;   limestone,  shale  and  sandstone;   100  teel    thick. 
Unconformity. 

Galena-Trenton;  Limestone,  non  magnesias  :  80  feet   thick 


<;.\s  in   THE   PLEISTOCENE  DEPOSITS, 

In  the  above  general  sections  no  account   has  been   taken  01   tl 

thickness  Of  glacial   deposits  and   other   surface   material    which   even 
Where  mantle  the  harder  rocks.      Natural  gas  is  found  in  these  deposit 

in  small  quantity  at  a  number  of  points  throughout  the  State.  Sui 
wells  an-  or  have  been  known  near  Champaign,  Princeton,  Colchestt 
W'apclla.   Heyworth,  and  elsewhere.     The  pressure  is  usuall)    sHgj 


Bain.]  PETROLEUM    IN    ILLINOIS.  287 

and  the  life  of  the  individual  wells  is  usually  short.  While  it  is  not 
possible  in  every  case  to  absolutely  exclude  the  possibility  of  these 
wells  representing  leakage  from  lower  reservoirs,  a  sufficient  explana- 
tion of  them  is  believed  to  be  found  in  the  decay  of  woody  material 
buried  in  the  drift  itself.  These  wells  are  characteristically  difficult  to 
maintain  owing  to  sand  clogging  the  pipes. 

CARBONIFEROUS  OIL  HORIZONS. 

General  Character  of  the  Rocks — As  is  indicated  in  the  above  gen- 
eral sections,  the  principal  horizons  so  far  found  to  be  productive  of 
oil  and  gas  in  this  State  are  in  the  Carboniferous  rocks.  The  sands 
are  found  in  both  the  upper  and  lower  coal  measures,  the  rocks  of 
Pottsville  age,  and  in  the  Chester  group  of  the  Lower  Carboniferous 
or  Mississippian.  Owing  to  the  absence  of  a  good  marker  it  is  not 
as  yet  always  possible  to  say  whether  a  given  sand  is  in  the  lower 
coal  measures  or  in  the  upper  part  of  the  Pottsville  rocks.  There 
are  also  so  many  variations  in  the  lithology  of  the  coal  measures  that 
it  is  difficult  to  correlate  individual  horizons  with  certainty.  There  is 
marked  unconformity  at  the  top  of  the  Chester,  and  many  facts  sug- 
gest another  unconformity  at  the  base  of  the  coal  measures. 

The  following  well  records  will  serve  to  illustrate  the  character  of 

1  the  rocks  of  this  region.  The  first  record  is  that  of  a  well  in  the 
heart  of  the  Casey  pool  (Sec.  28,  T.  11N.,  R.14W.),  the  samples 
having  been  collected  by  T.  E.  Savage  while  the  well  was  being 
drilled.     The  second  and  third  are  from  carefully  recorded  diamond 

;  drill  work.  The  holes  are  in  southeastern  Illinois,  not  far  from  the 
oil  territory.    The  fourth  is  the  Delafield  diamond  drill  record  studied 

I  by  Mr.  Jon  Udden  and  published  in  the  Year-Book  for  1906.  The 
fifth  is  the  record  of  one  of  the  early  holes  at  Robinson,  published  by 
Blatchley.*  The  sixth  is  a  record  from  Lawrence  county  (Sec.  36, 
T.4N.,  R.VXIII  E.)  supplied  by  the  courtesy  of  the  Everson  Oil  Co. 
The  last  is  a  record  from  Wabash  county  (Sec.  36,  T.iN.,  R.13E.) 


♦State  Geological   Survey   (Illinois),  Bulletin  2,  p.   62. 


288 


YEAR    BOOK    FOR    I907. 

No.  i.     Gillespie  Well  Record. 


[Bull.  No.  8 


Thick- 
ness. 


Depth. 


Feet. 


Feet. 


1  Drift 

2|Gray  shale 

3| Shale  with  coal  fragments. 

4  Reddish  shale 

5iGray  shale 

6  ..do 


7  Arenaceous  gray  shale 

8  Gray  sandy  shale 

9  Fine  sand 

IOjNo  sample 

11  Fine  grained  gray  sandstone 

12  Fine  grained  micaceous  sandstone  . . 

13  Gray  micaceous  sandstone;  some  oil 


Sandstone  with  seam  of  coal . 

Gray  shale  with  coal  fragments  (perhaps  from  No.  14) . 

Limestone 

Shale  with  small  amount  of  sand 

Drab  shale 

Gray  sandy  shale 

Gray  shale 

..do. 

..do. 

..do. 


.do. 
.do. 


Shale  with  seams  of  coal. 

Gray  shale 

..do 


29  Gray  shale  with  coal 

30  Gray  shale 

31  Drab  shale 
Fine  grained  sandstone  with  pyrite 

33  Argillaceous  sandstone 

34  Gray  shale 

35  Black  shale 

36  Argillaceous  sandstone 

37  Sandstone  with  pyrites.  (Driller  called  this  top  of  oil  rock) 

38  Calcareous  sandstone.    (Driller  said  this  corresponded  to  the  lime 
I    stone  oil  rock  found  one-half  to  one  mile  northwest) 

39|Impure  sandstone 

40  Gray  argillaceous  sandstone 

41 :  Brown  shale 

42  Black  shale 

43  White  sand.    (Driller  called  this  lower  oil  sand) 

44  Gray  sandstone 

45  Sandstone,  rather  course:  some  oil.     (Oil  sand  of  drillers  when  oil 
I    is  not  in  limestone) 

4<i  Sandstone  similiar  to  No.  45.    (Drillers  say  oil  should  have  been 
found  in  45  and  45) 

47  Gray  sandstone 

48  Sandstone,  with  mica  flakes  

4!)  Sandstone  with  much  water 

50  1  )ark  sandstone 

51  Gray  sandy  shale  with  small  amount  of  lime 


Dark  krray  shale  limestone. 
Dark  shaly  limestone 
Dark  shale 


18 

0—18 

25 

18—43 

5 

43-48 

6 

48—54 

5 

54-59 

6 

59—65 

5 

65—70 

16 

70-86 

6 

86-92 

6 

92—106 

5 

106-111 

12 

111—123 

11 

123—134 

6 

134—140 

5 

140—145 

17 

145—162 

5 

162-167 

5 

167—172 

3 

172-175 

6 

176-181 

10 

181—191 

11 

191-202 

10 

202—212 

5 

212-217 

11 

217-228 

5 

222-233 

5 

233-238 

6 

238—244 

11 

244—255 

4 

255—259 

5 

259—264 

6 

264—269 

5 

269-275 

9 

272-282 

5 

282-287 

4 

287-291 

10 

291-301 

6 

310—306 

5 

306-311 

5 

311—316 

10 

316  ■ 

5 

326—381 

10 

381  341 

5 

341-346 

5 

346-351 

5 

351  ■ 

15 

356  H 

5 

356  M 

5 

376  ■ 

5 

:;m  4 

6 

5 

381  (■ 

5 

896  401 

5 

101  406 

Bain.] 


PETROLEUM   IN  ILLINOIS. 

No.  2  Diamond  Drill  Hole. 


289 


Thickness 


Depth. 


1 

Yellow  clay 

12 
4 

43 
3 
1 

14 
2 
3 
1 

16 
3 
3 

16 
1 
1 

6 
17 
13 

1 
10 

5 
11 
19 
4 

38 

3 

1 

4 

5 

17 

27 

12 

4 

10 
1 
2 
3 
6 
6 

13 
8 

3 
2 
12 

15 
7 

17 
7 
3 
6 

12 
7 
3 
5 
3 

2 

7 

5 
2 
1 

9 

3 

10 
2 

6 
6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

5 

7 

8 
4 

6 
4 
2 

5 
10 
9 

10 
1 

?, 

Sand 

16 

3 

Blue  clay  mixed  with  gravel 

59 

4 

Sand  gravel 

62 

5 

63 

6 

Gray  shale 

77 

7 

Possilif erous  shale 

79 

8 

Black  shale 

82 

9 

Coal 

83         9 

10 

100 

11 

Red  lime  shale  mixture 

103 

12 

Lime  shale 

106 

13 

122 

14 

Limestone 

123 

15 

Black  shale 

124        10 

16 

Coal 

125 

17 

Clay  shale 

131 

18 

Sand  shale .- 

148 

19 

Gray  shale 

161 

?,0 

Coal " 

161         6 

?A 

Clay  shale 

163 

?,?, 

Gray  shale 

173 

23 

Coal 

173         6 

?4 

178         6 

?fi 

Sandstone . 

190 

S7 

217 

?H 

Clay  shale 

221 

?,9 

Sand  shale 

259 

30 

Black  shale 

262 

31 

263         6 

32 

Clay  shale 

268 

33 

273 

34 

290 

35 

317 

36 

329         5 

37 

Coal ....                           

329 

38 

Fire  Clav 

334 

39 

344 

40 

Gray  shale 

335 

41 

347 

4?, 

Lime  shale 

350 

43 

356 

44 

Red  and  lime  shale,  mixed 

362 

45 

375 

46 

Dark  shale 

383 

47 

383         8 

48 

Clay  shale 

387 

49 

389 

50 

Sand  shale 

401 

51 

416 

52 

Sandstone 

423 

53 

440 

54 

Gray  shale 

447          6 

55 

Coal ; 

450        10 

56 

Clay  shal  e 

457 

57 

469 

58 

Sand  shale 

476 

59 

479 

60 

Dark  shale  with  brown  hands 

484         5 

61 

Coal 

488         3 

6? 

Clay  shale , 

489 

63 

491 

64 

Dark  Shale 

498 

65 

498        10 

66 

Clay  shale 

504 

67 

506 

;   68 

Dark  shale 

507 

19  G  S 


290 


YEAR  BOOK  FOR  I907.  [Bull.  No.  8 

No.  2  Diamond  Drill  Hole — Concluded. 


Thickness    Depth 


100 
101 
102 
103 
104 
105 
106 
107 
108 
109 
no 
111 
112 
113 
111 
116 
116 
117 
US 

119 
120 
121 


Sandstone 

Sandstone 

Gray  shale 

Dark  shale 

Black  shale 

Coal 

Sand  shale 

Sandstone 

Sand  shale 

Dark  shade 

Limestone 

Black  shale 

Coal 

Clay  shale 

Lime  shade 

Sand  shale ...   

Gray  shale 

Dark  shale,  brown  hands 

Black  shale 

Coal 

Gray  shale 

Coal 

Gray  shale 

Sand 

Sandstone 

Sandstone,  mixed  coal  seams. 

Sandstone 

Sand  shale 

Sandstone 

Coal  mixed  with  sandstone. . . . 

Dark  shale 

Black  shale 

Coal 

Clay  shale 

Gray  shale 

Sandstone 

Gray  shale 

Coal 

Clay  shale 

Gray  shale 

Dark  limestone 

Black  shale 

Coal 

Fire  clay 

Gray  shale 


Black  shale 

Coal 

Clay  shale 
Sandstone.  . 
Coal 

Blue  shale 

Limestone 

Sandstone. , 


4      O 

12 

572 

27 

599 

45 

644 

11 

655 

0 

660 

7 

660    7 

3 

660   10 

2 

661 

9 

670 

16 

686 

18 

704     ,| 

2 

706 

11 

717 

1 

718 

13 

731 

1 

732 

2 

734    t 

12 

746 

1    9 

747    9 

1    3 

749    « 

13 

762    i 

5 

767 

9 

776 

7 

783 

5 
21 

788 
809 

1 

810 

2 

812   ; 

9 

812    ? 

8    3 
6 

821 
821 

6 

889 

3 
2 

836 

838    1 

16 

S.-.4 

2 

856    \ 

10 

n;.; 

4 

870 

2 

878 

Baix. 


PETROLEUM   IN   ILLINOIS. 

No.  j  Diamond  Drill  Hole. 


291 


THICKNESS 

DEPTH 

Feet. 
Inches. 

Feet. 
Inches. 

Surface 
Sand  and  clay 
Soft  sandstone 
Hard  sandstone 
Clay  shale 
Gray  shale 
Limestone 
Black  shale 
Coal 

10  Cloy  shale 

11  Gray  and  red  shale .... 

12  Dark  shale 

13'Coal 

14  Clay  shale 

15  Sand  shale 

16  Gray  shale 

17Coal , 

18  Gray  shale 

19lSand  shale 

20|Dark  shale 

21  Limestone 

22  Gray  shale 

23  Lime  shale 

24  Sand  shale 

25  Black  shale 

26  Coal 

27  Gray  shale 

28Sand  shale 

29  Sandstone 

30  Sand  shale 

31'Gray  shale 

32  Black  shale 

33  Coal 

34  Gray  shale , 

35jLime  shale 

36  Dark  shale 

37:  Limestone , 

38'Gray  shale , 

39  Blue  shale 

40  Sand  shale 

41  Lime  shale 

42Dark  shale 

43[Coal 

UClay  shale  

15  Sandstone  

16  Sand  shale 

17  Gray  shale , 

18  Coal 

19  Clay  shale 

>0  Limestone 

il  Dark  shale 

i2  Lime  shale 

>3  Limestone 

i4jSand  shale 

>5jDark  shale  blue  bands 

%  Coal  and  clay  shale  mixed. , 

TClay  shale  limestone  bands 

8  Coal 

9  Clay  shale , 

,  OSand  shaie 

1  Dark  shale  brown  bands. . . 

2  Coal 

3  Clay  shale 

4  Dark  shale 

5  Limestone 

SJDark  shale 

7  Coal 

3  Clay  shale 

JlSand  shale 


2 

2 

10 

12 

6 

18 

14 

32 

13 

45 

4 

.49 

3 

52 

3 

55 

1 

56 

14 

70 

15 

85 

18 

103 

5 

103 

4 

7 

108 

16 

124 

9 

6 

133 

6 

134 

11 

145 

15 

160 

17 

177 

1 

178 

2 

180 

8 

188 

38 

226 

3 

229 

1 

230 

4 

234 

1 

235 

10 

245 

25 

270 

27 

297 

3 

300 

6 

300 

3 

6 

304 

1 

305 

11 

316 

8 

324 

9 

333 

6 

339 

6 

345 

5 

350 

2 

352 

2 

352 

10 

353 

17 

370 

37 

407 

12 

419 

3 

4 

422 

3 

8 

426 

5 

431 

2 

433 

1 

434 

3 

437 

7 

444 

9 

453 

4 

457 

9 

466 

10 

466 

6 

2 

473 

21 

494 

10 

504 

2 

6 

506 

5 

6 

512 

1 

513 

4 

517 

9 

517 

3 

3 

521 

6 

527 

13 

450 

292 


YEAR  BOOK  FOR  I907. 

No.  3  Diamond  Drill  Hole — Concluded. 


[Bull.  No.  8 


THICKNESS         DEPTH 


70 

Sandstone 

10 

8 
58 

8 

5 

2 

2 

2 
17 

4 

3 
28 

9 

3 

2 

4 

9 

6 

1          6 

3 

5 

8 

5 

2 

8         6 

8         6 

1 

550 

71 
1? 

Sand  shale 

558 

Gray  shale 

616 

73 

Dark  shale  brown  bands 

624 

74 

Limestone 

629 

75 

Dark  shale 

631 

7fi 

Coal 

633 

77 

Gray  shale 

635 

78 

Sand  shale 

652 

79 

Sandstone 

656 

80 

Sand  shale 

659 

81 

Sandstone 

687 

89 

696 

699 

701 

705 

714 

714         1 

716 

719 

724 

732 

737 

739 

747         1 

756 

757 

83 

84 

85 

Gray  shale 

86 

87 

Coal " 

88 

89 

Sandstone 

90 

Gray  shale 

91 

Sand  shale 

<W 

93 

Sandstone 

94 

95 

96 

No.  4 — The  Delafield  Coal  Company's  Borings. 
The  Delafield  Coal  Company's  prospect  hole  is  located  on  the  wes 
half  of  the  northeast  quarter  of  section  34,  T.  4  N.,  R.  5  W.,  Hamilton 
county.  The  rocks  penetrated  in  this  hole  are  of  Carboniferous  ag 
and  all  are  included  in  the  Pennsylvanian  or  coal  measure  series.  Th< 
driller's  log  is  as  below : 


No 


Drillers"  Log. 


THITKNKSS 


fc  5 


Rect  at  urn/  Pleietocem . 


Surface  material. 


Coal  Measures    Pennsylvanian. 


son  blueshale. 

Sandstone 

Blue  shale 

Coal 

Fire  olas 


Sandstone. 
Blue  shale 
Blueshale 
Sandstone 
Sandstone 
Blue  sand  shale. 
Blue  Band  shale. 
Blue  shale 
Blue  shale.. 

Goal         

Blue  shale 
Limestone 


7 

6 

20 

0 

6 

30 

9 

8 

39 

10 

40 

B 

43 

19 

8 

63 

16 

51 

8 

129 

10 

6 

H 

163 

[8 

80 

•JOS 

89 

88 

0 

270 

1 
1 

•J 

272 

in 

282 

Bain.]                                            PETROLEUM   IN   ILLINOIS. 

No.  4. — Concluded. 

293 

*o. 

Drillers'  Log. 

THICKNESS 

DEPTH 

43 

CD 

09 

0 
a 

£     i 

19 

17 

5 

1 

1 

3 
19 
30 

8 
35 
23 

5 

6 

3 

3 
10 

3 

1 
20 
13 
12 
10 
20 
27 
12 
20 
11 

1 

7 
20 

8 

6 

2 

4 
10 

7 

2 

10 

1 

3 
12 
15 
30 

6 
10 
29 

2 

4 

1 

3 

1 

1 

2 

7    ' 

8 

2 
10 

8 

5 

2 

5 
17 

3 

3 

2 
12 

2 
16 

2 
4 

5 

4 

5 

7 

6 
6 

3 

4 

8 

6 
6 

6 

8 

11 

6 

6 

6 

9 

?0 

?1 

306          5 

?B 

307          5 

?3 

311 

?4 

?,5 

Blue  shale 

350 

?6 

?7 

W 

Sandstone 

426         6 

?9 

30 

438 

31 

3?, 

Black  slate 

444 

33 

Blue  sand  shale 

454          3 

34 

Coal 

454         3 

35 

457          3 

Sfi 

.      458         3 

37 

38 

Sand  shale  with  hard  band 

491         3 

39 

40 

41 

42 

Sand  shale 

560         3 

43 

44 

Blue  shale . . . 

592         3 

:  45 
46 

Light  sand  shale 

Coal 

603  3 
609          7 

47 

48 

Sand  shale 

631          7 

49 

f>0 

Blue  shale 

646      :  3 

51 

Limestone 

648         3 

52 

Light  shale 

652          3 

53 

54 

55 

Sandstone 

Black  shale 

669  3 
671          9 

56 

Coal 

672         3 

57 

Light  shale,  soft 

682          3 

58 

Limestone 

683          3 

59 

Sandstone , 

686         3 

60 

Sandstone ..'.'.' 

61 

Sandstone 

6?, 

Sandstone 

743         3 

63 

Sand  shale 

749         3 

64 

Blue  shale 

65 

Blue  shale 

788         3 

66 

190          3 

67 

Coal 

790         3 

68 

794          9 

69 

Limestone 

70 

799         5 

71 

Black  slate 

800         5 

7?, 

Coal 

801          5 

73 

Fire  clay 

803          5 

74 

811          4 

75 

Limestone 

819          4 

76 

!  77 

Light  slate 

78 

i  79 

Blue  slate 

844          4 

,80 

Coal . 

846          4 

81 

Sand  shale 

;82 

Sand  shale,. \ 

868         4 

83 

84 

Limestone 

874      '   4 

85 

Blue  shale 

876         4 

86 

888        10 

87 

907         4 

88 

89 

Soft  black  shale 

90 

909        10 

91 

Blue  limestone 

913        10 

92 

919          1 

93 

Fire  clay 

919        10 

294 


YEAR  BOOK  FOR  I907. 

No.  5 — Robinson  Well  Record. 


[Bull.  No.  8 


No. 


Strata. 


Thickness. 


Feet. 


ISoil 

2  Clay  and  sand 

3  Sandstone 

4  Shale  (soapstone) 

5  Coal  and  black  shale 

Underclay  (gray  shale) 

Limestone 

Shale 

9  Water,  sand 

10  Gray  shale 

11  Dark  Shale  (slate) 

12  Light  shale 

13  Reddish  shale 

14  Light  shale , 

15  Dark  shale 

16  Light  sand  rock 

17  White  shale  (clay) 

18  Dark  shale 

19  Light  shale 

20  Sandstone  (rock  sand) 

21  Brown  shale    

22  Black  shale 

23  Light  shale 

24  Brown  shale 

25  Dark  slate 

26  Dark  lime 

27  Light  shale 

28  Hard  lime  rock 

29  Dark  brown  shale 

30  Light  shale 

31  Dark  shale 

32  Coal 

33  Fire  clay  (light  shale) 

34  Lime  rock 

35  Shale 

36  Sandstone 

37  Coal 

38  Fire  clay  (rock) 

39  Slate  

40  Shale 

41  Sandstone 

42  Shale 

43  Hard  rock 

44  Coal 

45  Fire  clay 

46  Sandstone 

47  Shale 

48  Sandstone 

49  Brown  shale 

50  Gray  shale 

51  Black  shale 

52  Water  sand  (salt  water) 

53  Dark  shale 

54  Shale 

55  Sandy  shale  (first  gas) 

56  Shale 

.r>7  Sand  rock,  white  to  brown 

58Shale 

59  Sandstone 

60  i);ui<  shale  with  18  inch  rein  of  coal 

61  Sandstone  and  .sandy  shale 

62  Browo  sand 

68  Sandstone  (second  gras) 

m  Sandstone 

Shale 

Limestone  and  Bhellfl 

1,,  Limestone,  hard,  dart  jraj .  crystalline 


8 

10 

12 

22 

42 

61 

2 

66 

4 

70 

15 

65 

25 

HO 

10 

120 

18 

138 

37 

175 

15 

190 

10 

200 

8 

208 

12 

220 

8 

228 

17 

215 

16 

261 

14 

275 

40 

315 

30 

345 

5 

350 

20 

370 

25 

395 

7 

102 

6 

10s 

22 

130 

7 

437 

10 

117 

43 

190 

43 

532 

4 

536 

8 

541 

5 

519 

8 

-." 

18 

575 

2 

577 

5 

282 

10 

592 

8 

600 

27 

627 

8 

635 

4 

639 

2 

611 

15 

656 

10 

666 

44 

710 

30 

740 

10 

710 

40 

790 

40 

SM 

40 

35 

55 

VtHI 

10 

H70 

30 

1.000 

35 

1 .  ■ 

10 

l.OJ.'i 

72 

1.117 

7 

1.121 

40 

1.161 

10 

1.  174 

12 

1     IVi 

22 

17 

65 

!    1 

40 

1   | 

Bain.] 


PETROLEUM  IN  ILLINOIS. 

No.  6.     Lawrence  Comity  Record. 


295 


No. 

Strata. 

THICK- 
NESS. 

DEPTH. 

Feet. 

Feet. 

1  Conductor 

2  Lime  and  sand 

3  Slate 

4  Slate  and  lime 

5  Slate 

6  Sand 

7  Slate 

8  Sand 

9  Slate 

10  Lime 

11  Slate 

12  Lime 

13  Slate  and  shell 

14  Sand  and  water 

15  Slate 

16  Upper  Bridgeport  sand 

17  Slate  and  shell 

18  Sand 

19  Slate 

20  Sand  and  water 

21  Slate 

22  Slate  and  sand  showing  of  oil  and  gas  Buchanan  sand 

23  Sand 

24  . .do. 

25  Lime 

26  Slate 

27  Blue  and  black  slate 

28  Blue  and  Mack  sand 

29  Red  rock. .   , 

30  Very  hard  lime 

31  Slate  break 

32jVery  hard  lime 

Slate. 
34 
35 


37 


Lime 

Black  slate 

Topoi  oil  sand 

Bottom  of  oil  sand 


12 

12 

24 

36 

61 

97 

43 

140 

90 

230 

16 

245 

15 

260 

54 

314 

131 

445 

10 

455 

200 

655 

5 

660 

110 

770 

35 

805 

95 

900 

25 

925 

150 

1,075 

10 

1,085 

25 

1,120 

25 

16145 

85 

1,235 

5 

1,340 

70 

1,410 

60 

1,470 

20 

1,490 

10 

1,500 

25 

1.525 

10 

1,535 

8 

1,543 

12 

1,555 

5 

1,560 

20 

1,580 

40 

1,620 

20 

1,640 

40 

1.680 

1,680 

50 

1,730 

296 


YEAR  BOOK  FOR  I907. 

No.  7   Wabash  County  Record. 


[Bull.  No.  8 


Strata. 

Thickness. 

Depth. 

No. 

Feet. 

Feet. 

1 

Soil 

7 
10 

7 

3 

25 
20 
15 

3 
70 
75 
105 
20 
49 
12 
12 
16 
160 
12 
18 

3 
27 
120 

1 
41 
38 

6 
61 

5 
52 

47 
38 
29 
12 
106 

6 

238 

37 

88 

10 

107 

1 

19 
83 
17 

5 

_ 

a 

Sandstone 

17 

3 

S  lale 

24 

4 

Priendsville  coal 

27 

B 

Shale - 

52 

6 

Limestone 

72 

7 

Shale 

87 

8 

Limestone 

90 

!9 

Shale 

160 

10 

Sandstone 

235 

11 

Shale 

340 

12 

Sandstone 

360 

13 

Shale 

400 

U 

Limestone 

412 

15 

Red  shale 

424 

16 

Limestone 

440 

17 

Shale 

600 

18 

Sandstone 

612 

t9 

Shale 

630 

20 

633 

21 

Shale 

660 

?,?, 

780 

?,3 

Coal 

781 

?4 

822 

515 

Sandstone 

860 

26 

Shale 

866 

87 

Sandstone  

927 

* 

932 

29 

Sandstone 

984 

30 

984H 

31 

Shale 

1,031 

3fl 

1,069 

33 

Shale 

1,098 

34 

1,110 

35 

Shale 

1,216 

36 

Coal 

1,  216^2 

37 

Limestone 

1,222 

38 

1,460 

39 

Sandstone  

1.  tsn 

40 

1.585 

41 

Limestone 

l,  595 

4? 

1,701 

43 

Limestone 

1,703 

44 

Shale 

1 .  722 

45 

Sandstone 

1,805 

46 

Shale 

1 .  S22 

47 

Sandstone 

1,881 

A  little  study  of  these  records  will  show  that  there  is  a  marked 
change  in  the  character  of  the  strata  from  point  to  point,  and  if  their 
exact  elevation  were  known,  considerable  irregularities  in  the  altitude 
of  equivalent  beds  would  appear.  The  following  tentative  correlations 
may  be  suggested.  No.  38  of  the  Gillespie  record  is  probably  to  be 
correlated  with  Nos.  41  to  44  of  record  No.  2  and  Nos.  35  to  37  ol 
record  No.  3.  No.  81  of  record  No.  2,  No.  67  of  record  No.  3  and 
No.  92  of  record  No.  4  seem  to  represent  the  same  coal  bod.  This  is 
probably  also  the  coal  at  641  feet  (No.  44)  in  record  No.  5,  Nos.  26 
to  28  corresponding  to  Nos.  41  to  44  of  record  No.  2.  In  record  No.  o 
die  l  Fpper  Bridgeport  sand,  No.   [6,  is  correlated  with  the  Robinson 

sand   No.  55  of  record  No.  5,  while  the  beds  from  No.  20,  down  repre- 
sent the  Chester  group,  presumably  to  be  correlated  with  No.  34  and 

lower   horizons   of   record    No.    7.      While   there   is   some   doubt    as   i-« 


Bain.]  PETROLEUM  IN  ILLINOIS.  297 

these  correlations  they  afford  on  the  whole  a  consistent  and  satisfac- 
tory view  of  the  data  at  hand.  The  presence  of  a  thick  body  of  strata, 
consisting  mainly  of  sand  between  characteristic  coal  measures  above 
and  the  alternating  limestones,  sandstones  and  shales  of  the  Chester 
below,  is  well  brought  out.  These  beds  correspond  to  the  Pottsville 
group  and  contain  the  horizons  so  far  found  to  be  most  productive. 

Coal  Measure  Sands — The  character  of  the  lower  coal  measure 
beds  is  discussed  elsewhere  in  this  volume  by  F.  W.  DeWolf,  and  is 
illustrated  graphically  in  figure  29,  reproduced  by  the  courtesy  of  the 
U.  S.  Geological  Survey.  It  will  be  noted  by  examining  this  figure 
and  the  drill  records  already  quoted  that  sandstones  and  sandy  shales 
occur  at  a  number  of  different  horizons  throughout  the  section,  and  it 
seems  impossible,  with  present  data,  to  make  definite  correlations.  The 
more  persistent  members  of  the  section  are  certain  coal  beds,  particu- 
larly the  group  including  No.  5  and  No.  7  of  local  nomenclature.  It 
is  probable  that  a  careful  use  of  these  horizons  will  ultimately  permit 
the  working  out  of  the  structure  of  the  rocks  in  the  oil  region  as  is 
already  being  done  in  the  coal  area  to  the  south  and  west. 

Pottsville  Sands — The  rocks  in  Illinois  which  are  the  approximate 
equivalents  of  the  Pottsville  of  the  east  have  been  but  little  studied.  In 
the  older  reports  they  were  usually  referred  to  as  the  millstone  grit, 
conglomerate  measures,  and  occasionally  as  the  Ferruginous  sand- 
stone.* 

In  Indiana  they  have  been  called  the  Mansfield  sandstones. f  Mr. 
David  White  has  recently  made  a  reconnoisance  over  much  of  the  area 
within  which  they  outcrop,  and  has  the  following  to  say  regarding  the 
correlation  of  the  beds.§ 

"The  Morris,  or  'No.  2/  coal  of  Illinois  lies  probably  at  or  near  the 
horizon  of  the  Lower  Kittanning  coal  of  Pennsylvania.  Such  brief 
examinations  as  I  was  able  to  make  in  the  regions  in  which  'coal  No.  1 ' 
is  supposed  to  be  exploited  are  interesting  or  important  chiefly  for  the 
discrepancies  discovered  in  the  prevailing  correlation  and  nomenclature 
of  the  coals.  The  evidence  obtained  at  several  points  in  Rock  Island 
county  goes  to  show  that  the  refractory  fire  clay  mined  along  the 
Mississippi  river  in  this  region  belongs  in  the  Upper  Pottsville,  and 
not  far  from  the  level  of  the  Sharon  coal.  It  is  the  horizon  of  most 
abundant  Megalopteris.  The  adjacent  Muscatine  sandstone  which 
falls  at  an  approximate  paleobotanical  level,  in  1^e  Upper  Pottsville, 
is  the  source  of  the  Lesley  a  grandis,  described  as  having  been  derived 
from  the  Chester.  The  plants,  which  I  had  time  to  collect  only  in 
insufficient  quantity,  from  the  roof  of  'coal  No.  i'  in  this  county  are 
clearly  of  Pottsville  age,  and  lie,  perhaps,  within  the  limits  of  the  Con- 
1  noquenessing  sandstones  (Upper  Pottsville)  of  the  Appalachian 
trough.  Additional  material  is  needed  that  a  considerable  interval 
elapsed  between  the  deposition  of  this  coal  and  that  of  'No.  2'  in 
Grundy  county. 

"The  attempt  to  secure  palebotanical  material  from  the  coal  re- 
garded as  'No.  1/  in  Scott  county,  was  largely  unsuccessful,  possibly 


*Worthen  :  Geological  Survey,  Illinois.     Vol.  1,  p.  48. 

tHopkins,  T.  C,  Dept.  GeoL  Nat.  Res.    (Indiana).  23d  Ann.  Rept,  p.  95,  et  seq. 

IState  Geol.   Surv,    (Illinois)    Bulletin  4,  pp.   201-202. 


298 


YEAR  BOOK  FOR   IQO/. 


[Bull.  No.  8 


10       == 


9n 
II 

ai 

"<    50 

-<*  o 

50 

£a 

O    S" 
—^  <"5 


1 

§11 

c 


2 


Carthage  Limestone 

4 


Coa/7 


Coal  5 


Coal 


I       I 


Battery  Rock  Coed 


•w  ill,-  (  'onqlom*rid\ 


Bain.]  PETROLEUM  IN  ILLINOIS.  299 

on  account  of  lack  of  time ;  but  the  shales  over  the  supposed  represen- 
tative of  this  bed  in  the  deep  mine  at  Litchfield  furnishes  a  flora  per- 
haps not  older  than  that  of  the  Mercer  group,  or  uppermost  Potts- 
ville.  This  is  the  most  surprising  in  view  of  the  fact  that  in  the  south- 
eastern portion  of  the  coal  field,  at  Battery  Rock,  Hardin  county,  the 
coal  known  as  'No.  i'  in  the  State  reports  lies  about  one  hundred  feet 
below  a  coal  shown  by  its  flora  to  be,  probably,  of  Lower  Pottsville  age. 
In  short,  it  appears  that  in  southeastern  Illinois  there  were  deposited 
representatives  of  the  Lookout  formation,  of  Lower  Pottsville  age, 
and  a  portion,  at  least,  of  the  Middle  Pottsville,  prior  to  the  deposition 
of  the  earliest  Upper  Carboniferous  sediments  in  the  northwestern  por- 
tion of  the  State.  It  is  probable  that  these,  the  oldest  of  the  Illinois 
coal  measures,  were  laid  down  when  the  basin  was  greatly  restricted, 
and  included  only  a  small  part  of  the  present  coal  field.  The  deposi- 
tion of  the  'No.  1  coal'  of  the  northern  part  of  the  State  was  possibly 
only  after  a  considerable  subsidence  of  the  deeper  portions  of  the  basin. 
No  less  than  four  coals  were  laid  down  in  Hardin  county  before  the 
formation  of  the  deep  coal  at  Litchfield,  and  three,  at  least,  of  these 
coals  antedated  the  so-called  'No.  i'  seam  of  Rock  Island  county.  Time 
was  not  available  for  the  collection  of  the  fossils  necessary  to  the  de- 
finite correlation  of  the  older  coal  horizons  in  the  southern  region 
though  they  will  be  tentatively  brought  within  certain  limits  when  the 
collections  now  in  hand  have  been  studied." 

In  the  northern  and  western  part  of  the  State  these  beds  are  quite 
thin,  and  over  the  central  part  they  are  believed  to  be  absent.  To 
the  south  they  thicken  rapidly,  becoming  500  feet  or  more  thick. 
In  general,  the  formation  may  be  regarded  as  a  wedge  thinning  to  a 
northern  outcropping  edge,  now  buried  under  the  coal  measures. 
North  of  Charleston  and  Litchfield  the  thickness  of  this  formation  is 
evidently  inconsiderable,  and  this  is  of  importance  in  view  of  the  fact 
that  it  is  in  it  that  the  Buchanan  and  possibly  the  Robinson-Bridge- 
port sands  occur,  as  well  probably  as  the  sands  which  at  Litchfield 
and  vicinity  have  yielded  gas  and  oil. 

Chester  Sands — As  has  already  been  indicated,  the  Chester  group 
has  proven  oil  bearing  in  Southern  Indiana,  and  in  both  southwestern 
and  southeastern  Illinois.  The  Everson  drill  record  (No.  6)  already 
quoted  illustrates  its  character,  so  far  as  penetrated  in  the  oil  district. 
In  Indiana,  oil  is  produced  at  Princeton  in  Gibson*  county,  from  the 
Huron  sandstone,  which  belongs  in  this  group.  The  oil  is  found  in 
a  bluish  gray,  sharp-grained  sandstone,  at  an  average  depth  of  890 
feet  and  about  40  feet  below  the  top  of  the  sand.f  The  formation  is 
composed  of  three  beds  of  limestone  with  two  intervening  beds  of 
sandstone,  their  combined  thickness  reading  a  total  of  150  feet.§  It 
seems  to  thicken  to  the  west,  as  is  shown  by  the  Lawrence  county 
and  Wabash  county  drill  records  already  quoted.  Detailed  correla- 
tions are  at  present  impossible,  and  there  is  no  very  positive  basis  for 
the  recognition  of  the  formation  in  drill  records  except  the  presence 
of  alternating  limestones,  and  sandstones  below  the  heavy  sandstones 


*  Blatchley,  Raymond,  Dept.  Geol.  Nat.  Res.   (Indiana)   31st  Ann.  Rept.,  pp    550-593. 
t  Blatchley,  W.   S.,  Dept.  Geol.   Nat.   Res.    (Indiana)    30th  Ann.   Rept.,  p.   1183. 
§  Blatchley,  W.   S.,  Dept.   Geol.  Nat.  Res.    (Indiana)    28th  Ann.   Rept.,   p.   202. 


300  YEAR  BOOK  FOR  I907.  [Bull.  No.  8 

of  Pottsville  age,  and  above  the  heavy  Cypress  sandstone  which  in 
turn  rests  on  heavy  limestones  usually  more  or  less  cherty.  Red  shales 
seem  also  to  be  frequently  found  in  the  Chester  in  the  wells,  as  they 
do  in  outcrops  in  the  southern  part  of  the  State.  In  the  western  part 
of  Illinois  the  Chester  is  well  exposed  and  has  been  carefully  studied 
by  Weller.     His  description  may  be  quoted  as  follows : 

"From  most  of  the  literature  on  the  subject  one  gains  the  impression 
that  the  Chester  is  dominantly  a  limestone  formation,  but  in  working 
over  the  area  occupied  by  the  beds  in  the  field,  one  is  impressed  with 
the  fact  that  it  is  in  a  large  part  sandstone.  Nowhere  in  that  part  of 
Illinois  occupied  by  these  beds,  is  the  limestone  element  in  the  forma- 
tion the  most  conspicuous  feature,  except  along  the  Mississippi  river 
bluffs  above  Chester,  from  that  city  to  the  point  where  the  Cypress 
sandstone  outcrop  begins.  It  is  probable  that  where  the  limestone  has 
its  greatest  development,  not  more  than  one-third  of  the  total  thickness 
is  calcareous,  and  over  a  large  part  of  the  area  the  thickness  of  the 
limestones  probably  does  not  exceed  one-fifth  of  the  entire  thickness. 

"The  best  region  in  which  to  study  the  succession  of  beds  in  the 
Chester,  is  in  the  Mississippi  river  bluffs  above  and  below  the  city  of 
Chester.  This  section  shows  an  alternation  of  chiefly  calcareous  and 
arenaceous  formations,  there  being  three  conspicuous  limestones  and 
three  sandstones.  The  i  limestones  are  frequently  interbedded  with 
carcareous  shales,  and  the  sandstones  frequently  become  arenaceous 
shales  or  at  times  clay  shales. 

"The  lowest  member  of  the  "group,"  above  the  Cypress  sandstone, 
is  a  limestone  and  shale  formation  attaining  a  maximum  thickness  of 
approximately  250  feet  at  and  above  Chester.  In  its  lower  portion  it 
includes  considerable  beds  of  calcareous  and  clay  shales,  a  bed  of  varie- 
gated red  and  blue  shale  being  commonly  present  near  the  base.  In 
the  upper  part  of  this  member  is  a  great  limestone  ledge  about  100 
feet  in  thickness,  with  occasional  thin  shaly  partings,  which  furnishes 
the  quarry  rock  at  the  Southern  Illinois  Penitentiary,  at  Menard. 
The  great  mass  of  the  fauna  of  the  "Chester  group"  in  Illinois  has 
been  described  from  this  lower,  calcareous  member  of  the  formation 
as  a  whole. 

"The  second  member  of  the  'group'  is  a  sandstone  or  shale,  the 
shale  being  most  conspicuous  in  the  more  northern  part  of  the  area, 
while  to  the  south  it  is  almost  wholly  a  sandstone  similar  to  the  Cypress 
in  character,  but  usually  thinner  bedded  and  not  infrequently  more  or 
less  of  an  arenaceous  shale.  This  division  attains  a  thickness  of  about 
80  feet.  The  third  is  again  a  limestone  which  is  apparently  more 
impure  than  most  of  the  beds  of  the  lower  division.  It  is  much  loss 
Uiferous  than  the  lower  division  and  the  fossils  are  such  as  to  giv« 
it  definite  Eaunal  characters  which  can  be  recognized  over  wide  areas. 
lis  thickness  near  Chester  is  about  60  feet.  The  fourth  member  is 
again  a  sandstone  similar  to  the  earlier  sandstone  beds,  and  attains  I 
thickness  of  65  Feet.  The  fifth  member  is  a  limestone  similar  to  lime- 
tone  No,  2,  in  litholoine  characters,  and  is  usually  almost  or  quite 
unfossiliferous.     [ts  thickness  is  about  35  icc\.     Following  the  third 


Bain,  j 


PETROLEUM   IN  ILLINOIS. 


301 


limestone  is  another  great  sandstone  member  100  feet  or  more  in 
thickness,  which  is  finely  exposed  back  of  the  village  of  Rockwood  in 
Randolph  county. 

"It  seems  to  be  altogether  probable  that  these  three  limestone  beds 
of  the  Chester  'group'  can  be  differentiated  and  mapped  throughout 
the  faulted  area  in  the  southern  part  of  the  State,  and  by  means  of 
them  the  structure  worked  out  in  much  detail.  In  the  final  work  upon 
these  beds  it  will  probably  be  found  to  be  expedient  to  distinguish  each 
of  these  six  members  of  the  Chester  by  distinct  formation  names,  just 
as  the  Cypress  sandstone  is  now  distinguished." 

It  is  probable  that  the  sandstone  seen  at  Rockwood  and  here  put 
in  the  Chester  is  really  of  Pottsville  age.  Excluding  it  and  summariz- 
ing the  description  the  general  section  would  be  as  follows : 


General  Section  of  the  Chester. 


Thickness. 

6 

35 

5 

65 

\ 

60 

8 

80 

?! 

100 

1 

150 

302 


YEAR  BOOK  FOR  ICjO/ 


[Bull.  No.  8 


At  Sparta,  where  for  many  years  this  formation  yielded  gas  and 
where  more  recently  oil  has  also  been  found,  a  number  of  well  records 
have  been  published  by  J.  M.  Nickies.*  He  constructed  the  following 
general  section,  based  upon  well  records  and  the  reports  of  the  Worthen 
Survey. 


Nickies  General' Section  at  Sparta. 


Thickness 

No. 

Feet. 

1 

Soil  and  drift ,  about 

40 
30 
10 

2 

15 

22 

0-3 

6 

6 

8 

4 

4 

8 
16 
14 
2-4 
35 

3     , 
180 
20 
15 
40     ■ 

17  ! 
15     1 
20 

40 

18  t 
30     j 
65 

30     ! 
30 

30      • 
15 

20     j 
11 
40 
120 

996 

1 

?, 

Sandstone,  at  top  more  or  less  decomposed 

3 

4 

Coal  (No.  7) 

5 

fi 

7 

Shale 

8 

Coal  (No.  6) . . .                                                           

q 

10 

Limestone 

11 

Shale 

1? 

Coal  (No.  5). 

13 

Shale 

14 

Limestone,  with  shale  partings 

15 

Shale 

16 
17 

Coal  (No.  3?) 

Shale 

18 

Coal  (No.  2r) 

19 

?,Q 

Limestone  (No.  1  of  Chester  group) 

21 

Shale 

m 

Sandstone 

?,3 

Shale 

?4 

Limestone  (No,  2  of  Chester  group)  . .             

25 

Shale 

?,fi 

Sandstone  

?,7 

Shale 

BR 

Limestone  (No.  3  of  Chester  group) 

29 

Soft  shale  (Lyropora  shale) 

30 

Limestone  1  No.  4  of  Chester  group) 

31 

Sandstone 

3?, 

33 

Shale.                        

34 

Sandstone  (gas) 

35 

Shale 

3fi 

Limestone 

37 

Shale 

38 

"Nos.  2-19  are  coal  measures,  No.  19  being  the  basal  sandstone  ( Conglom- 
erate). Nos.  20-38  represents  the  entire  thickness  of  the  Chester  Group, 
which,  in  this  section,  is  made  63G  feet.  Prof.  Worthen's  section,  referred  to 
before,  gives  G13  feet 


►Kept.   III.   Board   World's   Fair  Commission,  pp.    198-190,    1898. 


'    Bain.]  PETROLEUM  IN  ILLINOIS.  3O3 

The  Aux  Vases  sandstone  noted  here  corresponds  to  the  Cypress  of 
later  usage.    His  coal  and  limestone  members  refer  to  the  correspond- 
ing coals  and  limestones  of  the  Worthen  general  section  of  this  region. 
[  A  short  distance  north  of  here  the  coal  measures  rest  directly  on  the 
:  St.  Louis  limestone,  all  of  the  Chester  and  most  if  not  all  of  the  Potts- 
ville  being  absent.     In  the  territory  east  and  north  of  St.  Louis  rem- 
nants of  Chester  seem  to  be  present  under  the  coal  measures,  but  the 
1  formation  is  thin  and  discontinuous  so  that  the  productive  portion  of 
'  the  Chester  as  well  as  the  Pottsville  is  to  be  thought  of  as  a  wedge- 
shaped  mass  with  its  thin  edge  to  the  north.     The  exact  location  of 
this  edge  can  not  be  certainly  given. 

F *  re-Chester  Sands — Below  the  Chester,  as  the  term  is  here  used, 
there  are  no  beds  in  the  Carboniferous  which  are  known  to  carry  oil 
or  gas  in  commercial  quantities,  though  the  rocks  have  been  very  little 
I  prospected.  From  its  close  association  with  the  Chester  proper,  its 
wide  extent  and  porous  character  the  Cypress  sandstone  is  looked  upon 
as  holding  out  some  promise.  Below  that,  in  the  Carboniferous,  there 
are  no  known  beds  that  are  either  encouraging  or  discouraging  if  a 
possible  exception  be  made  of  the  petroleum  found  in  the  geode  bed 
of  the  Keokuk.  This  is  not  believed,  however,  to  be  especially 
significant. 

PRE-CARBONIFEROUS  OIL  BEARING  ROCKS. 

In  the  southern  portion  of  the  State  pre-Carboniferous  rocks  are 
generally  so  deeply  buried  that  they  are  believed  to  be,  for  the  present 
beyond  the  practicable  limit  for  prospecting.  In  addition  the  areas  in 
which  they  outcrop  are  broken  by  faulting  and  it  is  thought  that  if 
they  contained  any  considerable  amount  of  gas  or  oil  originally  much 
of  it  would  have  escaped.  The  faulting  also  interferes,  in  advance  of 
detailed  stratigraphic  work,  with  making  the  structural  studies  which 
should  guide  prospecting  in  these  rocks.  It  may  be  noted  in  passing 
that  the  Trenton  rock  of  southern  Illinois  is  not  dolomite  as  in  the 
Indiana  oil  fields,  and  the  Clinton,  while  somewhat  like  that  of  Ohio, 
is,  so  far  as  known,  of  only  limited  extent. 

If,  therefore,  it  be  desired  to  prospect  the  lower  formations  it  is  sug- 
gested that  for  the  present  attention  be  directed  to  the  northern  and 
1  western  parts  of  the  State.    In  these  regions  the  Devonian  is  generally 
thin   or   absent,   but   both   the   Niagara   and   the   Galena-Trenton   are 
present  in  considerable  thickness.     Lithologically,  both  formations  are 
here   favorable   to   oil   accumulation,   being   porous   dolomites.      Over 
iimtch  of  the  area  they  are  under  satisfactory  cover;  the  shales  of  the 
i .  coal  measures  or  of  the  Kinderhook  in  one  case  and  of  the  Cincinnatian 
in  the  other.     Furthermore,  both  the  Niagara  and  the  Galena-Trenton 
freequently  show  oil  seepage    along    their    outcrop,    and    enough    is 
known  to  indicate  that  structural  conditions  are,  in  places,  favorable. 
Indeed  one  small  anticline  in  Pike  county  has  already  been  found  to 
yield  gas  from  the  Niagara  in  commercial  quantities.*     It  should  be 


♦Savage,  T.  E.,  Pike  County  Gas  Field,  111.  State  Geol.  Surv.,  Hull.  2,  pp.  77-78. 


304 


YEAR  BOOK  FOR  I907. 


[Bull.  No.  3 


remembered,  however,  that  over  much  of  the  area  both  formations 
have  been  pierced  by  wells  driven  to  the  underlying  St.  Peters  sand- 
stone for  the  artesian  water  which  the  latter  contains,  without  dis- 
covering any  noticeable  amount  of  gas  or  oil.  While  it  is  entirely 
true  that  in  drilling  for  water,  beds  containing  commercial  quantities 
of  oil  may  be  passed  through  and  overlooked,  it  is  probable  that  any  | 
large  quantity  of  oil,  and  certainly  any  high  pressure  of  gas  would 
have  been  noticed.  The  relation  of  both  the  Niagara  and  the  Galena- 
Trenton  to  underground  water  have  not  been  thoroughly  worked  out. 

Correlation  of  Illinois  Oil  and  Gas  Bearing  Rocks. 

Y\  nile  it  would  be  premature  at  this  time  to  make  definite  correla-  | 
tions  of  the  oil  and  gas  sands  of  Illinois  with  those  of  other  states,  W 
will  doubtless  be  helpful  to  some  to  indicate  in  a  general  way  their 
approximate  equivalents. 

J.  A.  Bownocker  gives  the  following  table  of  oil  and  gas  rocks  in 
Ohio  :* 


The  Principal  Divisions  of  the  Geological  Scale  in  Ohio,  and  the  Oil 
and  Gas  Bearing  Members. 


Coal  measures. 


Carboniferous. 


f  Goose  Run  sand 

I  Mitchell  sand 

I  First  Cow  Run  sand 

•I  Macksburg  500-foot  sand 
I  Second  Cow  Run  sand 

I  Pottsville  conglomerate 


1  Salt  sand 

1  Maxton  sand . 


f  Maxville  limestone Mountain  lime 

I  Lower  Carbonifer-     I  I  Keener  sand  .  .. 

ous !  Logan  group ■<  Big  Injun  sand.. 

(  Squaw  sand 

I.  I  Berea  grit 

Devonian Ohio  shales 

~.,      •  „                                                                                                        »  Lower  Helderberg  sand  .... 
Silurian I  Clinton  sand 


Ordovician Trenton  limi 

He  also  gives  the  following  more  detailed  section,  showing  the  Car- 
boniferous oil  and  gas  sands  :f 


Dunkard  formation,  or  upper  barren  coal   measures.  500  f, 


feet 


No  oil  or  gas  km  k 


Monongahela  formation,  or  upper  productive  coalmeas-J  ioq0,^,,  (interval ")** " 
ures,  200  feet |  pittSburg-or  No.Yooal', 


f  90  feet  (interval.) 

m  Ltohell  sand 

Conemaugh  formation,  or  lower  barren  ooal   measures,     200 feet  (interval) 

500  feel Pirsl  iv«  Run  Band 

1  iambrldge  Limestone 
l  RCahoning  sandstone, 


I  Upper  Freeporl  or  No  1  ooal 
AUeghn<-y  formation,  or  lower  productive  ooal  measures,     Dunkard  or  800-sand      

250  feci Freeport  sandstone 

iO  fool  (interval) 


omcrate  coal 


260  feet 


Maoksburg  600  foot  -and 

1  Tionesta  sandstone    

to  feet  (interval 

Second  Co*  Run  -and        Mb 

sandstone 

Sharon  or  Mo  1  00a 


Sui  v  1  >hio,  mi 
t  Loc  1  11    p  "80, 


null   1.  i>  r 


Bain.]  PETROLEUM    IN    ILLINOIS.  305 

The  correlation  of  the  lower  coal  measures  of  Illinois  with  those  of 
Pennsylvania  has  been  tentatively  made  by  David  White  as  below  :* 

"Good  fossil  plants,  especially  fossil  ferns  which  are  of  greatest  correlative 
value,  are  in  general  so  rare  in  the  shales  immediately  overlying  the  higher 
coals  now  mined  at  the  localities  visited  in  the  State  that  but  little  material 
was  gathered  from  this  part  of  the  coal  measures  in  the  course  of  my  work, 
and  these  from  but  two  or  three  points.  From  the  field  examination  of  these 
scanty  collections  I  am  disposed  tentatively  to  regard  'coal  No.  6'  as  probably 
belonging  to  the  Preeport  group  of  the  Pennsylvania  series.  Hence  the  sec- 
tion including  the  Morris  'No.  2'  coal  and  the  'No.  6'  coal  appears  to  fafl 
within  the  Alleghany  Series,  or  'Lower  Productive  Measure'  of  Pennsylvania." 

On  this  basis  and  assuming  the  Robinson-Bridgeport  sand  to  be 
below  the  No.  2  coal,  or  its  equivalent,  a  point  open  to  some  question, 
it  will  be  seen  that  the  Casey  or  Westfield  sand  is  a  correlative  of  the 
First  Cow  Run  sand  and  the  Bridgeport-Robinson  sand  the  approxi- 
•mate  correlative  of  the  Macksburg.  The  Buchanon  is  the  possible 
equivalent  of  the  Second  Cow  Run.  The  Sparta-Kirkwood  sands  may 
correspond  to  the  sands  of  the  Logan  group.  It  should  be  urged 
again,  however,  that  these  correlations  are  of  the  most  meagre  value 
and  should  not  be  accepted  as  of  more  than  most  general  significance. 

It  may  be  further  noted  that  the  productive  sands  of  southeastern 
Illinois  are  all  distinctly  younger  than  the  oil  bearing  rocks  of  Indiana, 
and  are  not  to  be  correlated  with  them  except  as  the  Kirkwood  sand 
corresponds  to  that  at  Princeton,  Indiana. 

■To  the  west  a  general  correspondence  between  the  oil  sands  of  the 
Illinois  and  the  Mid-Continental  field  may  be  made  out  in  that  both 
occur  in  the  Pennsylvania  rocks,  and  the  most  productive  horizons 
are  near  the  base. 

The  correlation  of  the  pre-Carboniferous  rocks  which  show  oil 
seepage  are  sufficiently  indicated  by  their  names  Niagaran  and 
Trenton, 

Known  Oil  Pools  of  Southern  Illinois. 

The  oil  pools  of  Clark  and  Cumberland  counties  were  discussed  in 
some  detail  by  W.  S.  Blatchley  in  1906.*  At  that  time  but  a  few  wells 
had  been  brought  in  Crawford  county  and  none  in  Lawrence.  Such 
data  as  were  then  available  were  given  by  him,  and  the  reader  should 
refer  to  that  report  for  additional  information.  It  is  not  the  intention 
at  this  time  to  discuss  in  equivalent  detail  the  whole  area.  The  follow- 
ing brief  summary,  however,  of  the  recognized  distribution  of  the 
various  sands  may  be  of  general  interest. 

In  the  northern  or  Casey  district  it  is  common  to  recognize  three 
pools.  The  first  is  known  variously  as  the  Shallow  Sand,  Westfield, 
or  Parker  township  pool,  and  is  the  one  which  was  first  developed.  It 
includes  the  area  north  of  Casey  indicated  as  oil  producing  on  the 
accompanying  map  (plate  21).  It  was  very  fully  discussed  in  P> latch- 
ley's  report  of  1906  and  the  Gillespie  well  record  already  quoted  shows 


*State  Geol.  Surv.  111.,  Bull.  4,  p.  202. 
tStateGeol.  Surv.,  111.,  Bull.  2. 

20    G    S 


306  YEAR  BOOK  FOR  I907.  [BULL.  No.  8 

the  general  character  of  the  rocks.  The  oil  is  found  at  a  depth  of  325 
to  400  feet,  in  part  in  a  limestone  already  discussed  and  in  part  in  a 
sandstone  or  sandy  shale  found  above  the  main  limestone.  The  best 
marker  in  this  field  is  an  upper  limestone  accompanied  in  places  by 
red  shale.  In  the  Gillespie  well  this  is  300  feet  above  the  principal  oil 
horizon  and  380  below  the  lower  limestone.  This  upper  limestone 
outcrops  along  the  streams  south  of  Casey  and  is  known  as  the  Quarry 
Creek  limestone.  There  is  also  a  thick  coal  whose  presence  in  the 
sections  should  be  noted,  and  an  upper  oil  sand  not  commonly  very 
productive.  For  further  details  the  reader  is  referred  to  Blatchley's 
report. 

The  second  pool  is  that  lying  northwest  of  Casey  and  extending  into 
Cumberland  county.  The  sand  mainly  developed  here  probably  corre- 
sponds to  the  upper  one  found  in  the  Parker  township  pool.  On  the 
Goodman,  Queen  and  other  leases  a  second  sand  has  been  found  deeper." 
Possibly  this  corresponds  to  the  original  sand  of  Parker  township. 

The  third  pool  is  in  Johnson  township  southeast  of  Casey.  Ordin- 
arily but  one  sand  is  worked  here  at  a  depth  of  430  feet,  but  on  the 
Brant  farm  a  second  pay  has  been  found  200  feet  deeper.  This  shows 
a  lighter  oil.  The  Johnson  township  field  includes  a  number  of  gas 
wells  which  supply  Casey  and  Martinsville. 

Various  attempts  have  been  made  to  find  lower  pay  sands,  but  with- 
out great  success.  In  one  of  the  original  bore  holes  put  down  by  J.  J. 
Hoblitzel,  a  showing  of  oil  was  reported  at  1400  feet.  The  Pure  Oil 
Company,  however,  put  down  a  hole  to  a  depth  of  2200  feet  in  section 
15  of  Johnson  township  without  important  results  other  than  a  little 
gas  at  1850  feet.  Drillings  from  i960  feet  down  examined  at  the  Sur- 
vey office  showed  only  heavy  limestone,  in  part  cherty  and  indicate 
that  the  limestone  below  the  Chester  had  been  encountered.  The  j 
record  above  this  was  too  incomplete  for  satisfactory  correlation. 

In  Crawford  county  three  pools  are  recognized.     These  include  the 
Oblong,  Honey  Creek  and  Duncanville  pools.     In  all  of  them  the  oil  i| 
is  found  at  about  the  same  depth,  900  feet,  and  it  is  common  to  speak 
of  it  as  one  sand  though  there  are  numerous  barren  spots  and  in  many 
of  the  wells  there  are  really  two  sands  separated  by  15  to  75  feet  of  . 
black  shale.     Above  the  main  productive  sands  others  are  encountered: 
which  frequently  show  gas  or  small  amounts  of  oil.     In  one  Honey 
Creek  township  well,  for  example,  gas  was  found  at  300  feet,  an  oil  ' 
sand  at  600  feet,  another  at  930  feet,  but  the  main  production  was 
below  black  shale  at  977  feet.     The  stratigraphic  relations  of  these 
upper  sands  to  those  of  Clark  county  are  not  definitely  known. 

The  small  pool  found  near  Duncanville,  while  in  about  the  same 
sands  as  the  larger  pools,  shows  oil  of  a  much  lower  grade  which  is 
sold  for  fuel  purposes  only. 

In  Lawrence  county  there  are  three  marked  sands.  The  first  is  the 
Bridgeport  sand  which  is  found  at  about  the  same  depth  as  the  Robin- 
son sand  of  Crawford  county.  Tt  may  none  the  less  he  a  slightly  lower 
sand  owing  to  differences  in  elevation  and  to  dip.  It  occurs  at  000 
feet       The  second   sand   is  the  Buchanon   found  at   about    [300  feet   in 

and  around  Bridgeport.     Tt  is  a  coarse  grained,  thick  and  very  pro- 


Bain.]  PETROLEUM    IN    ILLINOIS.  307 

ductive  sand.  The  lowest  sand  so  far  discovered  is  the  Kirkwood, 
which  is  found  at  a  depth  of  1600  to  1700  feet  and,  as  already  indicated, 
is  in  the  Chester  formation. 

Oil  and  Gas  in  the  Western  Part  of  the  State. 

INTRODUCTION. 

Both  oil  and  gas  have  been  found  in  commercial  quantities  in  the 
western  part  of  the  State.  For  several  years  oil  was  pumped  regularly 
at  Litchfield  in  Montgomery  county,  and  gas  has  been  used  at  Sparta 
in  Randolph  and  Pittsfield  in  Pike  counties.  All  three  occurrences 
have  been  somewhat  fully  described  in  print,  but  as  prospecting  is  now 
active  in  this  area,  and  for  the  benefit  of  those  to  whom  the  older 
literature  is  not  available,  portions  of  the  older  reports  are  reproduced. 
It  may  be  added  that  recent  drilling  has  discovered  some  gas  at  Medora 
in  Macoupin  county  and  some  oil  near  Hillsboro  and  Edwardsville. 
It  is  also  reliably  reported  that  small  oil  wells  have  been  brought  in  in 
St.  Louis  and  vicinity.  In  undertaking  prospecting  in  this  region  it 
should  be  remembered  that  over  most  of  the  area  north  of  Sparta  the 
1  Chester  is  absent  and  over  most  of  it  the  Fottsville  beds  are  also  absent 
or  thin.  The  structure  of  a  portion  of  the  field  is  discussed  in  other 
,  pages  of  this  report  by  J.  A.  Udden  and  F.  W.  DeWolf.  (Pages  246- 
,254.)  There  is  an  important  structural  terrace  near  DuQuoin  which 
has  not  yet  been  tested  for  oil. 

RANDOLPH   COUNTY. 

J.  M.  Nickles,  in  the  report  already  cited,*  gives  the  following  notes, 
briefly  condensed,  and  tables  of  wells.    The  original  article  is  accom- 
panied by  a  small  sketch  map  not  reproduced  here. 
Brief  History — A  period  of   depression  had   fallen   upon   Sparta  and   the 
I  adjacent  country.     Something  must  be  done  to  pull  out  from  the  slough  of 
;  despondency  into  which  all  things  had  fallen.    To  Mr.  W.  B.  Taylor  was  due 
,  the  suggestion  which  led  to  the  formation  of  a  stock  company,  in  December, 
-  1887,  to  bore  into  the  earth.     The  drill  was  started  January  28,  1888,  in  the 
west  end  of  the  city  of  Sparta.     Various  delays  and  ill  luck  attended  the 
i  driller,  but  at  length  on  the  eighth  of  June,  at  a  depth  from  the  surface 
y  of  845  feet,  most  unexpectedly,  gas  with  strong  pressure  and  in  large  volumes 
j]  burst  forth.     The  discovery  was  as  grateful  as  it  was  unexpected.     For  a 
itime,  in  the  absence  of  any  means  of  holding  it  in  or  utilizing  it,  the  gas 
was  suffered  to  flow  out  unchecked,  and  many  millions  of  feet  went  to  waste. 
£  Meanwhile,  the  large  burning  flame,  twenty  feet  in  height,  aroused  the  sur- 
rounding country  to  a  wonderful  degree.     But  soon  mains  were  laid,  and 
e  the  citizens  were  industriously  piping  their  houses  and  putting  gas  burners 
Into  their  stoves,  and  proceeded  to  enjoy  nature's  most  impressive  gift  to 
15  man.     Exploitation  continued  with  the  degree  of  success  usually  attending 
the  drill.    A  second  well,  one-half  mile  west  of  the  first,  gave  no  gas.    A  third 
|ie  well,  one-half  mile  distant,  in  a  southeasterly  direction,  gave  an  abundant 
supply.    And  now  the  usual  cupidity  came  into  play  with  the  attendant  waste- 
lulness.    An  adjoining  landowner  put  down  a  well  as  near  No.  3  as  he  could 
'tl  ;et.    Of  course  it  was  successful,  but  as  it  was  draining  the  same  territory  it 
00  limply  decreased  the  life  of  its  predecessor.     The  following  table  shows  the 
!■  tontinuation  of  the  exploitation. 


*Report  Illinois  Board  World's  Pair  Commissioners.  1893,  pp.  183-198. 


! 


3o8 


YEAR  BOOK  FOR   I907. 

Table  Showing  Exploitation. 


[Bull.  No.  8 


a  as 


When  bored. 


Result. 


Present  condition. 


10 

11 

12 
12a 

13 
14 
15 
16 
17 
18 
19 
20 
21 
22 


Jan -June,  1888. 


Aug.-Sept.,  1888. 
Sept.-Oct.,  1888.. 
Oet.-Nov.,  1888.. 
Dec-Jan.,  1889... 
Feb.-Mar.,  1889.. 


April,  1889. 
June,  1889. 
Sept.-Oct., 
Sept.-Dec, 


1890. 


Oct.-Nov.,  1891.. 
November,  1891 . 
Nov.-April,  1892. 

December,  1891.. 
December,  1891  . 
Jan.-April,  1892.. 
April-May,  1892. 
January,  1893.... 
Mar.- April,  1893. 
May-June,  1893.. 
Dec-Jan.,  1894  .. 
April-May,  1894.. 
June-Aug.,  1894.. 


Strong  flow  of  gas. 
No 


Produced  but  little  aJter  1890  nod 
abandoned  in  18973 


gas 


Quit  suddenly,  June,  1894. 

Still  yielding  slightly 

Never  used 


Very  strong  flow  of  gas 

Strong  flow  of  gas 

Scarcely  any  gas 

Small  flow  of  gas;  rock  close  tex- 
tured....   

Scarcely  any  gas 

A  little  gas;  rock  close  textured.. 

Strong  flow  of  gas 

Abandoned  before  reaching  gas 
rock  with  loss  of  tools 

Strong  flow  of  gas ;Still  producing 

Strong  flow  of  gas ICeased  producing  suddenly 

Abandoned  at  480  feet  with  loss  of' 
tools 


Never  used 

Never  used 

Never  used 

Has  ceased  to  yield. 


Strong  flow  of  gas 

Strong  flow  of  gas 

Medium  flow  of  gas 

Strong  flow  of  gas 

Strong  flow  of  gas 

No  gas;  rock  close  textured 

A  moderate  flow  of  gas 

Medium  flow  of  gas 

No  gas;  rock  close  textured 


Producing. 
Producing. 
Producing. 
Producing. 
Producing. 


Producing  a  little 
Producing 


Records  of  Borings — Logs  of  the  wells,  showing  the  thickness  of  the  strata 
passed  through  any  kind  of  material,  were  kept  of  wells  Nos.  1,  2,  3,  4,  5 
and  8,  which  will  be  given  hereafter.  None  are  very  reliable,  though  No.  v 
seems  most  worthy  of  confidence.  No  records  have  been  preserved  of  latet 
wells.  In  the  earlier  wells,  the  gas  was  penetrated  from  four  to  seven  feet] 
but  in  the  later  wells  Nos.  12  to  20,  the  rock  has  been  penetrated  deeper, 
from  ten  to  forty  feet.  Sometimes  the  flow  has  been  increased  by  going 
deeper,  other  times  not. 

Rock  Pressure  and  Flow — The  confined  pressure  of  the  wells  had  never 
been  accurately  determined.  No.  1  exceeded  200  pounds,  but  how  much  was 
never  known.  No.  3  reached  350  pounds  on  a  steam  gauge,  the  limit  of  the 
gauge.  The  later  wells,  Nos.  12,  13  and  14,  had  an  initial  pressure  of  from 
180  to  200  pounds.  This  accords  with  experience  in  other  fields,  that  tin 
pressure  lessens  as  the  field  is  opened  up. 

But  one  measurement  had  been  made  of  the  open  or  flow  pressure — on  No' 
4,  at  an  early   date,   by   Mr.   D.   McNathy,   of  Louisville.   Ivy.     This   sh< 
between  four  and  five  pounds  through  a  two-inch  pipe,  which  would  represen 
a  production  of  something  over  a  million  feet   per  day.     This  is.  however, 
maximum  under  the  best  conditions. 

Life  of   Wells — No.  1  was  greatly  weakened  by  No.  3,  which  lias  probabl: 
produced  a  larger  amount    of  gas  than  any  other  well.     Nos.   3.   4   and 
within  a  tew  feet  of  each  other,  supplied  the  town  for  considerably  more  ilian 
two  years;  after  which  they  still  continued  to  yield,  but  had  to  he  helpe 
additional  wells.     No.  3  has  lasted  about  five  and  a  halt'  years;   No.  I  is  still 
yielding  slightly,  but   shows  signs  of  exhaustion.     Seven  years  will   repn 
Mi.-  extreme  life  of  a   well  in  this  area,  under  the  best  conditions.      \     I 
Held   is  drained,   the   later  wells  cannot    be  expected   to   last   as   long  01 
nearly  as  productive  as  the  early  ones.     During  the  winter  o\'   1890  I.  durlnj 
Mi,,  cold  spells,  Mi«'  wells  were  allowed  to  How  freely,  i.  e..  without  any 
pressure.    The  aext  winter  showed  then  greatly  weakened 

Production  and  Cost     The  following  data,  for  which,  with   man>    othei 
am  Indebted  to  Mr.  h.  P.  Barker,  the  obliging  soeretar\  of  the  Sparta  Nature 
;,,,,!  on  Co.,   were  furnished   to  the  agent   of  tin'  Census  Hureiiu.     The] 
cover  Up'  year  L889: 


Bain.]  PETROLEUM    IN    ILLINOIS.  309 

Total  production  of  gas 80, 830,000  cubic  feet. 

Waste  from  leakage  and  other  causes 4, 000, 000  cubic  feet . 

Consumed  for  domestic  fuel  (400  fires) 54,000,000  cubic  feet. 

Consumed  in  steam  establishments  (3) 22, 830, 000  cubic  feet . 

Gas  sold  for $3,842  30 

Tons  of  coal  required  for  equivalent  work 3. 340 

Value  of  coal  displaced,  at  $1.50  per  ton $5, 010  00 

After  the  decline  of  the  gas  output  no  further  drilling  was  done  here, 
until  after  the  discovery  in  Clark  county.  Since  that  time  drilling  has 
been  carried  on  in  the  vicinity  and  five  wells  brought  in,  all  being  re- 
ported as  small  oil  producers.  Preliminary  geological  studies  indicate 
that  the  field  is  on  a  small  structural  terrace.  Additional  drilling  is  now 
being  done. 


MONTGOMERY    COUNTY. 

The  following  brief  account  of  the  field  is  condensed  from  the  ac- 
count published  in  1906.  It  may  be  added  that  from  recent  drilling 
in  this  part  of  the  State  it  now  appears  that  the  oil  and  gas  came  from 
beds  representative  of  the  Pottsville  or  a  portion  of  the  Chester. 

"Oil  was  discovered  many  years  ago  while  prospecting  for  coal,  and  for 
some  years  a  small  production  wjas  maintained  by  skimming  the  oil  off  the 
water  in  a  mine  sump.  At  Litchfield,  Montgomery  county,  about  105  miles 
west  of  Casey  and  40  miles  south  of  Springfield,  about  1886  a  number  of 
wells  were  drilled  for  oil  and  gas.  Both  were  found  at  a  depth  of  640  to 
670  feet,  'below  the  Lower  Coal  Measures,  bordering  on  the  Devonian.'  About 
two  and  a  half  miles  south  of  Litchfield  a  ljarge  gas  well  was  struck  in  1882, 
the  pressure  of  which  was  between  400  and  450  pounds  to  the  square  inch. 
This  well  was  spoiled  by  salt  water  in  1884.  The  well  was  drilled  and  cased 
at  580  feet,  with  no  salt-water  found  in  the  gas  sand,  but  after  drilling  down 
200  feet  further  a  heavy  vein  of  salt  water  was  struck.  This  could  not  be 
successfully  plugged  off,  and  finally  drenched  out  the  gas,  which  was  reached 
at  640  feet.* 

"  'The  best  gas  was  discovered  at  a  depth  of  666  feet.  About  seven  miles 
of  pipe  were  laid,  ranging  from  three  to  eight  inches  in  diameter,  and  the 
gas  was  supplied  to  about  500  stoves  in  Litchfield,  being  used  chiefly  for 
domestic  purposes.'! 

"In  1889  some  of  the  wells  began  to  yield  oil,  the  yield  being  continued 
until  1903.  In  Mineral  Resources  of  the  United  States  for  1889,  page  353,  the 
following  account  of  this  oil  production  is  given:  'The  oil  is  a  lubricating 
one,  dark,  almost  black  in  color,  and  of  22°  B.  specific  gravity.  The  cold  test 
is  remarkable,  the  oil  remaining  at  20°  below  zero,  Fahrenheit.  It  is  largely 
used  by  the  factories  in  the  neighborhood  of  Litchfield,  and  is  sold  to  con- 
sumers at  near-by  points  for  lubricating  purposes,  bringing  from  8  to  10 
cents  per  gallon  in  bulk,  according  to  quantity.  In  all  there  have  been  thirty 
wells  bored  in  the  neighborhood  of  Litchfield,  chiefly  for  gas.  The  depth  of 
these  wells  ranges  from  640-670  feet.  All  save  five  were  abandoned  years 
ago.  These  five  continue  to  produce  the  character  of  petroleum  mentioned 
above.  The  average  production  of  these  wells  is  about  four  barrels  per  day. 
They  are  pumped  by  heads,  and  one  man  attends  to  them  all.  Natural  gas 
from  wells  near  by  is  used  to  some  extent  in  furnishing  fuel  for  pumping 
the  wells.  The  supply  of  gas  is  about  equal  to  twelve  tons  of  coal  a  year, 
and  twelve  tons  additional  are  used  in  pumping.  The  supply  of  natural  gas 
is  gradually  diminishing.' 

"Between  1889  and  1903,  when  the  production  ceased,  the  total,  yield  of  oil 
from  Litchfield  wells  was  6576  barrels.  "J 


♦Mineral  Resources  U.  S.,  1885,  p.  167.  1  Mineral  Resources.  U.  S..  1886,  p.  512. 

tStateGeol.  Surv..  111.,  Bull.  2,  pp.  13-14. 


3IO  YEAR  BOOK  FOR  1907.  [Bull.  No.  8 


PIKE  COUNTY. 


I 


From  Mr.  Savage's  account  of  this  field*  the  following  brief  accou 
has  been  prepared  because  of  the  interest  arising  from  this  being  the 
only  known  commercial  occurrence  of  gas  or  oil  in  the  State  in  the 
pre-Carboniferous  rocks. 

"Gas  was  first  found  in  Pike  county  nearly  twenty  years  ago,  on  the  farm 
of  Mr.  Jacob  Irick.  The  drilling  was  made  for  water,  but  a  good  pressure  of 
gas  was  struck  at  a  depth  of  186  feet.  The  well  was  cased  and  the  gas  piped 
to  the  house  to  which  it  has  since  that  time  furnished  an  abundant  supply 
for  fuel  and  light.  Soon  after  this  a  second  well  was  attempted  for  water 
on  the  same  farm.  At  a  depth  of  168  feet  gas  was  again  encountered.  This 
well  was  near  a  barn  and  the  hole  was  filled  for  fear  of  damage  by  fire. 
During  the  next  fifteen  years  no  effort  was  made  to  discover  or  utilize  gas, 
although  it  was  found  in  drilling  a  number  of  water  wells  over  the  area. 

"In  1905  a  well  was  put  down  on  the  farm  of  William  Irick,  in  which  a 
strong  flow  of  gas  was  found.  Mr.  Irick  recognized  its  value  and  at  once 
piped  the  gas  over  his  premises.  Gradually  the  neighbors  came  to  realize 
the  advantages  of  using  gas,  and  one  after  another  put  down  wells  in  the 
hopes  of  obtaining  supplies  for  their  homes. 

"Some  weeks  ago  the  gas  rights  on  a  tract  of  a  few  hundred  acres  of 
land  in  the  northwest  portion  of  Pittsfield  township  was  leased  for  a  nominal 
sum,  but  no  effort  has  been  made  to  exploit  the  field  in  a  commercial  way, 
or  to  determine  the  limits  of  the  gas  bearing  strata.  Down  to  the  present 
time  the  development  of  the  field  has  been  wholly  by  owners  of  the  land 
for  local  uses.  Two  drillers  have  been  employed  constantly  for  the  past  few 
months.  Up  to  June  9,  1906,  thirty  wells  have  been  put  down  in  this  field, 
all  but  six  of  which  furnish  a  supply  of  gas. 

"So  far  as  at  present  exploited,  the  gas  field  of  Pike  county  embraces  an 
area  about  seven  miles  in  length  and  four  miles  in  width.  It  extends  in  a 
northwest-southeast  direction  across  the  central  and  northwestern  portions 
of  Pittsfield  township  and  the  northeast  quarter  of  Derry,  with  one  well 
further  north  in  section  36  of  township  4  south,  range  5  west.  A  line  drawn 
across  the  field  from  the  center  of  the  north  side  of  section  1  of  Derry  town- 
ship to  the  northeast  corner  of  section  36  of  Pittsfield  will  practically  sep- 
arate the  area  of  productive  wells  from  the  non-productive  portion  of  the 
field. 

"The  wells  are  all  shallow,  the  gas  being  reached  at  a  depth  of  75  to  350 
feet,  depending  largely  upon  the  inequalities  of  the  surface.  There  is  evi- 
dence, too,  that  the  beds  dip  strongly  towards  the  east,  along  the  east  side 
of  the  area.  An  inclination  of  the  strata  towards  the  west  is  also  shown 
along  Dutch  creek,  beyond  the  western  border  of  the  field. 

"The  origin  of  natural  gas  and  the  conditions  of  its  accumulation  have 
been  discussed  in  the  preceding  pages.  In  the  Pike  county  field  the  gas 
occurs  along  an  arch  or  anticline  of  strata,  the  eastern  limb  of  which  is 
closely  determined  by  the  line  separating  the  productive  from  the  dry  wells. 
The  porous  stratum  forming  the  reservoir  is  a  bed  of  yellowish  brown,  more 
or  less  vesicular  magnesian  limestone  which  probably  belongs  to  the  Niagaras 
The  thick  bed  of  Kinderhook  shales,  that  immediately  overlies  the  Nia 
limestone  in  this  region,  provides  the  impervious  cover  to  the  reservoir. 

"The  pressure  of  gas  has  not  been  measured  in  any  of  the  wells  over  this 
field,  but  the  supply  furnished  by  an  average  well  is  many  times  more  than 
is  required  for  use  in  a  single  house.  In  the  stronger  wells  when  the  drills 
penetrated  the  gas  rock  the  outflow  of  gas  was  sufficiently  strong  to  throw 
out  the  water  and  mud  from  the  hottom,  and  in  one  case,  a  fragment  of  nvk 
two  inches  in  diameter  was  carried  to  the  top  of  the  hole.  None  of  the  wells 
have  been  shot. 

"The  gas  has  no  unpleasant  odor  and  it  burns  without  smoke,  giving  a 
strong,  bright  flame. 


•State  Oeol.  Burr.,  Ql.,    Bull.  2.  pp.  77  ST, 


Bain.]  PETROLEUM    IN    ILLINOIS.  3II 

"A  slight  showing  of  oil  was  reported  from  a  few  of  the  wells.  Some  of 
the  samples  of  comminuted  gas  rock  that  were  examined  had  a  distinct  odor 
of  oil.  A  fragment  of  this  rock  at  the  home  of  Jerry  Mink  showed  the  dis- 
coloration as  well  as  odor  due  to  the  presence  of  oil. 

Since  this  was  written  the  field  has  been  extended  by  drilling  until  it 
now  covers  an  area  approximately  ten  miles  long  by  four  wide,  with  an 
outlying  well  about  seven  miles  to  the  southwest  near  Summer  Hill. 
The  pressure  is  reported  to  be  small  but  fairly  uniform  throughout  the 
field.    No  oil  has  yet  been  found. 

Scattered  Occurrences  of  Gas  and  Oil. 

At  a  number  of  widely  separated  points  small  amounts  of  gas  and 
oil  have  been  observed  outside  the  areas  already  discussed.  Particu- 
larly since  the  development  of  the  southeastern  fields  drilling  has  been 
wide-spread  and  while  many  dry  holes  have  been  put  down  some  oil 
and  gas  has  been  reported.  A  small  production  has  been  found  in 
Edgar  county*  and  near  Warrentown  additional  wells  have  recently 
been  brought  in.  In  Clay  county,  near  Iola,  some  oil  was  reported  at  a 
depth  of  252  feet.f  Jasper  county  has  so  far  yielded  dry  holes 
only  as  has  also  Wabash  county  despite  favorable  lithology  and  struc- 
tural conditions. 

In  Saline,  Williamson  and  adjacent  counties  it  is  not  uncommon  to 
get  small  amounts  of  gas  at  depths  about  the  same  as  the  workable 
coal.  The  pressure  is  light  and  the  quantity  seemingly  small.  In  a 
few  cases  traces  of  oil  have  been  observed.  Near  Tolono  in  Cham- 
paign county  a  hole  put  down  in  1906  had  a  showing  of  oil  in  beds 
which  seem  to  represent  the  Pottsville  and  Chester.  The  record, 
quoted  below  is  of  interest  as  showing  the  probable  presence  of  these 
horizons  so  far  north. 


*State  Geol.  Surv.  111.,  Bull.  2,  p.  72.  tOp.  Cit.,  p.  73. 

tGrout,  F.  F.,  State  Geol.  Surv.,  111.,  Bull.  2,  pp.  73-74. 


312 


YEAR  BOQK  FOR  I907. 

Tolono  Well  Record — Fred  Cross — No.  i. 


[Bull.  No. 


No. 

Description  of  Strata. 

Thickness. 

Depth. 

Feet. 

Feet. 

1 

Soil  and  gravel 

60 
35 
15 
28 
12 
18 
52 
30 
35 
11 

9 
85 
47 
23 

5 
22 

6 

5 
17 
40 
10 

8 
10 

120 
5 

37 
6 
57 
14 
111 
3 
9 

18 
10 
23 
14 
22 
5 

20 
5 
20 
20 
70 

60 

?, 

Gravel,  sand  and  water 

95 

3 

Gravel,  sand  and  water 

110 

4 

Railroad  sand 

138 

R 

Sand  and  coal  (wash  coal) 

150 

fi 

Red  fire  clay 

168 

7 

Gravel  and  clay 

220 

8 

Light  shale 

250 

9 

Brown  shale,  little  coal 

285 

10 

296 

11 

Oil  sand....  fun 

305 

1?! 

Gritty  shale  and  sand 

390 

13 

437 

14 

Brown t  shale  and  oil  sand  f  on  sand  23  ft.  ;;;; ;;;:;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; 

460 

15 

465 

16 

Brown  shale 

487 

17 

Dark  shale 

493 

18 

Light  shale 

498 

19 

515 

?n 

White  shale.  }  Oil  sand  25  ft.    """'"' '\""\"\yZY"Y\"  ""7- 

555 

?1 

565 

?? 

573 

?3 

White  lime 

583 

?A 

Sand  '  'Big  Water' ' 

600 

?"> 

720 

?fi 

725 

?7 

Water  sand 

762 

?8 

Sand,  showing  of  oil 

768 

?9 

Sand 

825 

30 

839 

31 

950 

3? 

953 

33 

962 

34 

980 

35 

990 

36 

Sand..                        

1,013 

37 

1,027 

38 

1.049 

39 

1,054 

40 

1,074 

41 

1,079 

4? 

1.099 

43 

1,  119 

44 

1.189 

X umbers  I  to  7  evidently  represent  the  Pleistocene, 
correlations  can  not  now  be  made  though  the  beds 
occurs  are  suggestive  of  the  Chester. 


Below  it  definite 
in  which  the  oil 


ARTESIAN  WELLS  IN  PEORIA  AND  VICINITY. 

(By  J.  A.  Udden.) 


Contents. 

Page 

Introductory 315 

Data  on  the  wells •  • 315 

Well  at  Illinois  Asylum  for  Incurable  Insane 315 

Acme  Harvester  Company  well 317 

Well  at  Sulphur  Water  House  Bathing  Company 317 

Voris  well 318 

Glen  Oak  park  well 320 

Central    Park    well 321 

Peoria  Mineral   Company   well 322 

Spring  Hill  well 323 

Pulsif er    well 323 

Thomas  McNeill  well 323 

Carter's    well 323 

Colean  Factory  well 323 

O'Brian    well •  • 323 

Pekin  City  well 324 

The  underlying  rocks 324 

Ordovician     325 

St.    Peter    sandstone 325 

Trenton-Galena  formation 325 

Cincinnatian    formation 325 

Silurian    325 

Devonian-Kindeyhook    326 

Mississippian    (Kinderhook   excepted) 327 

Coal    measures 328 

The    drift •  • 328 

The  general  section  of  the  Peoria  wells .• 329 

The  water  bearing  horizons 329 

The   Ordovician 329 

The    Niagaran 329 

The   Burlington  limestone 330 

Comparative  table  of  analyses  of  artesian  waters 331 

Quantity   of  flows 331 

Head  of  flows 332 

Uses  of  waters 333 

Temperature  of  waters 334 


313 


314 


YEAR  BOOK  FOR  I907. 


[Bull.  No. 


■>W*    .     .  CtH 


I''k.  80    Sketen  map  showing  looation  of  deep  wells  at  Peoria. 


Uddbn.]  ARTESIAN  WELLS  IN  PEORIA.  315 


Introduction. 

The  first  artesian  well  near  Peoria  was  made  on  the  east  side  of  the 
Illinois  river  in  i860,  when  a  flow  of  salt  water  was  obtained  at  a 
depth  of  317  feet.  This  boring  was  some  years  later  carried  to  a  depth 
of  734  feet,  and  a  stronger  flow  of  "sulphur  water"  was  obtained.  In 
1875  two  more  wells  were  made  on  the  west  side  of  the  river,  the 
Spring  Hill  well  and  the  Central  Park  we'll.  In  the  following  year 
Sidney  Pulsifer  sank  another  well  at  the  foot  of  the  bluff  between 
Main  and  Hamilton  streets.  The  next  year  Thomas  McNeil  tapped 
the  "sulphur  water"  on  the  low  bottom  land  at  the  stock  yards,  and 
a  deeper  well  extending  down  in  the  Galena  limestone  was  made  on 
the  O'Brian  farm  five  miles  southeast  of  Peoria.  This  last  boring 
was  on  high  ground  and  the  water  did  not  flow.  In  1902  the  Peoria 
Mineral  Company  finished  a  boring  under  the  bluff  on  the  east  side  of 
the  river.  This  extended  still  deeper  into  the  Ordovician  limestones, 
and  a  strong  flow  of  water  was  obtained.  This  boring  was  to  some 
extent  an  enterprise  looking  to  the  discovery  of  petroleum.  The  fol- 
lowing year  the  Illinois  Asylum  for  the  Incurable  Insane  at  Barton- 
ville  drilled  a  well  which  is  the  deepest  yet  made  in  this  vicinity.  It 
extends  into  the  St.  Peter  sandstone  and  reaches  1,864  ^eet  below  the 
surface.  The  lowest  water  rose  within  a  short  distance  of  the  curb, 
but  did  not  flow. 

Various  information  has  been  collected  on  these  and  some  other 
wells,  bearing  on  the  strata  they  pass  through,  on  the  quality  and  the 
heads  of  their  flows,  and  on  their  mineral  characteristics,  etc.  These 
data  I  shall  here  give  for  each  well,  and  I  shall  then  discuss  them 
in  a  general  way  under  suitable  separate  captions.  The  location  of 
the  wells  is  shown  in  figure  30,  the  numbers  on  the  map  correspond- 
ing to  those  in  the  text. 

DATA   ON   THE   WELLS. 
1.     Illinois  Asylum  foe  Incurable  Insane. 

Location:  One-tenth  mile  north  of  southeast  corner  of  section  26,  T.  8  N., 
R.  7  E. 

Elevation  of  curb  (aneroid  estimate):   605  A.  T. 

Depth:     1,864  feet,  contractor,  J.  P.  Miller  &  Co. 

Year:   1903. 

Cost:  $8,864.90. 

Casing:  60  feet  and  9  inches  cased  with  12  inch  pipe;  421  feet  6  Inches 
cased  with  10%  inch  pipe;  1,350  feet,  6  inch  galvanized  pipe. 

Head:  Lowest  water  came  within  13  feet  of  surface.  Heavy  flow  of  water 
said  to  be  from  Trenton  rock.     St.  Peter  sandstone  furnishes  some  water 


316 


YEAR  BOOK  FOR  IQOy. 


[Bull,  No.  8 


from  upper  part,  but  little  from  lower  part  of  the  formation.  Sulphur  and 
salt  water  encountered  at  about  920  feet  below  the  surface.  Original  hole 
from  885  feet  to  1,350  feet,  was  8  1-15  inches.  This  was  afterwards  reamed 
to  IOV2  inches. 

Temperature:  Lowest  water,  78°  Fahr. 


LOG* 


Thickness 
in  feet. 


Drift,  40ft.t 

Loam  (drift  and  coal  measures?) 

40  0 

Coal  measures,  382  ft. 

Coal 

3,6 

Shale 

17  3 

Rock 

3  6 

Shale 

90  9 

Coal 

4  6 

Shale 

262  0 

Mississipman.  not  including  the  Kinderhook,  228.6  ft. 

Lime  rockt 

228.6 

Devonian— Kinderhook,  235  ft. 

Shale 

Xiagaran,  265  ft. 

Lime  rock , 

Cincinnatian,  200  ft. 

Shale 

Galena — Trenton,  315  ft. 

Trenton  rock 

St.  Peter,  199  ft. 

St.  Peter  sandstone 

Total 


235. 
265. 


200 
315 


1864 .7 


♦Furnished  by  the  superintendent  of  the  asylum,  Dr.  George  A.  Zellar. 

tLines  in  italics  give  determinations  by  the  author. 

tThe  meager  descriptions  and  the  lack  of  correspondence  (especially  in  the  case  of  this 
item)  with  the  other  records  suggest  that  this  log  is  perhaps  in  part  a  memory  record.  The 
greater  thickness  of  this  limestone,  which  certainly  in  part  is  the  Burlington  limestone,  may 
otherwise  be  partly  due  to  individual  interpretation  by  the  drillers.  The  logs  of  two  of  the  other 
wells  indicate  that  the  '  'Kinderhook*'  is  a  more  indurated  rock  than  the  shales  below,  and  it 
may  perhaps  be  included  in  the  '  'lime  rock"  here  measuring  228  feet. 


Udden.  ] 


ARTESIAN   WELLS  IN  PEORIA. 


317 


2.     Acme  Harvester  Company  Well. 

Location:    Bartonville,  south  of  Peoria. 

Elevation:  460  feet  A.  T.  (Estimate  from  topographic  map.) 

Depth:   366  feet. 

Flowing  water. 

Log.* 


Thickness. 


fe        £ 


Drift,  36  ft. 

Drift 

30 

Sand 

6 

Coal  measures.  267  feet,  8  inches. 

3 

20 

20 

5 

Dark  shale 

11 

11 

10 

Slate 

8 

12 

Coal 

2          8 

9 

14 

10          4 

Coal 

Fire  clay 

1         8 

Hard  gray  sand  rock 

8 

Dirty  soapstone , 

12 

Sand  rock 

7 

Almost  a  black  shale 

11 

Fire  clay , 

4 

Dark  shale  with  sulphur  or  spar  hands 

15 

Hard  rock,  sand  rock  with  soft  bands  or  wide  partings 

8 

Coal 

Fire  clay 

1          4 

Argillaceous  rock,  changing  from  black  to  white 

14 

Sand  rock  with  soft  partings 

21 

Coal 

Argillaceous  rock 

69 

Clay 

1 

Mississippian,  not  including  the  Kinderhook,  73  feet. 

Limestone  (easy  drilling) 

47 

Chert 

2 

Limestone 

4 

Chert 

5 

Limestone 

2 

Chert 

Porous  yellowish  rock  with  flowing  water 

6 

*From  Mr.  C.  W.  Hicks,  well  driller. 

This  drilling  was  made  for  prospecting  purposes,  and  the  thickness  of  the  coal  seams  was 
not  obtainable,  being  informatian  of  confidential  economic  nature. 


3i8 


YEAR  BOOK  FOR  I907. 


[Bull.  No.  8 


3.     Well  at   Sulphub  Water   House   Bathing   Company. 

Location:  No.  215  North  Adams  street,  Peoria. 
Elevation  of  curb:  485  feet  A1.  T. 
Depth:   861  feet. 
Made  in  1865. 

Log* 


Thickness 
in  feet. 


Drift,  87  feet. 

Soil     

Yellow  sand 

Gravel  with  houlders 

Coal  measures,  240  feet. 

Blue    clay 

Dark    shale 

Blue  shale ' 

Limestone     

Soft  light  colored  limestone 

Gray    sandstone 

Hard   soapstone 

Shale    

Mississippiam,,  not  including  the  Kinderhook,  150  feet. 

Limestone    

Blue  porous  limestone  (salt  water  rose  to  within  4  feet  of  curb) 

Flint    limestone 

Honey-combed  limestone   (salt  water  flowed) 

Flint    limestone 

Porous  limestone   (flow  increased) 

Sandy    limestone 

Blue    limestone 

Devonian-Kinderhook,  297  feet. 

Blue    shale 

Blue  limestone   (flow  now  250  gallons  per  minute) 

Blue    shale 

Blue   limestone    (Devonian  ?) * 

Niagaran,  103  feet. 

White    sandstone 

Blue  limestone,  interstratified  by  streaks  of  shale  in  which  the  sul- 
phur water  increased  at  intervals 


2.0 
10.0 
75.0 

66.0 
25.0 
48.0 

3.0 
19.0 
46.0 

8.0 
25.0 

25.0 

13.0 

3.0 

1.5 

7.5 

15.0 

20.0 

65.0 

55.0 

2.0 

194.0 

46.0 

3.0 

100.0 


Head   of   pressure   of   deepest   water   when   first   made,   at   least   545 

feet  A.  T. 
Head  of  water  tapped  at  depth  of  400  feet,  at  least  500  feet  A.  T. 
Temperature  of  deepest  water,  62°  Fahr. 


•Furnished  by  the  proprietors. 


IjDDBN.] 


ARTESIAN   WELLS  TN  PEORIA. 


319 


4.     Voeis  Well.  (Also  Called  Bailey's  Well.) 


1   Location:   East  Peoria.     On  bottom  land  east  of  the  T.  P.  W.  R.  R.  and 
liorth  of  the  river  bluff,  about  one-tenth  mile  east  of  the  center  of  the  west 
line  of  section  32,  T.  26  N.,  R.  4  W.,  Tazewell  county. 
Made  in  1860.     (This  was  the  first  flowing  well  made  near  Peoria.) 
Elevation:   455  feet  A.  T.     (Estimate  from  topographic  map.) 
Discharge  25,000  barrels  per  day. 


Log: 


Thickness 
in  feet. 


)rith  28  feet. 

Alluvial  soil  of  river  bottom 

Sand 

Gravel    (boulder  drift) 

"Joal  measures,  232  feet. 

Clay    shale , 

Bituminous    slate 

Fire    clay 

Clay    shale 

Coal 

Clay    shale 

Sandy  and  argillaceous  shale  (very  hard) 

Sandstone 

Nodular  argillaceous  limestone 

Compact  fine  grained  sandstone 

Hard,  dark  blue,  sandy  shale 

Coal    

Sandy   and   argillaceous   shale 

lississippian,  not  including  the  Kinderhook,  134  feet. 

Bituminous  shale  with  bands  of  limestone 

"Cherty    rock" 

Hard  siliceous  rock,  mainly  chert  (possibly  chert  and  limestone  inter- 
mixed)      

Fine  grained  sandstone , 

At  774  feet,  a  gray  porous  limestone  (Niagaran). 


65 


Totes  from  Peoria  Transcript  for  Apr.  25,  1864,  on  this  well : 

(a)  At  120  feet  below  surface,  a  four  foot  vein  of  coal. 
1     (b)   At  207  feet,  salt  water. 

(c)  At  235  feet,  a  three  foot  vein  of  coal. 

(d)  At  317  feet,  salt  water.     This  was  the  first  water  to  overflow. 

(e)  At  734  feet,  sulphur  water.     This  rose  more  than  65  feet  above  the  level  of 

the  bottom  land. 


♦From  Worthen's  Geol.    Surv.,  111.,  vol.   IV,  p.   180. 


320 


YEAR  BOOK  FOR  I907. 


5.     Well  in  Glen  Oak  Pakk,  Peoria. 


[Bull.  No.  8 


Location:    Glen  Oak  Park. 
Elevation   (aneroid):     534  feet  A.  T. 
At  depth  of  440  feet  water  rose  to  within  6  feet  of  curb. 
Sulphur  water  found  at  824  feet  and  flowed  with  seven  pound  pressure 
200  gallons  per  minute. 
Cost  of  well:   $3,480.41. 


Log: 


Thickness 
in  feet. 


Drift,  150  feet. 

Gravel    and    clay 

Coal  measures,  250  feet. 

Coal  measures   (mostly  shale) 

Sand  stone 

Coal  measures   (mostly  shale) 

Shale   with   coal 

Black    shale,    micaceous 

Mississippicmj  not  including  the  Kinderhook ,  125  feet. 

Limestone    (with  chert  and  green  shale) 

Limestone   (with  some  chert) 

Limestone    (crystalline,  with  crinoid  stems) 

Devonian-Kinderhook,  280  feet. 

Greenish  shale,  with  sponge  spicules   (also  chert) 

Gray    shale 

Gray  shale  (pyritiferous  and  with  Sporangites  huronense) 

Limestone 

Limestone    (with  bryozoa) 

Xiagaran,  235  feet. 

Dolomitic  limestone    (some  chert) 

Dolomitic  limestone    (porous  below) 


Borings  examined  by  the  author. 

Head  of  water  from  440  feet  depth  ;  within  six  feet  of  the  curb. 


♦From  samples  kept  in  a  glass  tube  in  the  office  of  the  secretary  of  the  City 
Commissioners. 


Uddbn.] 


ARTESIAN  WELLS  IN  PEORIA. 


6.     Centbal  Pabk  Well. 


321 


Location:   Corner  Madison  street  and  Abingdon  avenue. 

Depth:  925  feet. 

Elevation:  476  feet  A.  T.  (Estimate  from  topographic  map.) 

Daily  flow:    600,000  gallons. 

Made  in  1875. 


Log: 


Thickness 
in  feet. 


Drift,  29  feet. 

Loam     

Clay 

Gravel 

Quicksand 

Goal  measures,  341  feet. 

Coal 

Shale    ("Blue   clay) 

Rock    ("coral   rock")    (sandstone?)...... 

Soft    soapstone 

Rock    ("coral   rock")    (sandstone?) 

Soft  gray  soapstone ......'. 

Blue    shale 

Soapstone 

Mississippian,  not  including  the  Kinderhook,  94  feet. 

Slate 

Blue    limestone I 

Brown  sandstone   (with  salt  water) 

Hard  blue   limestone 

Devonian-Kinderliook,  287  feet. 

Hard   (?)    (record  illegible,  possibly  Burlington  limestone) 

Blue    slate 

Soft  shale / 

Slate     

Limestone   (  ?)    (Devonian?) 

Sliagaran,  164  feet. 

Blue  limestone  52  feet 

Brown  sandstone   (with  mineral  water) 

Porous    limestone 


12 

8 

4 

26 
30 
6 
45 
19 
17 
194 

5 
18 

6 
65 

45 
14 

200 
6 
22 

52 
76 


*From  an  old  record  in  possession  of  owners. 


—21  G  S 


322 


YEAR  BOOK  FOR  I907. 


[Bull.  No.  8 


7.     Peoria  Mineral  Company  Well. 

Location:    Hart  Lee   farm,   under  the  bluff   in   the   northwest   quarter   of 
section  22,  T.  26  N.,  R.  4  W. 

Elevation  of  curb:   475  feet  A.  T.   (Estimate  from  topographic  map.) 

Loz* 


Thickness 
in  feet. 


Drift,  101  feet. 

Loam    

Sand  and  gravel 

Coal  measures,  289  feet. 

Blue  clay 

Black    limestone 

Coal  and   slate 

Blue  clay   (shale) 

Coal    and    slate . . . : 

Soapstone    

Slate    

Gray   sandstone    

Mississippian,  not  including  the  Kinderhook,  96  feet 

Slate    (Coal    measures?) 

White   limestone 

Porous    limestone 

Devonian-Kinderhook,  271  feet. 

Slate    

Slate    rock ' 

Slate    

Gray  limestone  with  zinc 

White  shale  with  zinc 

White  porous  limestone 

Niagaran,  263  feet. 

Flint    limestone 

White   limestone 

Porous    limestone 

White  porous  limestone  and  quartz 

Gray    limestone 

Cincinnatian,  198  feet. 

Slate    

Black  limestone 

Slate    

Black    limestone 

Slate    

Trenton  and  Galena,  199  feet. 

Limestone     

Sandstone    

Coarse   sandstone 

Trenton    rock 


4 
97 

40 
6 

4 
50 
20 
55 
104 
10 


10 
81 

123 

2 

88 

5 

10- 
43 

43 
21, 

39 
80' 
80 

85' 
6 

59 
10 
38 

20 
23 

26 
130 


Notes:  Salt  water  at  least  325  feet  below  the  curb.  The  well  diminished  the 
flow  in  the  Glen  Oak  Park  well,  and  was  hence  shut  off.  The  water  in  this  well  had 
a  pulsating  flow. 

Sulphur  water  comes  from  700  feet  below  surface  with  a  reported  pressure  of  120 
pounds.  This  is  probably  a  mistake.  If  this  water  rises  120  fret  it  it  would  stand  at 
about  the  same  level  as  the  Pekln  and  Asylum  wells.  Lowest  water  en  me  from  1400 
feet  below  the  surface. 


From   record   furnished  by  the  company. 


!   Udden.]  ARTESIAN   WELLS  IN   PEORIA.  323 

8.     Spring  Hill  Well. 

Location:   At  foot  of  bluff  near  crossing  of  Spring  street  and  Glen  Oak 
avenue. 
Made  in  the  early  part  of  1875.     (First  well  made  west  of  the  river.) 
Depth:  875  feet. 

Elevation  of  curb:     550  feet  A.  T.   (Estimate  from  map.) 
Discharge:   150  gallons  per  minute. 

9.     Pulsifer  Well. 

Foot  of  bluff  between  Main  and  Hamilton  streets. 

Made  in  1876. 

Depth:  912  feet. 

Elevation  of  curb:   540  feet  A.  T.   (Estimate  from  map.) 

Discharge:  105  gallons  per  minute. 

10.     Thomas  McNeil  Well.  (In  Stock  Yards.) 

Location:  South  part  of  city,  on  low  bottom  land. 

Elevation:  460  feet  A.  T. 

Depth:  860  feet. 

Throws  water  at  least  60  feet  above  ground. 

11.     Carter's  Well. 

Location:   At  foot  of  bluff  in  Carter's  brickyard  in  East  Peoria,  Tazewell 
county. 
Elevation  of  curb;  465  feet  A.  T.  (Map  estimate). 
Pressure:  Water  now  rises  at  least  20  feet  above  curb. 
Originally  it  rose  65  feet  above  the  curb. 
Depth:     About  370  feet. 

Main  water,  which  is  salty,  comes  from  the  lower  ten  feet. 
Four  inch  coal  at  302  feet  below  the  surface. 
"Section  much  like  that  of  the  Acme  Harvester  well." 

112.     Colean  Factory  Well. 
Location:   On  bottom  land,  near  northeast  corner  of  section  31,  T.  26  N., 
R.  4  W.,  Tazewell  county. 
Elevation  of  curb:  453  feet  A.  T. 
Depth:  320  feet. 

Log. 

The  drift  is  90  feet  deep.  The  shales  of  the  coal  measures  were  noted  as  having 
more  "spar"  and  calcareous  concretions  than  at  other  points,  and  the  coal  was  less 
pure,  as  if  somewhat  hroken  up.  At  a  depth  of  about  310  feet  there  was  considerable 
white  chert   (Burlington  limestone).     Coal  was  discovered  at   190  feet  below  surface. 

13.     O'Brian  Well. 

Location:  One-third  mile  west  of  the  northeast  corner  of  section  14.  T.  -•"> 
N.,  R.  4  W.,  Tazewell  county. 

Elevation  of  curb:     738  feet  A.  T.  (Map  estimate.) 

Depth:    1,442   feet. 

Made  in  the  summer  of  1876. 

Water  did  not  flow. 

Salt  water  obtained  at  a  depth  of  from  600  to  700  feet. 

Sulphur  water  came  from  a  depth  of  1,050  feet.  Water  also  obtained  from 
a  porus  rock,  c)alled  "Trenton"  rock  by  the  drillers,  in  the  lowest  fifty  feet 
af  the  boring.  This  rock  was  porous.  Flint  was  reported  by  the  drillers 
it  a  depth  of  1,200  feet  from  the  surface. 


324  YEAR  BOOK  FOR  ICpJ.  [Boll.   No.  8 

14.     Pekix  City  Well. 

Location:  One-quarter  mile  south  from  the  crossing  of  the  Chicago  and 
Alton  railroad  and  the  Atchison,  Topeka  and  Santa  Fe  railroad  in  the  east 
part  of  Pekin,  Tazewell  county. 

Elevation  of  curb:    630  feet  A.  T.    (Map  estimate.) 

Depth:   990  feet. 

Flow:  400,000  gallons  per  day. 

Salt  water  flowed  from  a  stratum  at  a  depth  of  425  feet. 

Principal  flow  of  sulphur  water  from  below  850  feet. 

Very  porous  rock  at  950  below  surface. 

Water  rises  60  feet  above  the  ground. 

Log. 

I    Thickness 
in  feet. 


Drift,  120  feet. 

Sand  and  gravel 

Coal  measures,  180  feet. 

Soapstone  and  slate 

Seam  of  coal 

Mississippian,  Devonian,  and  Silurian,  690  feet. 

White  limestone  rocks* 

Porous    stone* 


120 
180 


500 
190 


♦This  is  a  memory  record,  and  these  two  items  are  evidently  amiss. 

The  Underlying  Rocks, 
general  statement. 

From  the  above  notes  and  from  what  is  known  of  the  geology  of 
the  north  part  of  the  State,  the  nature  of  the  strata  underlying  Peoria 
is  readily  made  out  down  to  the  bottom  of  the  deepest  well.  A  study 
of  the  logs  that  have  been  accurately  kept  shows  that  there  is  a  close 
correspondence  among  the  several  records,  although  made  by  different 
drillers  and  at  different  times.  In  the  case  of  the  Glen  Oak  park  well 
the  author  was  given  an  opportunity  to  examine  the  drillings  and 
succeeded  in  finding  miscroscopic  fossils,  by  which  the  lower  part  of 
the  shales  intervening  between  the  Burlington  limestone  can  now  with 
greater  assurance  than  before  be  referred  to  the  Upper  Devonian  scries. 
The  evidence  on  which  such  reference  has  previously  been  made  for 
the  wells  on  the  Illinois  river  was  that  of  stratigraphic  position  only, 
On  similar  evidence  the  upper  part  of  tins  bed  of  shale  has  been 
regarded  as  the  equivalent  of  the  clay  underlying  the  Burlington  lime- 
stone on  the  Mississippi.  This  conclusion  has  also  been  verified  hy 
the  finding  in  the  Glen  Oak  well  drillings  of  sponge  spicules,  which 
are  known  from  these  clays  .  >n  the  Mississippi. 

Excepting  these  argillaceous  sediments  and  the  Burlington  limestone 
above  them,  the  entire  section  for  the  Peoria  wells  can  he  traced  in 
the  records  of  oilier  borings  to  their  respective  outcrops  farther  north. 
This  is  owing  to  the  fad  thai  the  Devonian  and  the  Lower  Carbon- 
iferous were  cut  awa)  h\  erosion  before  the  eoal  measures  were  laid 
dow  11  over  the  n<  ►rthern  territory . 


State  Geological  Survey. 


ASYLUM  WELL. 


ACME  HART    CO.  TELL. 


S.  W.  H.  BATH.  CO.  WELL. 


VOIUS  WELL 


Co«J. 


Coal. 
gnconfo 


Chert    Salt   water. 


Saltv  sulphur  wale 


W»Ur. 


Flint. 
Salt  wafer. 


&m 


riiicouforuiitj  ? 

Sulphur  water. 


fe 


DKKP  N 


Bull.  No.  8.  PI.  22. 


GLEN  OAK  PAKK  WELL. 


CENTRAL  PARK  WELL. 


PEOR.  MIV.  CO.  WELL.  V,rti..l  *■*}* 


P  PEORIA. 


Udden.]  ARTESIAN  WELLS  IN  PEORIA.  325 

In  the  account  which  follows  the  different  formations  are  given  in 
the  order  of  their  stratigraphic  succession,  beginning  with  the  oldest 
rocks.    The  correlation  of  the  records  is  shown  in  plate  22. 

THE  ORDOVICIAN. 

a.  St.  Peters  Sandstone — The  lowest  formation  explored  by  drilling 
in  the  vicinity  of  Peoria  is  the  St.  Peters  sandstone.  This  was  pene- 
trated to  a  depth  of  199  feet  by  the  well  made  at  the  Asylum  for  the 
Incurable  Insane  at  Bartonville.  The  drillers  report  the  rock  merely  as 
St.  Peters  sandstone.  This  identification  is  doubtless  correct,  for  it 
underlies  the  Trenton  limestone,  which  has  been  explored  by  two  other 
wells. 

b.  Trent  on- Galena  Formation — The  log  of  the  asylum  well  'reports 
315  feet  of  "Trenton  rock"  immediately  above  the  St.  Peters  sandstone'. 
The  log  of  the  Peoria  Mineral  Company  gives  a  more  descriptive 
account  of  this  part  of  the  section,  and  shows  some  unusual  changes 
in  the  nature  of  the  strata.  Under  the  uppermost  twenty  feet,  which 
is  limestone,  there  is  twenty-three  feet  of  sandstone,  and  below  this 
twenty-six  feet  of  the  "coarse  sandstone."  The  lowest  hundred  and 
thirty  feet  are  reported  as  "Trenton  limestone."  The  typical  Trenton 
probably  makes  the  lowermost  130  feet.    This  boring,  no  doubt,'  pene- 

!  trated  the  Galena  formation.  This  is  free  from  sandy  strata  in  the 
j  north  part  of  the  State,  and  the  sand  and  the  coarse  sand  reported  in 
this  place  is  probably  a  cavern  filling  or  the  dolomite  of  the  Galena 
phase.  The  cavern  filling  hypothesis  is  all  the  more  likely,  as '  other 
evidence  indicates  an  unconformity  between  the  Galena  limestone  and 
the  overlying  Cincinnatian  formation  in  the  region  west  of  the  Cincin- 
nati anticline.*  The  combined  thickness  of  the  strata  which  it  Seems 
correct  to  refer  to  the  Galena-Trenton  formation,  in  this  log  measures 
199  feet.  The  O'Brian  Well,  which  is  on  the  east  side  of  the  river,  is 
reported  to  have  entered  this  rock  and  to  have  gone  into  it  some  half 
a  hundred  feet,  and  it  is  said  to  have  been  porous  and  water  bearing 
in  this  well  also.  ,'■'_, 

•  c.  The  Cincinnatian  Formation — Three  wells  have  penetrated  this 
formation.  The  record  of  the  asylum  well  reads:  "Shale*  200  feet." 
The  Peoria  Mineral  Company  recorded  five  different  strata,  which  must 
be  referred  to  this  formation.  There  were  three  "slates,"  separated 
from  each  other  by  two  strata  of  "black  limestone,"  one  six  aiifl  the 
other  ten  feet  thick.  It  is  probable  that  the  black  appearance  of  these 
limestones  may  have  been  due  to  the  presence  of  pyrites  of  iron,  which 
often  impregnates  these  strata.  The  total  thickness  of  the  five  members 
of  the  formation,  as  reported  from  his  boring,  is  198  feet,  only  two 
feet  less  than  the  thickness  reported  from  the  asylum  well. 

THE    SILURIAN. 

This  formation  furnishes  most  of  the  artesian  water  now  flowing" 
in  this  region.     It  has  been  entered  by  no  less  than  fourteen  wells,  but 


♦The  Geological  Map  of  Illinois,  Stuart  Weller.  Bull.   1,  Illinois  Geol.   Surv.,  p.   16. 


326  YEAR  BOOK  FOR  I907.  [Bull.  No.  8 

ony  two  of  these  are  known  to  have  passed  through  it.  In  the  log-  of 
the  Peoria  Mineral  Company's  well  the  strata  which  I  refer  to  this  divi- 
sion measures  263  feet.  The  equivalent  "lime  rock"  reported  from 
the  asylum  well  measures  265  feet.  The  several  samples  from  the 
Glen  Oak  park  well  show  that  the  lowest  235  feet  in  this  well  was 
drilled  through  a  highly  dolomitic  limestone,  no  doubt  of  this  age. 
Drusy  quartz  lined  the  surface  of  one  fragment  from  the  upper  part 
of  the  formation.  In  the  drillings  from  the  upper  100  feet  of  the  for- 
mation several  minute  rounded  and  flat  grains  of  quartz  were  observed, 
which  contained  a  tangle  of  miscroscopic  straight  needles  of  some 
transparent  mineral.  The  lower  part  of  this  limestone  was  seen  to  be 
quite  coarse  grained  in  places,  and  the  drillings  contained  lumps  of 
green  clay  such  as  is  common  in  fissures  produced  by  solution.  Most 
of  the  records  of  the  other  wells  describe  the  formation  as  "limestone" 
and  "lime  rock."  Parts  of  it  are  called  "porous  limestone ;"  and 
"white  chert,"  "quartz"  and  "flint"  are  reported  as  present  in  three 
wells,  in  one  case  in  the  upper  part  of  the  formation  and  in  two  in- 
stances near  the  base.  In  one  well  seventy-six  feet  of  brown  sand- 
stone is  reported  as  the  source  of  the  water  near  the  middle  of  the 
formation.  This  is  probably  a  mistake.  If  it  is  not,  the  sand  is  prob- 
bly  a  cavern  filling.  Three  feet  of  white  sandstone  and  of  pockets  of 
clay  lower  down  are  reported  from  near  the  top  of  the  Niagaran,  in 
the  Sulphur  Water  House  Bathing  Company's  well.  This  sandstone 
may  mark  the  division  between  this  formation  and  the  overlying 
Devonian.  The  forty-six  feet  of  limestone  which  overlies  is  decribed 
as  blue  limestone,  and  this  is  usually  not  the  appearance  of  the  upper 
part  of  the  Niagaran.  The  water  which  flows  from  the  Niagaran  has 
a  strong  odor  of  hydrogen  sulphide. 

DEVONIAN-KINDERHOOK. 

Five  records  show  the  presence  above  the  Silurian  of  some  be< 
which  average  283  feet  in  thickness  and  which  are  overlain  by  a  ]im< 
stone  that  is  identifiable  as  the  Burlington  limestone.  The  main  anj 
upper  part  of  these  beds  is  a  shale,  which  has  been  variously  report* 
by  the  drillers  as  "slate,"  "slate  rock,"  "white  shale,"  "blue  slate, 
"soft  shale."  The  lower  part,  some  eighty  feet  thick,  is  a  limestone 
sometimes  described  as  "blue  limestone,"  as  "white  limestone" 
merely  as  "limestone."  This  limestone  is,  without  doubt,  of  Devonij 
age.  In  the  Glen  Oak  Park  well  it  measures  eighty-five  feet  and 
quite  a  pure  carbonate  of  lime,  which  effervesces  briskly  with  aci( 
The  drillings  contain  frequent  particles  of  crystalline  calcite.  Sevei 
minute  fragments  of  bryozoa  and  some  other  organic  materials  wei 
noted.  In  the  Peoria  Mineral  Company's  log  mention  is  made  of  tl 
occurrence  of  "zinc"  (blende?)  near  the  top  of  this  limestone. 

AH  of  these  features  are  characteristic  of  the  Wapsipinnicon  a| 
the  Cedar  Valley  limestones,  which  overlie  the  Niagara  formation 

the  Mississippi  river,  in   Rock    Island  enmity. 


Udden.]  ARTESIAN  WELLS  IN  PEORIA.  327 

The  overlying  shale  measures  some  200  feet.  The  upper  part  of 
this  shale  has  a  greenish  aspect.  A  microscopic  examination  of  the 
samples  from  the  Glen  Oak  park  well  shows  the  frequent  presence 
of  siliceous  sponge  spicules  and  some  other  organic  fragments  Gran- 
ules of  pyrite  were  common.  The  middle  part  of  the  shale  is  gray  and 
slightly  calcareous  and  contains  a  few  minute  flakes  of  mica,  small 
clusters  of  cubic  crystals  of  pyrites  and  spores  of  some  lycopods.  The 
lowermost  seventy  feet  of  the  shale  is  of  an  olive  color  and  likewise 
has  occasional  minute  flakes  of  mica  and  aggregations  of  minute  crys- 
tals of  pyrites.  In  this  latter  part  of  the  shale  Sporcmgites  huronense 
is  quite  abundant. 

The  Central  park  record  indicates  some  alterations  in  hardness  in 
the  upper  part  of  this  clayey  member,  and  in  the  Sulphur  Water  House 
Bathing  Company  well  a  two  foot  blue  limestone  was  penetrated, 
which  appears  to  have  yielded  some  water.  An  indurated  stratum  at 
about  the  same  level  is  reported  in  the  Peoria  Mineral  Company's  log 
as  "slate  rock." 

It  is  believed  that  the  lowermost  part  of  this  shale  is  identical  with 
the  Sweetland  creek  beds  overlying  the  Cedar  Valley  limestone,  in 
Muscatine  county,  in  Iowa,  and  in  Rock  Island!  county,  in  this  State. 
Sporangites  huronense  is  abundant  in  these  localities.     This  shale  is 
classified  as  a  western  formation  of  the  Chemung  period.     The  upper 
part  of  the  shales  in  the  Peoria  wells  is  probably  equivalent  to  what 
i  is  generally  known  as  the  Kinderhook  shale,  underlying  the  Burlington 
!  limestone  farther  to  the  south,  for  the  Kinderhook  shale  is  known  to 
contain  fossil  sponges  at  the  latter  place,  and  it  has  the  same  strati- 
graphic  position.     As  the  Kinderhook  shales  are  classified  with  the 
1  Lower  Carboniferous,  these  shales  may  hence  include  the  latest  sedi- 
1  ments  of  the  Devonian  age  and  the  earliest  deposits  of  the  Carbon- 
iferous age. 

MISSISSIPPIAN     (BURLINGTON    LIMESTONE,    ETC.) 

Between  the  coal  measures  and  the  Kinderhook-Devonian  shales 
I  just  described  all  of  the  logs  record  a  limestone,  which,  no  doubt,  is 
the  equivalent  of  the  Burlington  limestone  on  the  Mississippi  river. 
All  of  the  flowing  wells  have  entered  this  formation  and  ten  have 
passed  through  it.  Six  logs  gave  more  or  less  complete  records  and 
four  give  partial  records  of  the  materials  which  this  formation  con- 
tains. The  samples  of  drillings  from  the  Glen  Oak  park  well  consist 
of  a  light  colored  calcareous  limestone  mixed  with  much  white  chert. 
The  uppermost  thirty  feet,  also,  in  this  well  contained  a  considerable 
amount  of  green  shale.  The  lowest  forty  feet  had  less  chert  and  no 
shale,  but  considerable  calcite  spar  and  some  fragments  of  crinoid 
stems.  Chert  was  seen  by  the  author  from  the  bottom  of  the  Carter 
well  and  from  the  well  of  the  Acme  harvester  works,  and  it  is  reported 
from  seven  of  the  logs  in  his  horizon.  It  is  a  white  or  light  gray  chert 
and  resembles  the  chert  in  the  Burlington  limestone  in  appearance.  The 
upper  part  of  the  limestone  has  yielded  salt  water  in  all  of  the  wells, 
and  the  water  bearing  rock  is  close  to  the  cherty  strata.  Above  the 
main  limestone  alternations  of  the  shale  and  bands  of  limestone  are 


328  YEAR  BOOK  FOR  I907.  [Bull.  Fo.  8 

mentioned  in  the  log  of  the  Voris  well.  Some  "slate"  is  reported  from 
above  the  limestone  in  the  logs  of  the  Central  park  well  and  in  the  Peo- 
ria Mineral  Company's  well.  It  seems  likely  that  these  apparently  vari- 
able beds  may  represent  some  later  division  of  the  Lower  Carboniferous 
series,  but  in  the  absence  of  fossils  it  is  not  possible  to  definitely 
locate  the  boundary  between  this  series  and  the  coal  measures.  In  the 
case  of  variable  beds,  considerable  latitude  is  taken  by  drillers  in  their 
reports  as  to  the  noting  of  details. 

It  is  evident  that  the  main  limestone  at  this  depth  is  about  a  hundred 
feet  in  thickness.  Not  taking  into  account  the  log  of  the  asylum  well, 
th)e  thickness  of  the  strata  which  appear  to  be  referable  to  the  Bur- 
lington limestone  and  overlying  Lower  Carboniferous,  varies  from  94 
feet  in  the  Central  Park  well  to  150  feet  in  the  well  of  the  Sulphur  Water 
House  Bathing  Company.  The  average  is  120  feet.  There  is  hardly 
any  doubt  that  this  variation  in  the  observed  thickness  of  these  beds 
is  at  least  partly  due  to  an  unconformity  between  the  Mississippian 
series  and  the  coal  measures.  This  unconformity  is  general  on  the 
Mississippi,  and  it  is  indicated  for  this  region  by  the  disappearance 
of  the  Mississippian  limestone  from  the  well  records  to  the  north.  This 
rock  is  absent  in  the  wells  at  Hennepin. 

PENNSYLVANIAN  OR  COAL  MEASURES. 

The  thickness  of  the  coal  measures  varies  from  232  feet,  in  the  Voris 
well,  to  381  feet,  in  the  asylum  well.  The  variation,  in  part,  is  prob- 
ably due  to  the  uneven  bottom  of  the  Mississippian  sediments  on  which 
the  formation  rests;  to  the  inequalities  of  its  surface  produced  by 
erosion. 

The  asylum  well,  which  is  located  on  the  upland,  goes  through  more 
than  a  hundred  feet  of  coal  measure  strata,  which  overlie  the  beds 
penetrated  in  the  other  wells.  The  average  depth  of  the  coal  measures 
in  the  borings  made  on  the  river  bottom  is  270  feet.  Most  of  this  con- 
sists of  shales,  in  which  are  at  least  four  seams  of  coal.  These  coal 
seams  nowhere  appear  in  outcrops  in  this  region.  The  absence  of  any 
mention  of  the  existence  of  these  coals  in  some  of  the  logs  is  clearly 
due  to  difference  in  the  degree  of  detail  of  description.  The  detailed 
accounts  show  that  the  shales  vary  in  color  and  texture.  There  are 
dark  and  bituminous  strata  and  seams  of  fire  clay,  layers  of  limestone 
and  seams  with  nodules  of  calcareous  material.  Some  of  the  sediments 
are  near  the  limit  between  shale  and  fine  sandstone,  such  as  "argilla- 
ceous sand rock"  and  "sandy  shale."  About  two-thirds  of  all  is  shale 
and  perhaps  one-fifth  is  sandstone.  The  rest  is  coal,  fire  clay,  limestone 
arid  sandy  shale. 

nunr. 
The  average  thickness  of  the  drift  shown  in  these  records  is  eighty 

feci.     The  least  is  twenty-eight   feet  and  OCCtirs  in  the  Vbris  well:  and 

the  dm  »st    is    150  Feet,  in  Cl.en  Oak   park.    In  the   wells  on   the  lowlands 

rrio  t  of  the  drifl  consists  of  sand,  gravel  and  river  silt,  but  there  is  also 


Uddbn.]  ARTESIAN  WELLS  IN  PEORIA.  329 

occasionally  some  boulder  clay.  In  the  asylum  well  the  depth  of  the 
drift  is  uncertain.  The  coal  measures  appear  in  a  ravine  close  to  this 
well,  at  about  twenty  feet  below  the  level  of  the  curb. 

General  Section  of  the  Peoria  Wells. 


Thickness 
in  feet. 


8.    Drift;  sand,  gravel  and  silt 

Unconformity. 
7.    Coal  measures;  shale,  sandstone,  coal,  etc 

Unconformity. 
6.    Mississippian  (not  including  the  Kinderhook) ;  limestone  with  layers  of  chert 

and  some  shale 

5.    Devonian-Kinderhook;  limestone  below  and  shale  above 

Unconformity. 

4.    Niagaran;  dolomitic  limestone  with  some  chert 

3.    Cincinnatian;  mainly  shale 

2.    Trenton-Galena;  dolomitic  limestone 

1.    St.  Peters  sandstone 


270 


120 

283 

264 
200 
315 
199 


The  Water  Bearing  Horizons. 

Three  water  bearing  horizons  have  been  tapped  by  the  Peoria  wells : 
the  Burlington  limestone,  the  Niagaran  limestone  and  the  Ordovician, 
including  the  Galena-Trenton  formations  and  the  St.  Peters  sandstone. 

The  Ordovician — This  is  the  deepest  of  all  the  formations  penetrated. 
In  the  asylum  well  the  bulk  of  this  water  is  said  to  have  come  from 
the  upper  part  of  the  Galena-Trenton  limestone,  but  the  supply  is  said, 
to  have  increased  when  the  boring  entered  the  St.  Peters  sandstone. 
This  formation  is  the  principal  water  bearing  rock  in  the  upper  Mis- 
I  sissippi  valley.  As  the  sandstone  is  not  separated  from  the  overlying 
[limestone  by  any  impervious  stratum,  it  is  very  likely  that  the  waters 
in  the.  two  formations  are  in  hydrostatic  communication  through  joints 
and  fissures  in  the  overlying  limestone.  In  Davenport  and  Rock  Island, 
lying  only  ninety  miles  to  the  northwest  from  Peoria,  the  same  condition 
is  indicated  by  the  abslence  of  any  notable  difference  in  the  head  of 
the  waters  coming  from  these  two  formations.  In  the  Peoria  Mineral 
Company's  well  this  water  was  obtained  in  the  Galena  limestone  at  a 
depth  of  1,400  feet.  Whether  the  water  reported  from  the  same  depth 
!(but  from  a  higher  level  referred  to  the  sea)  in  the  O'Brian  well  was 
from  the  Ordovician,  can  not  be  definitely  settled  in  the  absence  of 
a  log. 

Compared  with  the  other  artesian  waters  of  this  locality,  the  Ordo- 

wician  contains  the  smallest  amount  of  solids  in  solution;  only  about 

1,600  parts  in  a  million.     Most  of  this  consists  of  sulphates  of  sodium 

and  calcium,  which  are  present  in  about:  twice  the  quantity  of  the 

chlorine  compounds  of  the  same  elements. 

The  intake  area  of  the  Ordovician  is  in  the  north  part  of  the  State 
and  in  the  south  part  of  Wisconsin. 

The  Niagaran — This  water  has  been  tapped  at  depths  ranging  from 
seven  hundred  to  a  thousand  feet.  In  most  cases  it  has  come  from  a 
horizon   at   nearly   a   hundred   feet  below  the   upper   surface   of   the 


330  YEAR  BOOK  FOR  I907.  [Bull.  No.  J 

Niagaran  limestone,  where  this  is  reported  as  of  a  porous  texture,  anc 
where  cherty  seams  are  reported  in  some  instances.  It  may  be  surmisej 
that  the  greater  mobility  of  the  rock  water  at  this  level  first  causec 
the  concentration  of  the  silica  in  the  form  of  chert  and  later  increasec 
the  porosity  of  the  rock.  In  the  Peoria  Mineral  Company's  well  this 
water  was  drawn  from  the  uppermost  surface  of  the  Niagaran,  or  per- 
haps from  the  base  of  the  overlying  Devonian  strata,  owing  probabh 
to  some  upward  extensions  of  the  porous  rock.  It  is  well  known  thai 
the  upper  part  of  the  Niagaran  is  characterized  by  pronounced  loca 
variations  in  texture  and  bedding.  In  all  the  outcrops  nearest  to  Peork 
it  exhibits  oblique  bedding. 

The  water  of  the  Niagaran  formation  is  the  principal  flow  in  Peoria 
It  now  runs  in  nine  wells.  It  contains  about  twice  the  amount  of  min- 
eral solids  in  solution  present  in  the  Ordovician  water.  Three  an- 
alyses from  as  many  of  the  Peoria  wells  show  a  notable  constancy  ir 
the  mineral  character  of  this  water.  Chlorine  varies  from  1,395  tc 
1,562  parts  in  a  million  and  sedium  oxide  only  from  1,452  to  1,48^ 
parts  in  a  million.  Sulphates  (SOs)  are  present  in  less  than  half  th< 
quantity  in  which  they  occur  in  the  Ordovician,  ranging  from  199  tc 
246  parts  in  a  million.  Common  salt  is  the  chief  mineral  in  solution 
making  more  than  two-thirds  of  all  the  solids.  The  presence  of  hydro- 
gen sulphide  is  a  no  less  constant  characteristic,  readily  detected  b> 
its  odor,  though  not  appearing  in  the  analyses. 

The  Niagara  outcrops  over  a  tract  of  several  thousand  square  miles 
around  Uake  Michigan,  in  this  State,  and  in  Indiana,  and  over  another 
large  area  on  either  side  of  the  Mississippi  river,  in  this  State  and  ir 
Iowa.  These  tracts  are  the  intake  areas  of  the  Niagaran  water,  espe- 
cially the  region  on  the  Mississippi. 

The  Burlington  Limestone — The  uppermost  horizon  which  has 
yielded  flowing  water  is  the  main  limestone  of  the  Mississippian.  This 
formation  is  separated  from  the  Niagaran  by  the  Devonian-Kinderhook 
shales,  which  effectually  separate  its  waters  from  those  of  the  lowei 
horizons.  Northward  and  eastward  this  limestone  thins  out  and  ter- 
minates under  the  impervious  argillaceous  sediments  of  the  coal  meas- 
ures, but  to  the  west  it  outcrops  in  a  belt  along  the  Mississippi  river. 
This  belt  is  the  intake  area  of  this  water  horizon.  Of  course,  it  is 
possible  that  some  water  may  also  enter  from  the  basal  sands  of  the 
coal  measures  into  the  buried  unconformable  north  margin  of  the 
Burlington. 

The  Burlington  water  has  been  noted  in  all  the  Peoria  wells,  except 
at  the  Illinois  Asylum  for  the  Incurable  Insane.  In  six  wells  it  comes 
from  ledges  which  are  reported  to  contain  seams  of  chert,  which 
mostly  occur  in  the  upper  part  of  the  rock.  In  one  instance  the  water 
is  noted  as  coming  from  the  middle  part  of  the  limestone  and  in  one 
case  from  the  lowermost  ledges.  In  the  region  of  the  outcrop  of  the 
formation  on  the  Mississippi  river  these  same  strata  frequently  give 
issue  to  large  springs. 

The  water  of  the  Burlington  limestone  carriers  more  minerals  than 
either  of  the  other  two  waters.  Analyses  have  been  made  of  san  pies 
from  the  wells  of  the  Acme  Harvester  Works,  of  Carter's  brickyard 


Udden.] 


ARTESIAN  WELLS  IN  PEORIA. 


331 


and  of  the  Peoria  Mineral  Company,  and  these  show  a  close  correspond- 
ence. They  vary  from  7,191.8  to  8,859.8  of  total  mineral  matter  in 
parts  per  millin  and  average  8,284.9.  More  than  nine-tenths  of  this  is 
common  salt.  Sulphates  (S03)  average  10.2  parts  per  million,  which 
is  only  one-twentieth  the  amount  of  sulphates  in  the  Niagaran  water 
and  less  than  one-fiftieth  the  amount  in  the  Ordovician. 

Comparative  Table  of  Analyses  of  the  Artesian    Waters  in  tne  Peoria 
Wells.     (In  parts  per  Million . ) 


Ordovician. 

Niagaran. 

Burlington. 

& 

©* 

« 

a 

<fc 

s 

«S 

8* 

3  1 

-~l 

&l 

3  1 

&'' 

*  1 

3     1 

&  | 

£HJ 

s> 

S.d 

»^ 

38 

2> 

2.^ 

■§9 

J- a 

*•«> 

*»P 

F» 

r-o 

2i£ 

Minerals  in  Solution. 

»2 

T3  jo 

:  0 
:  3 

:  a 

P1* 
coP 

:  3 

*.  ct> 

»3 

-OP 

IS 

5! 

P* 

_  0 

pg. 

OS  CD 

i  * 

:  a 

■  9 

:  « 

:  r 

:  0 

CD 

:  0 
:  0 

!  r 

Potassium, 

K20 
Na20 

25.0 
544.2 

17.6 
592.8 

30.1 
1.463.1 

36.8 
1,452.4 

38.4 
3,358.2 

Sodium, 

1,486.6 

4,071.8 

4,036.0 

Ammonium, 

NH4 

1.5 

1.9 

2.1 

3.2 

3.1 

Magnesium, 

MgO 

32.6 

44.8 

34,4 

48.6 

42.3 

59.4 

39.4 

65.8 

Calcium, 

CaO 

71.8 

96.4 

59.6 

79.8 

68.9 

78.8 

70.8 

74.5 

Iron, 

FeO 

.4 

\    •« 

3.6 

i         -8 

2.6 

[      3.0 

3.4 

2.0 

Aluminum, 

Al2Oa 

2.4 

1       2.2 

4.0 

5.4 

20.2 

Nitrate, 

>N203 
fN2Os 

A 

1.7 

.7 

.6 

0.6 

0.6 

0.3 

0.7 

1.3 

Chloride, 

CI 

212.3 

297.0 

1,562.5 

1,395.0 

1,425.0 

4,637.5 

3,637.0 

4,579.1 

Sulphate, 

S03 

486.8 

537.2 

198.8 

246.0 

226.1 

1.0 

14.4 

15.2 

Silica, 

Si02 

26.6 

10.4 

16.8 

11.4 

11.2 

7.8 

24.4 

6.0 

Totals  .... 

1,404.1 

1,597.9 

3,367.7 

3,273.6 

3,269.4 

8, 859, 8 

7,191.7 

8,803.2 

Averages  . 

1,501.0 

3,303.6 

8,284.9 

164. 


Analysis  made  by  University   of  111.   Laboratory  number  :   10,380. 

Analysis  made  by  University  of  111.   (Edgar  and  Carr)   Laboratory  number  :  12, 


d.  Analysis  made  by  University  of  111.,  Feb.  20,  1902,  Laboratory  number:  10,280. 
Analyst  Robt.  W.  Stark. 

c.     Analysis  made  by  University  of  111.,  Sept  8,  1904,  Laboratory  number :  12,415. 

e.  Analysis  made  by  University  of  111.  (J.  M.  Lindgren).  Laboratory  number; 
15,250,  Jan.  25,  1907.  Recalculated  for  comparison  by  Dr.  J.  P.  Magnuson.  Potas- 
sium calculated  as  sodium. 

f.  Analysis  made  by  University  of  111.,  June  18,  1902.  Laboratory  number: 
10,464.     Potassium  calculated  as  sodium. 

g.  Analysis  made  by  University  of  111.,  Feb.  20,  1902.  Laboratory  number  :10,230. 
Analyst,  Robt.  W.  Stark. 

h.  Analysis  made  by  University  of  111.  (J.  M.  Lindgren)  Jan.  24,  1907.  Labora- 
tory number  :  15,241.  Potassium  calculated  as  sodium.  Recalculated  for  comparison 
by  Dr.  J.  P.   Magnuson. 


332 


year  book  for  i907. 
Quantity  of  Flows. 


[Bull.   No.   8 


Data  on  the  original  quantity  of  water  supplied  by  some  of  these 
wells  is  as  below: 

From  the  Niagaran.   , 

Gallons 
per  minute 

Voris  well „ 546 

Central  Park  well , 416 

Pekin  well 277 

Sulphur  Water  House  Bathing  Company's  well 250 

Glen  Oak  Park  well .- -  200 

Spring  Hill  well 150 

Pulsifer  well 105 

Peoria  Mineral  Company  well Shut  off. 

Asylum  well Shut  off. 

Stock  yards  well  (estimate) 400 

Total ,. 2.344 

From  the  Burlington. 

Gallons 
per  minute 

Acme  Harvester  Company  well  (estimate) ; 100 

Carter  Brickyard  well   (estimate) 100 

Colean  Factory  well  (estimate) 100 

Total 300 


The  Ordovician  water  is  not  now  used. 

The  difference  in  the  quantity  of  water  yielded  by  the  wells  tapping 
the  Niagara  limestone  is  due  to  some  extent  to  difference  in  the  size 
of  the  borings,  but  it  is  evidently  mostly  due  to  differences  in  elevation, 
causing  variation  in  pressure.  The  largest  flows  are  from  the  wells 
with  lowest  curbs.     This  is  clearly  shown  in  the  following  table : 


Elevation  of  curb, 
in  feet  A.  T. 

Flow  in  gallons 
per  minute. 

Spring  Hill  well S 

550 
540 
530 
485 
476 
455 

150 

Pulsifer  well 

105 

Pekin  well 

Sulphur  Water  House  Bathing  Co.  well 

277 
250 

Central  Park  well.. 

416 

Voris  well 

546 

Head  of  Flows. 

Specific  data  on  the  original  artesian  heads  are  in  most  cases  not  to, 
be  obtained.  The  water  of  the  Mississippian  limestone  has  a  pressure 
considerably  lower  than  the  other  flows.  This  is  indicated  by  the 
notes  on  the  Voris  well,  which  mention  merely  the  fact  that  the  water 
tapped  at  317  feet  overflowed,  but  records  sixty-five  feet  as  a  minimum 
measure  for  the  rise  of  the  lower  water.  The  height  to  which  the 
upper  flow  rose  in  the  Carter  well  is  given  as  sixty-five  feet  above  the 
curl),  which  would  make  the  head  about  530  above  the  sea  level.  In 
the  Glen  Oak  park  well  the  same  water  rose  to  within  six   feet  of  the 


Udden.]  ARTESIAN  WELLS  IN  PEORIA.  333 

curb,  which  would  make  the  head  528  above  sea  level.  From  the 
appearance  of  the  flows  at  the  wells,  it  is  quite  evident  that  the  pres- 
sure of  this  water  is  not  equal  to  that  of  the  water  of  the  Niagara  lime- 
stone. At  the  present  time  the  Carter  well  has  a  head  of  only  twenty 
feet. 

The  head  of  the  Niagaran  and  Ordovician  waters  is  nearly  600 
feet  above  the  sea.  In  the  asylum  well  the  lowest  water  rose  to  within 
thirteen  feet  of  the  curb,  or  to  a  height  of  592  feet  above  sea  level. 
The  elevation  of  the  curb  of  the  Pekin  well  is  530  feet  and  the  water 
originally  rose  to  sixty  feet  above  this.  In  the  Peoria  Mineral  Com- 
pany well  the  water  is  reported  to;  have  had  a  pressure  of  120  pounds 
at  an  elevation  of  475  feet  above  the  sea.  If  the  figure  represents  the 
height  in  feet  to  which  the  water  rose  above  the  curb,  it  corresponds 
exactly  with  the  Pekin  and  the  asylum  wells,  and  this  is  probably  the 
case.  In  most  of  the  wells  the  original  pressure  has  diminished  in  the 
course  of  years,  owing,  no  doubt,  to  leakages  in  the  upper  part  of  the 
well.  In  some  instances  it  has  been  found  necessary  to  repair  the- 
casing  in  order  to  maintain  a  sufficient  flow.  The  flow  of  the  Peoria 
Mineral  Company  well  is  said  to  have  noticeably  affected  the  flow  from 
the  Glen  Oak  park  well,  and  it  has  for  that  reason  been  shut  off. 

As  the  Niagaran  and  the  Ordovician  waters  are  separated  by  a 
thick  formation  of  shale,  it  would  be  natural  to  find  a  difference  in 
their  heads.  If  there  is  such  a  difference  here,  it  is  probably  not  very 
great,  for  local  observations  fail  to  notice  its  existence. 

The  head  of  the  Silurian  and  the  Ordovician  waters  is  high  enough 
to  make  them  flow  on  all  of  the  lowlands  along  the  Illinois  river,  in- 
cluding the  extensive  terrace  flats  south  of  Pekin,  and  also  on  the 
bottom  lands  of  Farm  creek,  Kickapoo  creek  and  of  the  two  Lamarsh 
creeks,  in  Hollis  township,  north  into  Limestone  township  at  least  two 
miles.  The  Mississippian  water  will  hardly  furnish  a  reliable  flow  on 
the  Illinois  river  terraces,  at  least  not  where  these  are  highest,  but  it 
can  be  expected  to  flow  everywhere  on  the  lowest  bottoms  of  the  Illi- 
nois river  and  of  the  Kickapoo  and  Farm  creeks,  and  also  for  a  mile  or 
two  up  from  the  river  bluffs  on  the  bottoms  of  the  Lamarsh  creeks. 

Uses  of  Waters. 

The  artesian  waters  are  now  used  principally  for  drinking  water  and 
for  baths  and  swimming  tanks.  The  Pekin  well,  the  Central  park 
well  and  the  Sulphur  Water  House  Bathing  Company's  well  each  sup- 
plies water  for  swimming  tanks.  The  hydrogen  sulphide  gas,  which  the 
Niagaran  water  contains,  is  believed  by  some  to  make  this  water  par- 
ticularly suitable  for  baths.  The  Voris  well  and  the  stock  yards  well 
are  used  to  furnish  water  for  drinking  purposes  and  for  stock.  The 
Glen  Oak  park  well,  the  Spring  Hill  well  and  the  Pulsifer  well  furnish 
drinking  water  only,  and  the  waters  of  the  well  of  the  Peoria  Mineral 
Company  are  not  how  used  for  any  purpose.  The  Carter's  brickyard 
well  is  used  for  boiler  water.  The  St.  Peter  water  in  the  asylum  well 
was  for  several  years  pumped  and  used  for  all  purposes  in  the  insti- 
tution, but  the  supply  began  to  be  insufficient  two  years  ago  and  it  is 
now  entirely  discarded. 


334 


year  book  for  i907. 
Temperature  of  Waters. 


[Bull.   No.   S 


The  temperatures  of  the  flowing  waters  are  known  only  in  four  in- 
stances. These  show  an  average  increase  with  depth  of  1.580  Fahr. 
for  each  hundred  feet,  if  500  Fahr.  be  taken  as  the  temperature  of  the 
surface. 


Table  Showing  Rate  of  Increase  of  Temperature,  with  Depth 


Depth 

of 

main  flow. 

Observed 
temperature. 

Rate  of 
increase  of 

temperature 
per  100  ft. 

from  surface. 

1.600  ft. 
900  ft. 
850  ft. 
800  ft. 

78° 
65° 
65° 
62° 

1.75°  Fahr. 

Pulsif er  well 

1.66°  Fahr. 

Stockyards  well 

1.41°  Fahr. 

Sulphur  Water  House  Bathing  Co.  well 

1.50°  Fahr. 

MILLBRIG  SHEET  OF  THE  LEAD  AND  ZINC  DISTRICT 
OF  NORTHERN  ILLINOIS 

(By  U.  S.  Grant  and  M.  J.  Perdue.) 


Contents. 

Pagh 

Introduction 336 

Outline   of   the   geology 337 

Platteville    limestone 337 

Galena    dolomite 338 

Maquoketa    shale 339 

Ore  deposits 340 

Prospecting  . 340 

Explanation  of  the  map 341 

Topography     341 

Geology 343 


335 


336  YEAR  BOOK  FOR  I907.  [Bull.  No.  8 


Introduction. 

The  area  represented  in  this  detailed  map  contains  about  io^4  square 
miles,  situated  at  the  northern  edge  of  Jo  Daviess  county.  The  follow- 
ing sections  are  included  in  the  map:  Sections  15,  16,  17,  20,  22,  27, 
28,  29,  32,  33  and  34,  town  29  north,  range  1  east  of  the  fourth  prin- 
cipal meridian;  sections  13,  24,  25  and  36,  town  29  north,  range  1 
west  of  the  fourth  principal  meridian.  Of  the  first  group,  sections  15, 
16,  17,  20,  29  and  32,  and  of  the  second  group,  section  13,  are  fractional 
sections. 

This  area  is  a  part  of  the  Upper  Mississippi  valley  lead  and  zinc 
district,  which  has  long  been  a  producer  of  ores  of  these  two  metals. 
In  the  last  few  years  mining  and  prospecting  have  become  very  active 
in  this  district.  This  increased  activity  is  due  to  the  rise  in  price  of 
both  lead  and  zinc  and  to  the  appreciation  on  the  part  of  mining  men 
that  important  bodies  of  zinc  sulphide,  with  some  lead  sulphide,  exist 
below  the  level  of  ground  water.  The  earlier  mining  was  mainly  for 
lead  ore  and  was  chiefly  done  near  the  surface  and  above  the  level 
of  ground  water. 

The  general  geology  and  ore  deposits  of  this  district  have  been  dis- 
cussed in  a  number  of  publications,  of  which  the  following  are  some 
of  the  more  recent:* 

H.  F.  Bain:  Zinc  and  lead  deposits  of  Northwestern  Illinois:  U.  S.  Geologi- 
cal Survey,  Bulletin  No.  246,  56  pp.,  1905. 

U.  S.  Grant:  Report  on  the  lead  and  zinc  deposits  of  Wisconsin,  with  an 
atlas  of  detailed  maps;  Wisconsin  Geological  and  Natural  History  Survey, 
Bulletin  No.  14,  X  and  100  pp.,  26  pis.,  1906. 

H.  F.  Bain:  Lead  and  zinc  deposits  of  the  Upper  Mississippi  Valley;  U.  S. 
Geological  Survey,  Bulletin  No.  294,  xi  and  155  pp.,  16pls.,  1906. 

U.  S.  Grant  and  E.  F.  Burchard:  Description  of  the  Lancaster  and  Mineral 
Point  quadrangles;  U.  S.  Geological  Survey,  Geologic  Folio  No.  145.  14  pp., 
4  maps,  1907. 

This  map  of  a  small  part  of  the  lead  and  zinc  district  of  Illinois  is 
presented  with  the  hope  that  it  may  be  of  service  to  those  actually 
engaged  in  mining  and  prospecting  in  this  vicinity  and  that  it  may  also 
be  of  service  to  those  who  find  use  For  any  detailed  map.  This  map 
is  a  continuation  southward  of  similar  maps  made  in  Wisconsin.  Tt  is 
hoped  that  further  maps  in  Illinois  may  be  made  in  the  future. 

The  value  of  such  a  map  to  the  mining  man  depends  to  a  consid- 
erable extent  upon  the  information  available  when  the  map  was  made. 
This  map  contains  information  available  to  October.  1006.     Drilling 


•The   second  publication   here   listed   contains  n   bibliography   of   the   Hpper    Mi 
rtppl    Valley   lead   and   sine  district,   and   ma}    be  obtained    from    the   Director   01*  the 
Wisconsin  Geological  and   Natural   Histoid    Survey,  nl    Madison.     The  other  publications 
m:i  v  be  obtained  from  the  Director  of  the  v.  s.  Oeologlcal  Survey,  nl  Washington,  D.  C. 


Grant  and  Perdue.]  LEAD  AND  ZINC  IN  ILLINOIS.  337 

is  being  constantly  done  in  this  district,  and  the  data  from  such  drill- 
ing will  give  additional  information  as  to  the  position  of  the  base  of 
the  Galena  dolomite — an  important  horizon  in  mining.  The  Illinois 
Geological  Survey  earnestly  requests  that  any  information  of  this  sort 
— not  only  for  the  area  included  in  this  particular  map,  but  also  for 
the  adjoining  areas — be  sent  to  the  survey  at  Urbana,  Illinois. 

Only  a  brief  sketch  of  the  general  geology  and  are  deposits  is  here 
given.  Detailed  information  concerning  these  and  other  features  of 
the  district  may  be  found  by  consulting  the  publications  already  noted. 

Outline  of  the  Geology. 

The  geological  formations  represented  in  this  district  all  belong  to 
the  Ordovician  or  Lower  Silurian  system.  They  comprise  the  three 
following  divisions,  named  in  ascending  order:  Platteville  limestone, 
Galena  dolomite  and  Maquoketa  shale. 

The  lead  and  zinc  deposits  are  confined  to  the  Galena  dolomite  and 
to  the  uppermost  part  of  the  Platteville  limestone,  although  small 
amounts  of  lead  and  zinc  have  been  found  in  the  Maquoketa  shale. 

The  rocks  of  this  district  are  practically  horizontal.  There  are,  how- 
ever, exceptions  to  this  horizontally,  and  dips  of  a  few  degrees  may 
sometimes  be  seen.  Ordinarily,  however,  dips  of  these  rocks  are  meas- 
ured in  feet  per  mile,  rather  than  in  angles.  The  particular  horizon  of 
importance  in  mining,  and  that  upon  which  the  altitude  of  the  rocks 
is  usually  based,  is  the  bottom  of  the  Galena  dolomite  or  the  top  of 
the  Platteville  limestone.  This  horizon  is  represented  by  structural 
contour  lines  on  the  map. 

Platteville  limestone — This  formation  is  the  lowest  in  the  district 
and  outcrops  only  in  one  locality,  i.  e.,  along  the  Fever  river,  at  the 
southeast  corner  of  the  area  mapped.  It  comes  to  the  surface  here,  due 
to  a  small  anticline,  and  disappears  beneath  the  river  both  to  the  north 
and  to  the  south.  This  formation  has  been  struck  in  drill  holes,  but 
ordinarily  drilling  stops  at  the  top  of  the  Platteville  limestone.  Its 
exact  thickness  in. this  district  is  not  known  from  drillings.  A  few 
miles  to  the  north,  in  Wisconsin,  the  thickness  averages  about  fifty-five 
feet,  and  approximately  that  thickness  can  be  counted  upon  in  the 
district  here  mapped.  The  next  underlying  formation  is  the  St.  Peter 
sandstone,  which  carries  considerable  water. 

The  Platteville  limestone  may  be  divided  into  four  divisions,  as  fol- 
lows : 

Feet. 

4.     Limestone,  principally  in  thin  beds,  and  shale 10  to  15 

3.     Thin  bedded,  brittle,   fine-grained  limestone 15  to  25 

2.     Thick  bedded  magnesian  limestone  or  dolomite    15  to  25 

1.    Blue  shale,  sometimes  sandy   1  to     5 

In  this  district  the  uppermost  member,  i.  e.,  No.  4,  is  exposed,  and 
klso  the  upper  part  of  the  next  underlying  member.  This  upper 
member  consists  of  thin  beds  of  limestone  with  small  layers  of  shale, 
the  latter  being  sometimes  almost  lacking.     The  uppermost  layer  is 

—22  G  S 


338  YEAR  BOOK  FOR  I907.  [Bull.  No. 

frequently  a  blue  gray  shale  or  clay.  This  is  known  as  the  clay  bed, 
and  its  top  is  here  taken  as  the  line  separating  the  Platteville  limestone 
and  the  Galena  dolomite.  It  is  a  horizon  which  is  ordinarily  easily 
recognized  in  drilling.  While  there  are  other  shale  beds,  both  in  the 
Platteville  and  at  times  in  the  Galena,  still  this  particular  shale  is 
associated,  frequently  above  and  always  below,  with  layers  of  thin, 
glassrock  like  limestone  and  so  can  be  recognized  in  drilling.  Moren 
over,  this  shale,  or  clay  bed,  lies  just  below  the  oil  rock  beds  of  the 
base  of  the  Galena  dolomite. 

The  glassrock,  or  what  is  known  as  the  true  glassrock  of  the  leac 
and  zinc  district,  is  part  of  this  upper  member  of  the  Platteville  lime- 
stone, and  consists  of  a  dense,  very  fine  grained,  .hard,  conchoidally 
breaking  limestone  which  rings  when  struck  with  the  hammer.  It  is 
light  chocolate  color  when  fresh  and  weathers  rapidly  to  a  white  or; 
light  gray.  The  typical  beds  of  glassrock  are  from  3  to  8  inches  in] 
thickness,  and  they  are  separated  by  thin  partings  of  chocolate  colored 
shale  or  oilrock.  The  lower  beds  at  times  have  a  peculiar  mottled  ap- 
pearance. Together  these  beds  of  typical  glassrock  vary  from  about 
18  inches  to  4  feet  in  thickness,  and  form  what  is  called  in  the  district 
the  main  glass  layer.  Exposures  of  this  glassrock  are  seen  at  the  ruins 
of  the  old  mill  in  the  southwest  quarter  of  Sec.  34,  T.  29  N.,  R.  1  E. 

The   upper  part  of   the   Platteville   limestone   is   frequently   highly! 
fossiliferous,  containing  abundant  remains  of  various  kinds  of  animal 
life.     One  bivalve  shell  is  quite  common,  and  is  characteristic  of  this  I 
horizon,     It  occurs  just  above  the  main  glassrock  beds  and  below,  or 
even   included  in,  the  layer  of  shale  which  makes  the  limit  of  this  | 
formation.     This  fossil  is  a  brachiopod,  known  as  Orthis  subacqiiataA 

Gaena  dolomite — This  is  the  main  formation  of  the  district,  both  inj 
thickness,  number  of  outcrops,  and  economic  importance,  for  it  carries 
the  chief  ore  deposits.     It  averages  about  235   feet  in  thickness,  al- 1 
though  the  thickness  varies  within  the  limits  of  this  sheet  from  220  to  I 
260  feet,  the  maximum  thickness  being  reached  in  the  northwest  part 
of  the  sheet.    The  variation  in  thickness  is  possibly  due  to  the  unequal 
erosion  of  the  upper  part  of  this  formation  before  the  deposition  of  J 
the  overlying  Maquoketa  shale  ;  or,  in  some  cases  the  apparent  vari-l 
ation  in  thickness  may  be  due  to  the  lack  of  information  as  to  the  exact! 
position  of  the  top  of  the  formation.     Outcrops  in  such  cases  are  not! 
common,  and  the  definite  base  of  the  Maquoketa  is  not  always  easy  to 
locate. 

The  Galena  formation  is  essentially  a  coarse-grained,  granular,, 
crystalline,  porus  dolomite  which  weathers  into  exceedingly  rough,  pit- 
ted and  irregular  forms.  Not  infrequently  the  rock  breaks  down  in 
a  coarse  dolomitic  sand. 

This  formation  may  be  divided  into  the  following  divisions: 

Feet. 

5.     Dolomite,    earthy   and    tliin-bedded    30 

4.     Dolomite,    coarse-grained,    thick-bedded,    with    a    little    flint 60 

:>>.    Dolomite,  coarse  grained,  thick-bedded,  with  much  flint 00 

2.    Dolomite,  thick  lo  thin-bedded,  coarse  to  fine  grained,  the  lower  L6 

feel  locally  a  Limestone  50 

i.  Thin-bedded,  fine-grained  limestone  and  bluish  shale  Interbedded 
wiiii  thin  seams  and  usually  one  or  more  layers  of  chocolate 
colored  carbonaceous  shale  or  oilrock  2  to  10 


Grant  and  Perdue.]  LEAD  AND  ZINC  IN  ILLINOIS.  339 

This  lower  member  is  commonly  not  well  exposed,  and  as  a  rule  the 
amount  of  carbonaceous  material  here  is  not  so  abundant  as  farther 
north  in  Wisconsin.  The  base  of  No.  I  is  regarded  as  the  horizon  of 
the  true  oilrock,  which  is  a  thin  bedded,  soft,  carbonaceous  shale, 
usually  chocolate  to  black  in  color.  In  the  Wisconsin  district  this 
bed  of  oil  rock  is  from  a  foot  to  4  or  5  feet  in  thickness  and  is  a  very 
marked  horizon.  In  the  district  here  mapped,  however,  as  far  as  drill 
records  seem  to  show,  and  as  far  as  the  exposures  go,  the  oilrock  is 
not  a  sharply  marked  horizon.  But  there  is  at  the  base  of  the  Galena 
a  thickness  of  a  few  feet  of  shale  and  limestone  mixed  in  with  small 
seams  of  this  carbonaceous  shale  or  oilrock. 

The  second  division  of  the  Galena  is  the  one  in  which  most  of  the 
ore  occurs.  In  the  main  it  is  a  coarse-grained  dolomite  free  from 
flints.  The  lower  few  feet  are,  however,  at  times  non-dolomitic  and 
fine-grained  and  glassrock-like  in  character,  and  sometimes  interbedded 
with  thin  beds  of  shale  which  is  quite  fossiliferous.  An  exposure  of 
this  member  of  the  Galena  may  be  seen  at  an  old  quarry  on  the  west 
side  of  the  Chicago  and  Northwestern  Railway  in  the  east  half  of 
Sec.  34,  T.  29  N.,  R.  1  E. 

The  other  members  of  the  Galena  limestone — especially  the  upper 
member — are  not  very  well  exposed  in  this  district. 

The  Galena  as  a  whole  is  rather  free  from  fossils,  but  there  are  two 
horizons  which  are  marked  by  a  peculiar  fossil  known  as  the  lead 
fossil  or  the  sunflower  coral — Receptaculites  oweni.  These  occur  more 
or  less  scattered  through  the  formation,  but  are  especially  abundant  at 
two  horizons;  first,  at  the  top  of  the  second  member  of  the  Galena 
formation,  where  they  occur  closely  associated  with  the  beginnings  of 
the  flints ;  and  second,  at  another  horizon  at  the  top  of  No.  3  of  these 
divisions  of  the  Galena.  In  this  upper  horizon  these  fossils  are  more 
abundant  than  at  the  lower. 

Moquoketa  shale — This  formation  is  not  well  exposed  anywhere 
within  the  area  of  this  map.  It  occurs  on  the  higher  ground  along  the 
turnpike  running  from  Galena,  Illinois  to  Hazel  Green,  Wisconsin, 
and  runs  out  on  the  hills  both  east  and  west  of  this  turnpike.  The 
thickness  of  this  formation  in  the  Upper  Mississippi  Valley  lead  and 
zinc  district  is  about  200  feet,  but  within  the  area  here  mapped  the 
greatest  thickness  does  not  reach  half  of  that  amount,  the  upper  part 
of  the  formation  having  been  removed  by  erosion. 

The  Maquoketa  consists  essentially  of  bluish  and  greenish  shales, 
mingled  with  some  thin  beds  of  earthy  limestone.  The  very  base  is 
ia  layer,  one  to  three  feet  in  thickness,  of  shales  which  contain  an 
abundance  of  small  fossil  bivalves.  These  fossil  shells  (Ctenodonta 
fecunda  and  Clidophorus  neglectus)  resist  weathering  much  more 
strongly  than  does  the  material  which  encloses  them,  and  consequently 
'they  remain  after  the  rest  of  the  rock  is  decaved.  It  is  by  means  of 
i  these  peculiar  fossils,  which  occur  along  gulleys  or  along  the  sides 
lof  roads,  that  the  base  of  this  formation  is  commonly  located.  Drilling 
ithrough  this  formation  does  not  seem  to  have  been  undertaken  in  this 
area. 


340  YEAR  BOOK  FOR  I907.  [Bull.  No.  8 

Ore  deposits. 

The  ores  of  this  district  are  those  of  lead  and  of  zinc.  The  original: 
ore  minerals  are  lead  sulphide  (galena)  and  zinc  sulphide  (sphalerite)  ; 
with  these  are  varying  amounts  of  iron  sulphide  (usually  marcasite) 
Above  the  level  of  ground  water  the  galena  has  been  very  slightly 
altered,  showing  a  little  change  on  the  surface  to  lead  carbonate,  while 
the  sphalerite  has  almost  completely  altered  to  a  carbonate  of  zinc, 
known  as  dry  bone  or  smithsonite,  The  earlier  mining  in  this  district 
was  done  mainly  above  the  level  of  ground  water,  and  the  ores  were 
galena  and  smithsonite.  The  mining  of  to-day  and  the  future  will  be 
largely  below  the  level  of  ground  water,  and  the  ore  materials  are  the 
original  metallic  sulphides — galena,  sphalerite  and  marcasite. 

The  ore  deposits  occur  in  several  forms,  which  may  be  grouped  un- 
der the  headings  of  (i)  crevice  deposits,  and  (2)  disseminated  de- 
posits. Crevice  deposits  are  the  common  ones,  and  they  take  the  form 
of  vertical  fissures  and  at  other  times  of  horizontal  and  inclined  fis- 
sures, these  latter  giving  rise  to  the  common  deposits  known  as  flats j 
and  pitches,  for  which  the  district  is  famous.  In  these  crevice  deposits  ; 
the  ore  is  frequently  arranged  in  layers,  from  the  wall  rock  out.  in 
this  order ;  first,  marcasite ;  second,  sphalerite,  with  a  little  galena ; 
third,  galena  in  large  crystals.  This  third  layer  is  usually  lacking  in 
the  deeper  parts  of  the  mines  some  distance  below  the  level  of  ground 
water.  The  disseminated  ores  occur  mainly  near  the  base  of  the  Galena 
formation,  and  are  simply  beds  of  limestone  or  shale  which  have  been 
more  or  less  thoroughly  impregnated  with  the  metallic  sulphides. 

The  ores  occur  essentially  in  the  Galena  formation  and  the  very 
upper  part  of  the  Platteville.  In  general  the  vertical  crevices  occur 
in  the  upper  half  of  the  Galena  dolomite,  while  the  flats  and  pitches, 
which  form,  the  main  ore  horizons  of  the  district,  are  in  the  lower  half, 
or  more  usually  in  the  lower  quarter  of  the  Galena  formation.  The 
disseminated  ore  occurs  near  the  base  of  the  Galena  formation  and 
also  in  the  upper  part  of  the  Platteville,  although  within  the  immediate' 
district  of  this  map  no  deposits  in  the  Platteville  seem  to  have  been 
reported.  They  do  occur,  however,  a  short  distance  to  the  north  in 
Wisconsin. 

Prospecting — A  few  suggestions  may  be  offered  which  it  is  hoped 
will  prove  of  use  to  those  engaged  in  prospecting  for  ore  deposit-  in 
this  district.  At  the  present  time  it  might  be  said  that  most  any  piece 
of  land  in  the  lead  and  zinc  district  is  a  feasible  place  for  prospecting^ 
for  ore  deposits.  That  ore  deposits,  however,  will  be  found  in  every 
such  piece  of  land  is  highly  improbable.  From  the  past  history  of 
mining  in  the  district  and  from  our  present  knowledge  of  the  structures 
the  origin  and  the  relation  of  the  ore  deposits,  three  rather  definite 
rules  for  prospecting  can  be  formulated. 

First.     In  the  present   state  of  development   it   is  always  wise  .fl 
selecl   for  prospecting  land  which  has  in  former  years  furnished  con- 
siderable lead,  or  lead  and  zinc,  ore  above  the  level  of  ground  water. 
Such  districts  can  be  recognized  usualh   by  the  character  of  the  sur- 
face, which  has  been  more  or  less  completely  honeycombed  with  old 


Geant  and  Perdue.]  LEAD  AND  ZINC  IN  ILLINOIS.  341 

workings.  Whil,e  it  is  not  possible  to  say  that  deeper  ore  deposits 
will  be  found  only,  or  always,  below  these  higher  deposits  of  altered 
ores,  it  still  is  an  almost  universal  rule  that  the  deep  deposits  which 
are  being  worked  today  underlay  deposits  which  were  worked  in 
years  gone  by. 

Second.  As  the  principal  ores  of  the  district,  which  are  at  present 
being  mined,  or  which  will  be  mined  in  the  future,  are  the  original 
metalic  sulphides,  these  must  be  searched  for  below  the  ground  water 
level.  It  is  therefore  wise  to  select  land  in  which  there  is  considerable 
thickness — 30  to  50  feet — of  the,  Galena  limestone  below  the  level  of 
ground  water.  In  the  district  which  is  here  mapped^  howjever,  practi- 
cally all  of  the  land,  except  that  immediately  adjacent  to  the  outcrop 
of  the  Platteville  limestone,  it  is  so  situated. 

Third.  The  best  ore  deposits  are  known  to  occur  in  synclinal  basins, 
either  at  the  bottom  or  along  the  sides  of  such  basins.  It  is  wise,  then, 
to  select  an  area  which  has  this  peculiar  synclinal  structure.  If  below 
any  particular  synclinal  there  is  a  considerable  thickness  of  oil  rock, 
then  the  chances  here  are  still  better,  for  the  oil  rock  seems  to  have 
played  an  important  part  in  the  formation  of  these  basins  as  well  as 
an  important  part  in  the  formation  of  the  crevices  and  in  the  precip- 
itation of  the  ores.  The  structural  contour  lines  on  the  map  show 
the  relations  of  these  synclinal  basins.  One  of  the  most  marked  runs 
approximately  east  and  west  through  the  centers  of  Sections  21  and 
22,  T.  29  N.,  R.  1  E.  Just  to  the  south  of  this  is  a  slight  anticline, 
and  then  still  farther  south  is  a  broad  synclinal  basin  occupying  most 
of  the  northern  half  of  Sections  27,  28,and  29,  T.  29  N.,  R.  1  E.,  and 
Sec.  25,  T.  29  N.,  R.  1  W.  It  will  be  noted  that  practically  all  the  old 
workings  and  the  present  workings  are  along  either  one  of  the  syn- 
clinal basins  already  mentioned.  Workings  also  occur  along  the 
northern  slope  of  the  first  mentioned  synclinal  basin,  and  ore  deposits 
may  also  occur  in  minor  synclines  which  the  map  does  not  show  be- 
cause of  lack  of  detailed  information.  Another  synclinal  basin,  thus 
far  little  worked,  is  that  which  is  shown  on  the  map  as  running  east 
and  west  through  the  north  half  of  Sections  32,  33  and  34,  T.  21  N., 
R.  1  E. 

Explanation  of  the  Map. 

The  detailed  map  (folded  in  pocket)  which  is  here  presented,  shows 

'  various  features  which  may  be  grouped  under  the  headings  of  topo- 

sgraphy  and   geology.     Explanations   of  the   method   of   representing 

J  these  features  on  the  map  are  here  given. 

Topography — The  topographic  features  shown  on  the  map  may  be 
grouped  into  three  classes,  as  follows:  (1)  water,  including  streams, 
ponds,  springs,  ete. ;  these  are  shown  in  blue;  (2)  features  of  an  arti- 

l  ficial  nature,  such  as  roads,  railroads,  villages,  mines,  prospects,  etc. ; 

I  these  are  shown  in  black;   (3)   elevations  and  inequalities  of  the  sur- 

:  face ;  features  of  this  character  are  shown  in  brown. 

I  All  elevations  are  referred  to  mean  sea  level.  Series  of  level  lines 
were  run  along  the  principal  roads,  and  the  heights  of  many  points, 
especially  road  intersections,  were  thus  accurately  determined.     These 


342 


YEAR  BOOK  FOR  I907. 


[Bull.  No.  8 


points  are  known  as  temporary  bench  marks  and  are  commonly  indi- 
cated by  blazes  on  fence  posts  or  telephone  poles.  Such  bench  marks 
are  shown  on  the  map  by  small  black  crosses  followed  by  brown 
figures  showing"  the  elevations  above  sea  level. 

From  the  data  obtained  by  leveling,  supplemented  by  the  use  of  the 
aneroid  barometer,  a  series  of  contour  lines  were  drawn.  Such  lines 
connect  points  of  equal  elevation  above  sea  level  and  are  drawn  at 
regular  vertical  intervals.  On  this  map  the  contour  interval  is  ten 
feet,  and  the  50  and  100-foot  lines  are  made  heavier  and  numbered. 
By  means  of  such  contour  lines  the  form  of  the  surface  of  the  land 
and  the  steepness  of  slopes,  as  well  as  the  elevation  of  the  surface,  is 
shown.  This  may  become  more  evident  by  consulting  a  sketch  (figure 
31)  of  an  ideal  landscape,  which  represents  the  sea  in  the  foreground 


Pig.  31. 


Sketch  of  an  ideal  landscape.     Reproduced  by  permission  of  the  Director  of 
the  U.  S.  Geological  Survey. 


and  a  river  coming  into  the  sea.  The  immediate  river  valley  is  flat- 
bottomed  and  is  bounded  on  each  side  by  steep  slopes,  above  which 
the  land  rises  quite  gradually  on  the  east,  while  on  the  west  there  is 
an  almost  precipitous  rise  to  the  top  of  a  hill.  The  western  side  of  this 
hill  has  a  gentle  slope.  Figure  A  of  plate  23  shows  a  model,  viewed 
directly  from  above,  of  the  same  landscape,  and  on  this  model  lines 
have  been  drawn  connecting  points  of  equal  elevation.  In  figure  B  of 
plate  23  the  above  lines  are  shown  alone ;  this  figure  is  a  contour 
map  (contour  interval  here  is  20  feet)  of  the  district  shown  in  the 
ideal  landscape  (figure  31)  and  in  the  model  (figure  A  of  plate  23) 
of  this  landscape.  Where  slopes  are  steep,  as  on  the  west  side  of  the 
river  valley,  the  contour  lines  are  close  together ;  and  where  slopes 
are  more  gradual,  as  east  of  the  river,  the  contour  lines  are  farther 
apart,  and  are  equally  spaced  if  the  slope  is  uniform. 

To  refer  definitely  to  soiree  point  on  the  map,  take  the  junction  of 
the  roads  near  the  southwest  corner  of  Section  33,  T.  2Q  N.,  R.  t  E. 
Here  there  is  a  temporary  bench  mark,  shown  by  a  black  cross,  the 
elevation  of  the  bench  mark-  being  882.44  feet  above  sea  level.  The 
elevation  of  the  ground  al  this  poinl  is  something  more  than  880 
but  less  than  890  fed.  Going  wesl  along  the  road  from  this 
junction,  the  ground  is  very  level  and  il  continues  so  with  slight  inter- 


State  Geological  Survey. 


Bull.   No.  8,  PL   23. 


a.     Model  of  Ideal  Landscape. 


&..   Topographic  Map  of  Ideal  Landscape. 


Geant  and  Perdue.]  LEAD  AND  ZINC  IN  ILLINOIS.  343 

ruptions  through  the  next  section  to  the  west.  The  highest  point 
reached  by  the  road  in  this  latter  section  is  near  the  djenter  of  the 
section  where  it  goes  somewhat  above  890  feet.  Returning  again  to 
the  same  road  junction  as  above,  and  going  north,  it  is  seen  that  the 
road  descends  rather  gradually  for  about  one-half  mile  and  then,  m 
a  distance  of  less  than  one-fourth  mile,  it  descends  over  100  feet  into 
the  valley  of  the  stream  which  enters  the  Fever  river  just  west  of 
Millbrig. 

Geology — The  rock  formations  which  outcrop  in  this  district  are 
three  in  number  and  the  areas  in  which  each  formation  actually  comes 
to  the  surface,  or  immediately  underlies  the  soil  and  decayed  material 
of  the  surface,  are  shown  by  appropriate  color  symbols.  The  Maquo- 
keta  shale,  the  most  recent  of  the  formations  in  this  district,  occupies 
only  the  higher  portions  of  the  area.  The  main  part  of  the  area,  and 
especially  the  valley  slopes,  are  occupied  by  the  next  underlying  form- 
ation, the  Galena  dolomite.  The  lowest  formation,  the  Platteville 
limestone,  occurs  only  near  the  southeast  corner  of  the  map.  The 
boundaries  between  these  formations  are  indicated  by  dotted  black 
lines. 

In  addition  to  the  distribution  of  these  formations,  the  geological 
map  shows  the  altitude  and  attitude  of  the  base  of  the  Galena  dolomite 
by  means  of  a  series  of  structural  contour  lines  (green  in  color.)  The 
arrows  on  these  green  lines  indicate  the  direction  of  the  dip  of  the 
rocks. 

Starting  at  the  Wisconsin  State  line  in  Section  16,  T.  29  N.,  R.  1  E., 
and  going  southward,  a  green  line,  marked  660,  is  soon  crossed.  This 
line  indicates  that  the  bottom  of  the  Galena  dolomite  is  here  660  feet 
above  the  sea  level.  The  arrows  show  that  the  rocks  are  dipping  to- 
ward the  south.  On  continuing  southward  past  the  Unity  Mine  the 
base  of  the  Galena  dolomite  continues  to  descend  until,  near  the  center 
of  Section  21,  T.  29  N.,  R.  1  E.,  it  is  something  less  than  630  feet  above 
sea  level  and  then  descends  again  at  the  south  edge  of  this  section  to 
less  than  620  feet. 

By  means  of  the  contour  lines  (shown  in  brown)  and  the  structural 
contour  lines  (shown  in  green)  it  is  possible  to  determine  how  far 
it  will  be  necessary  to_  drill  at  any  particular  point  to  strike  the  base 
of  the  Galena  dolomite.  For  instance,  in  the  bottom  of  the  valley  inv 
mediately  north  of  the  center  of  Section  21,  T.  29  N.,  R.  1  E.,  the  con- 
tour lines  show  that  the  bed  of  the  stream  is  approximately  745  feet 
abov  sea  level,  while  the  structural  contour  lines  show  that  the  base 
of  the  Galena  dolomite  is  here  a  little  less  than  630  feet  above  sea 
level,  or  approximately  627  feet.  The  difference  between  these  two 
figures  (i.  e.  745  and  627  feet),  or  118  feet,  will  give  the  approximate 
depth  to  the  base  of  the  Galena  dolomite  at  this  particular  point. 


CONCRETE    MATERIALS  PRODUCED  IN  THE 
CHICAGO  DISTRICT* 

(By  Eenest  P.  Buechard.) 


Introduction. 

In  connection  with  laboratory  studies  of  the  structural  materials  of 
the  United  States  at  the  structural-materials  laboratories  of  the  United 
States  Geological  Survey  in  St.  Louis,  the  writer  spent  several  weeks 
in  Chicago  and  vicinity,  in  the  summer  of  1906,  obtaining  representa- 
tive samples  of  concrete  materials.  The  location,  extent,  and  geo- 
logical relations  of  the  deposits  sampled  were  noted,  so  as  to  supplement 
the  experimental  data  obtained,  and  a  general  familiarity  with  the 
processes  of  preparation  of  material  was  gained.  When  the  more  im- 
portant laboratory  work  on  the  concrete  materials  of  this  district  shall 
have  been  completed  a  separate  bulletin  on  the  subject  will  probably 
be  published.  The  present  paper  consists  mainly  of  abstracts  from 
the  text  of  the  proposed  bulletin. 

The  term  Chicago  district  as  used  in  this  paper  is  applied  to  the  area 
in  northeastern  Illinois  and  southeastern  Wisconsin  in  which  concrete 
materials  are  produced  principally  for  the  Chicago  market.  The  main 
portion  of  the  district  is  bounded  rather  definitely  on  the  east  by  the 
Illinois-Indiana  state  line;  on  the  south  by  an  east-west  line  passing 
about  seven  miles  south  of  Joliet ;  on  the  west  by  the  west  line  of  Kane 
and  Kendall  counties,  and  on  the  north  by  an  east-west  line  passing  just 
north  of  Lake  Geneva,  Wis.  The  area  thus  embraced  is  a  quadri- 
lateral 80  miles  from  north  to  south  and  55  miles  from  east  to  west. 
About  500  square  miles  of  this  quadrilateral  lies  in  Lake  Michigan,  so 
that  there  remains  as  land  area  about  3,900  square  miles.  (See  fig.  32.) 
Councrete  materials  used  principally  in  the  Chicago  market  are  pro- 
duced also  at  three  places  beyond  the  area  thus  outlined,  viz,  Kan- 
kakee, 111.,  and  Beloit  and  Janesville,  Wis.  In  a  city  having  more 
than  2.000,000  inhabitants  it  is  to>  be  expected  that  a  great  deal  of 
structural  material  such  as  dimension  stone,  granite  blocks,  clay  for 
bricks,  tile,  an  terra  cotta,  as  well  as  limestone,  sand,  and  gravel  for 
concrete  purposes  should  be  brought  from  considerable  distances. 
The  significant  fact  has  been  brought  out,  however,  during  a  brief  study 
of  the  field,  that  Chicago  and  her  environs,  included  within  the  area 
described  above,  produce  practically  all  the  concrete  material  that  is 


*From  U.  S.  Geo1.  Survey,  Bull.  340.  Reprinted  by  permission,  with  the  addition 
of  data  on  tests  furnished  by  the  Testing  Division  of  the  Bureau  of  Engraving,  of 
the  City  of  Chicago. 

345 


YEAR  BOOK  FOR  I907. 


[Bull.  No.  8 


SSSK5SSB  ISSSSf 


I     I""  I      m 


nol  quarried  at  present 


Stem 


0wv*h *nd*,,t"  Bton.qu.rr,        Grave) pit, crush.*,  <;,,,,  ;mi, 

■ndcruthar  andwaaher  Band  pump  Uo 

''":   ""     "'"'  '"'  ",;,i"  l,nV,]:i!y;!uVTt[v'T  u,r"  Chlcaf°  derl™  c<»cr<*«  material,, 
I B  rom  u.  4    1  Survej  1 


Buechard.]  CONCRETE    MATERIALS   AT    CHICAGO.  347 

used  locally,  besides  nearly  all  the  ordinary  dimension  stone  and 
common  clays.  The  granite,  marbles,  and  finer  grades  of  dimension 
stones,  flagging,  curbing,  and  fire  clays  are  brought  from  various  out- 
side states.  The  granite  areas  near  Green  Lake,  Wis.,  the  limestone 
area  near  Bedford,  Ind.,  the  sandstone  area  near  Berea,  Ohio,  and 
the  clay  mines  of  Illinois,  Indiana  and  Ohio,  are  all  important  con- 
tributors to  Chicago  construction  work. 

The  importance  to  Chicago  of  a  near-by  and  adequate  supply  of  raw 
materials  for  concrete  purposes  is  very  great,  especially  as  concrete 
construction  in  its  various  forms  is  at  present  making  more  rapid  ad- 
vances than  any  other  type  of  such  work. 

Constituent  Materials. 

varieties. 

The  concrete  materials  produced  in  the  Chicago  district  consist,  in 
the  order  of  quantities  produced,  of  crushed  magnesian  limestone; 
sand,  gravel,  part  of  which  is  crushed;  and  Portland  and  natural 
cements.  The  crushed  stone  constituent  closely  approximates  dolo- 
mite in  composition,  and  is  derived  from  the  Niagara  formation,  which 
underlies  the  entire  district ;  either  outcropping  at  the  surface  or  lying 
below  thicknesses  of  glacial  drift  ranging  from  a  few  feet  to  125  feet. 
The  sand  and  gravel  are  derived  from  three  types  of  material — (a)  gla- 
cial drift  and  outwash  from  the  drift  sheet,  (b)  shore  deposits  of  the 
present  Lake  Michigan,  and  (c)  deposits  on  old  beaches  of  the  former 
extended  glacial  lake.  Cements,  though  manufactured  at  Chicago, 
are  not  strictly  of  local  materials,  the  limestone  that  enters  into  their 
composition  being  brought  from  Fairmount,  a  point  in  east-central 
Illinois  about  100  miles  south  of  the  district  as  defined  in  this  paper. 

VALUE. 

It  has  proved  difficult  to  ascertain  exactly  the  value  of  the  various 
materials  produced  in  the  Chicago  district  that  are  used  in  concrete 
work,  for  the  reason  that  in  making  returns  producers  are  not  always 
able  to  state  definitely  the  uses  to  which  the  whole  of  their  output  of 
broken  stone  is  put.  However,  if  we  consider  as  concrete  material 
all  the  crushed  stone  produced,  except  that  sold  for  flux  and  for  lime 
burning,  the  approximate  value  of  this  material  produced  in  the  dis- 
trist  in  1906  was  nearly  $2,000,000.  The  value  of  sand  produced 
during  the  same  period  was  $205,500,  and  that  of  the  gravel  was 
$198,034.  The  total  value  of  these  concrete  materials  was  therefore 
a  little  less  than  $2,500,000.  Returns  for  1907  are  not  yet  avaiable, 
but  it  is  likely  that  the  figures  for  that  year  will  not  exceed  those  of 

1906,  as   general  building   operations   were   greatly   curtailed   during 

1907.  The  extensive  construction  work  at  the  new  town  of  Gary, 
Ind.,  being  built  by  the  United  States  Steel  Corporation,  probably 
offset  in  part  at  least  the  general  inactivity  in  Chicago,  the  stone  for 
Gary  being  almost  wholly  derived  from  the  Chicago  district. 


34-8  YEAR  BOOK  FOR  -1 967.  [Bull.  No.  8 

Detailed  Description  of  Materials. 

niagara  limestone. 

Character  and  Distribution. 

The  Niagara  limestone  of  the  Silurian  system  underlies  all  but  the 
southwest  corner  of  the  district.  It  consists  mainly  of  highly  mag- 
nesian  limestone,  but  contains  some  shale  near  the  base.  Under 
probably  nine-tenths  of  the  area  the  rock  is  covered  by  glacial  drift 
and  recent  soil  and  alluvium,  the  total  thickness  of  which,  in  places, 
is  as  great  as  125  feet,  although  generally  it  ranges  between  30  and 
80  feet.  The  exposures  of  Niagara  rock  are  mostly  in  the  southeastern 
quarter  of  the  district  as  defined  in  this  paper,  and  they  are  due  (a) 
to  irregularities  in  the  bed-rock  surface,  (b)  to  stream  erosion,  or  to 
a  combination  of  these  two  causes.  The  preglacial  surface  or  bed- 
rock topography  was  undulating  as  compared  with  the  present  flat 
plain  upon  which  Chicago  stands,  and  the  ancient  hills  of  limestone 
are  consequently  buried  by  a  less  thickness  of  drift  than  the  valleys — 
in  fact,  in  several  places  these  limestone  hills  reach  the  present  surface. 

Within  the  city  limits  of  Chicago  there  are  ten  or  more  places  where 
the  limestone  either  is  exposed  in  a  small  area  or  else  has  been  found 
to  be  so  thinly  covered  by  drift  that  stripping  and  quarrying  are  prac- 
ticable. West  southwest,  and  south  of  the  city  there  are  25  or  more 
small,  isolated  exposures,  at  most  of  which  quarrying  is  now  or  has 
been  carried  on. 

The  main  outcrop  area  in  the  district  extends  along  the  valley  of 
Desplaines  river  from  Sag  Bridge  to  a  point  ten  miles  below  Joliet. 
Here  the  rock  forms  the  valley  floor,  overlain  in  places  by  a  few  feet 
of  alluvium  or  by  outwash  sand  and  gravel,  and  in  places  it  rises  30 
to  50  feet  in  the  bluffs.  A  few  exposures  occur  also  along  other 
streams  within  the  district,  such  as  Salt  creek  near  LaGrange,  DuPage 
river  near  Naperville,  and  Fox  river  at  Batavia,  St.  Charles,  and 
South  Elgin.     (See  map,  fig.  32.) 

The  total  thickness  of  the  Niagara  formation  in  the  district  ranges 
from  250  to  more  than  400  feet,  and  it  is  probable  that  the  original 
thickness  was  greater  than  this,  because  there  was  opporunity  for 
preglacial  erosion  of  beds  lying  above  the  present  surface. 

The  character  of  the  rock  at  the  various  outcrops  and  quarries 
within  the  area  covered  by  the  Chicago  geologic  folio  is  described  in 
that  folio  by  William  C.  Alden.*  Since  the  folio  was  published  im- 
portant new  quarries  have  been  opened  within  that  area,  particularly 
at  Gary,  LaGrange  and  McCook. 

Just  southeast  of  LaGrange,  on  the  northeast  side  <>\  the  Chicago 
Junction  railway,  are  the  quarries  of  the  Federal  Stone  Company  and 
the  LaGrange  Stone  Company,  both  of  which  have  been  opened  within 
the  last  two  or  three  yeas,  and  are  about  20  feet  deep.  The  strata  do 
not  outcrop  at  tins  place,  although  they  approach  within  a  foot  or  two 
of  the  surface,  where  the  cover  is  thinnest.     The  surface  ^\  the  rock 


•Description  of  the  Chicago  dlstrlcl  :  Geologic  A.tlaa  1     B.  folio  si.  v.  s.  Qeol  M 

\r\,      r 


BURCHARD.]  CONCRETE    MATERIALS   AT    CHICAGO.  349 

is  uneven,  and  a  short  distance  to  the  east  and  northeast  the  cover 
becomes  too  thick  for  stripping.  The  rock  has  generally  a  slight  dip 
to  the  southeast,  but  in  places  dips  as  steep  as  20°  were  noted.  The 
top  rock  is  rather  thin  bedded,  and  generally  is  oxidized  to  a  buff 
color  two  to  ten  feet  below  the  surface,  but  is  fairly  white  below  the 
oxidized  zone.  The  composition  of  the  rock  is  shown  by  analyses  four 
and  five  on  page  355. 

A  new  quarry  was  being  opened  near  McCook  in  the  summer  of  1907 
by  the  United  States  Crushed  Stone  Company.  The  stripping  is  thin 
and  when  removed  discloses  beds  that  are  much  fractured  and 
weathered  to  a  light  buff  color  the  full  length  of  the  opening,  about  15 
feet.  Work  is  being  pushed  at  this  quarry,  the  excavation  being 
facilitated  by  use  of  a  steam  shovel.  Clay  pockets  are  encountered 
in  places  in  the  limestone.  The  product  is  crushed  and  sold  at  present 
mainly  for  fluxing  material.  The  average  analysis  (No.  7,  p.  355) 
indicates  the  composition  of  the  rock,  and  illustrates  the  fact  that, 
although  the  material  may  be  uniformly  of  a  buff  color,  rather  than 
white,  it  is  quite  as  free  from  impurities  as  the  unoxidized  beds  found 
at  greater  depths. 

From  the  analysis  which  is  submitted  by  the  stone  producers  the 
rock  is  seen  to  be  a  fairly  pure  magnesian  limestone,  closely  approxi- 
mating the  composition  of  dolomite,  and  therefore  highly  desirable 
for  fluxing  purposes.  On  account  of  its  buff  color  its  value  should 
not  be  less  for  concrete  material,  except  where  a  very  light  colored 
stone  is  required  for  exposed  construction.  After  the  quarry  reaches 
greater  depth  the  lighter  colored  stone  will  be  found. 

At  Gary,  southwest  of  McCook,  is  the  new  quarry  of  Dolese  & 
Shepard.  In  August,  1907,  this  opening  comprised  about  15  acres 
and  showed  a  section  about  as  follows : 

Section  of  Niagara  Limestone  at  Dolese  &  Shepard  Quarry,  Gary,  III. 

Soil   and   drift    6  inches  to  4  feet 

Magnesian     limestone,     buff     colored,     slightly     stained     and 

weathered  into  thin  strata   4  to  10  feet 

Magnesian  limestone,  light  grayish  blue,  ranging  from  fine 
grained  and  dense  to  fairly  porous;  the  beds  are  thicker 
than  the  surface  rock,  reaching  a  thickness  in  places  of  15 
inches;  a  few  clay  seams  are  present  where  the  bedding 
planes  are  irregular  and  in  joint  planes;  fossils  are  abun- 
dant    27  to  30  feet 

The  rock  lies  almost  horizontal,  and  is  cut  by  two  sets  of  joints 
nearly  at  right  angles  to  each  other  and  ex-tending  northeast-south- 
west and  northwest-southeast.  In  the  section  are  three  or  four 
bands  of  ligh  pinkish-gray  porous  rock,  7  to  12  inches  thick,  that  can 
be  traced  halfway  round  the  opening  or  farther,  and  such  rock  is 
found  to  make  the  most  excellent  lime.  Crushed  stone,  rubble,  and 
flux  are  the  principal  products  here,  and  lime  is  soon  to  be  burned. 

The  composition  of  the  rock  at  Gary  is  shown  by  analysis  No.  8, 
page  355,  which  represents  an  average  of  27  analyses,  one  being  made 
each  week  throughout  the  last  half  of  1903,  a  total  of  811  carloads 
having  been  sampled. 


350  YEAR  BOOK  FOR  I907.  [Bull.  No.  8 

The  following  section  represents  a  quarry  at  Lemont: 

Section  of  Quarry  of  Western  Stone  Company,  Lemont. 

Ft.     In. 

Soil    1         6 

Magnesian    limestone,    thin    bedded,    cherty 

Magnesian    limestone,    in   beds   about   1    foot   thick;    contains    some 

chert  nodules    3 

Magnesian  limestone,  similar  to  above,  but  in  beds  10  inches  thick.  .     1         8 
Magnesian   limestone,   massive,   very   cherty,   in   two  beds   of.  equal 

thickness   2         5 

Magnesian   limestone,  sparingly  cherty    1         9 

Magnesian  limestone,   cherty,  with  "hackly"  fracture,  in  four  thin 

beds    1        3 

Magnesian  limestone,  gray,  fine  grained,  chert  free,  massive  bed....     2        5 
Magnesian  limestone,  gray,  fine  grained,  chert  free,  in  two  beds,  1 

foot  5  inches  thick   2       10 

Magnesian   limestone,   fine   grained,   chert   free,   in   one   bed,   called 

"Washington  ledge"    1        3 

Magnesian  limestone,  gray,  fine  grained,  chert  free,  in  two  beds,  3 

and  7  inches  thick    10 

Magnesian  limestone,  gray,  fine  grained,  chert  free,  one  massive  bed         3-11 

Water  level  of  quarry. 

The  cherty  beds  at  this  quarry  can  not  be  used  for  dimension  stone, 
but  they  make  good  road  material  and  ballast. 

On  the  north  side  of  Desplaines  valley,  about  three-fourths  of  a 
mile  northeast  of  Lemont,  the  Niagara  limestone  rises  35  to  50  feet  in 
the  bluff  at  the  qaurry  of  the  Young  Stone  Company.  Here  the  fol- 
lowing section  is  exposed: 

Generalized  Section  at  Quarry  of  Young  Stone  Company,  Lemont. 

Ft. 

soil y2 

Gravel   .» 3-4 

Magnesian  limestone,  thin  bedded,  weathered  and  fractured. 5 

Magnesian  limestone,  even,  medium  bedded,  fine  grained,  buff  non-cherty  6 

Magnesian  limestone,  even,  medium  bedded,  cherty,  gray 7 

Magnesian  limestone,  even,  heavy  bedded,  cherty,  light  colored 2 

Magnesian  limestone,  thin  to  medium  bedded,  fine  grained,  non-cherty. .  6 

Magnesian  limestone,  heavy  bedded,  fine  grained,  non-cherty,  light  colored  10 

Rubble,  dimension  and  crushed  stone  are  quarried  from  these  beds, 
Down  the  river  from  Lemont  to  a  point  about  10  miles  below  Joliet, 
the  Desplaines  valley  is  cut  in  the  rock  so  that  exposures  are  numer- 
ous, both  along  the  valley  sides  and  in  quarries,  excavated  in  the  valley 
bottom.  The  sanitary  and  ship  canal  of  Chicago,  extending  nearly 
to  Joliet,  has  been  cut  in  the  rock  along  this  part  of  its  course,  and  con- 
sequently a  large  quantity  of  broken  rock  is  available  here.  This 
material  is  being  gradually  utilized  for  riprap,  ballast,  filling,  and 
crushed  stone.  At  Lemont  broken  stone  from  the  spoil  banks  of  the 
canal  is  being  loaded  on  barges  and  carried  to  Chicago,  where  it  is  use4 
in  lake  front  improvement  work  at  Lincoln  park.  Two  miles  below 
Lemont  the  Western  Stone  Company  operates  two  crushers  which 
ar<-  converting  1  lie  rock  of  the  spoil  bank  into  concrete  material,  and 
the  product  is  shipped  to  Chicago  via  the  canal.    The  weathering  of 


Bukchaed.]  CONCRETE    MATERIALS   AT    CHICAGO.  351 

the  rock  where  it  has  been  piled  for  ten  years  has  not  been  great.  The 
material  is  mainly  hard  and  gritty,  but  the  surface  rock  is,  of  course, 
oxidized  on  the  outside.  Some  portions  of  the  spoil  bank  naturally 
furnish  rock  that  is  preferable  to  that  in  other  localities,  depending  on 
the  texture  and  the  amount  of  chert  and  of  clay  present. 

For  about  three  miles  below  Lemont  the  valley  sides  are  lined  with 
abandoned  quarries,  where  excellent  dimension  stone  was  obtained 
in  the  days  before  concrete  construction  was  extensively  employed. 
The  rock  suitable  for  dimension  stone,  known  to  the  trade  as  "Athens 
marble,"  is  found  in  its  best  development  at  and  near  Lemont,  al- 
though good  beds  of  it  are  found  as  far  south  as  Joliet.  Quarrymen 
have  applied  the  term  "tame  stone"  to  rock  that  is  fine  grained,  smooth 
textured,  even  bedded,  and  non-cherty,  and  such  rock  makes  the  best 
dimension  stone.  They  have  likewise  applied  the  term  "wild  rock" 
to  rock  that  is  irregularly  bedded,  breaks  with  a  rough  fracture,  and 
contains  argillaceous  material  or  chert  or  both.  Such  rock  often  makes 
very  desirable  crushed  stone,  and  although  it  had  to  be  discarded  be- 
fore the  area  of  concrete,  it  is  now  as  valuable  for  crushing  purposes 
as  the  "tame  stone,"  and  by  some  producers  is  held  to  be  preferable, 
for  some  of  it  is  found  to  yield  on  crushing  a  more  nearly  cubical  frag- 
ment than  the  "tame  stone,"  which  tends  to  crack  into  thin  chips  when 
crushed. 

Within  the  city  of  Joliet,  and  for  two  or  three  miles  north  and  south 
from  its  center,  the  quarrying  industry  is  active,  about  15  important 
openings  have  been  noted  in  September,  1907.  On  the  west  bluff  of 
Desplaines  valley,  in  the  S.  E.  %  section  33,  Lockport  township,  the 
quarry  of  the  Commercial  Stone  Company  shows  the  following  section : 

Section  of  Quarry  of  Commercial  Stone  Company,  near  Joliet. 

Ft. 

Soil 1-2 

Gravel 4-6 

Magnesian  limestone,  buff  colored,  weathered,  thin  bedded,  and  cherty. .    5-9 
Magnesian  limestone,  light  gray,  even  grained,  in  medium  to  thick  beds, 
with  a  few  cherty  strata  near  bottom   37+ 

These  beds  dip  20  to  30  N.  W.,  and  are  cut  by  two  very  prominent 
sets  of  joints.     One  of  these  sets  extends  N.  400   E.   and  the  joint 
planes  are  vertical,  clean  cut,  or  enlarged  by  solution,  and  are  spaced 
1   at  intervals  of  46  to  50  feet.     The  other  set  of  joints  extends  prac- 
'  tically  at  right  angles  to  the  first  set,  but  he  planes  are  less  regular 
,   and  persistent,  and  they  pitch  steeply  to  the  southeast.     Water  de- 
scending from  the  gravel  above  the  limestone  has  opened  numerous 
large  channels  through  the  rock,  and  many  of  these  are  filled  with 
i  clay  when  opened  in  quarrying.     Along  one  joint  plane  so  much  rock 
I  has  been  removed  by  solution  that  the  upper  beds  have  caved  down 
into  the  opening.     Rubble  is  the  principal  product  of  the  quarry  at 
I  present. 

On  the  east  side  of  the  valley,  about  one-fourth  mile  south  of  the 
.  north  line  of  Joliet  township,  a  quarry  and  crushing  plant  is  operated 
I  by  the  State  penitentiary.  The  quarry  is  excavated  below  the  level  of 
:  the  valley  bottom,  and  shows  the  following  section : 


352  YEAR  BOOK  FOR  I907.  [Bull.  No.  8 

Section  at  State  Penitentiary  Quarry,  Joliet. 

Ft. 

Black  soil  and  limestone  debris  1-2 

Argillaceous  limestone,  thin  bedded  and  flaggy,  somewhat  stained  to  buff 

or  light  brown  color   3 

Magnesian  limestone  in  fine  grained,  medium  thick,  even  beds 5 

Magnesian  limestone,  rough  grained,  irregularly  bedded,  in  medium  thick 

beds 3 

Magnesian  limestone,  hard,  in  thin  to  medium  thick  strata,  irregularly 

bedded,  With  rough  fracture  and  films  of  blue,  hard,  clay-like  material 

distributed  through  the  mass.    The  color  of  the  rock  is  light  pink 6 

The  rock  obtained  here  is  used  for  road  making  throughout  the 
State. 

The  Western  Stone  Company  operates  a  large  quarry  near  South 
Richards  street,  in  the  southern  part  of  Joliet.  In  this  and  neighbor- 
ing quarries  the  Niagara  limestone  is  exposed  for  more  than  one-half 
mile  along  the  Michigan  Central  and  Elgin,  Joliet  and  Eastern  tracks 
to  depths  ranging  from  15  to  50  feet.  The  following  section  shows 
the  general  character  of  the  upper  part  of  the  rock  and  its  cover  at 
this  place: 

General  Section  at  Quarry  of  Western  Stone  Company,  Joliet. 

Ft. 

Soil,  gravel,  peat,  and  calcareous  clay,  with  minute  shells 2-20 

Magnesian  limestone,  thin  bedded,  flaggy  and  weathered  to  yellow  or 
buff  color  on  top;  the  rock  is  even  bedded  and  fine  grained  (tame 
stone).  Lower  beds  become  lighter  colored  and  reach  thicknesses  of 
2    feet 17 

Magnesian  and  argillaceous  gray  limestone  (wild  rock)  in  rough  sur- 
faced, irregular  beds,  1  to  3  feet  thick,  mostly  chert-free 10-15 

Beds  similar  to  above,  but  thicker  bedded,  and  containing  a  little  chert 
in  small  nodules,  as  well  as  considerable  bluish-green  argillaceous 
materials  on  the  pitted  surfaces  of  the  beds 12-15 

The  "tame  stone"  is  used  for  dimension  stone,  flag  stone,  and  curbs. 
The  "tame  rock"  is  entirely  crushed.  It  is  very  hard  and  crushes  into 
well-shaped  lumps. 

The  beds  are  jointed,  the  planes  trending  nearly  due  northwest- 
southeast  and  northeast-southwest.  The  first-mentioned  joints 
appear  usually  to  be  inclined  to  the  northeast,  but  those  of  the  second 
set  are  more  commonly  vertical.  There  has  been  rather  generaj 
though  slight  slipping  of  the  strata  on  the  northwest-southeast  joint 
planes.  The  displacement  reaches  2  inches  in  a  number  of  places. 
and  the  downthrow  is  toward  the  direction  of  inclination  o\  the  joint 
plane,  or  usually  toward  the  northeast.  Where  the  hade,  or  inclina- 
tion, is  in  the  opposite  direction  the  downthrow  is  there  found  to  be- 
in  the  direction  toward  which  the  plane  is  inclined,  or,  in  other  words, 
the  miniature  fault  is  everywhere  a  normal  one.  In  working  the  rock 
advantage  is  taken  of  this  general  drop  on  the  northeast  side  o\  the 
joint  planes,  as  it  is  possible  thus  to  pry  loose  and  move  slabs  and 
blocks  with  greater  facility  than  where  then  is  no  offsetting  in  the 
beds. 


Burchard.]  CONCRETE  MATERIAL  AT  CHICAGO.  353 

As  nearly  all  the  quaries  at  Joliet  are  comparatively  shallow,  few, 
if  any,  additional  facts  would  be  brought  out  by  further  descriptions. 
In  general  it  is  shown  that  cherty  beds  usually  outcrop  in  the  river 
bluffs,  and  that  below  these  cherty  beds  there  are  alternations  of 
noncherty  "tame"  and  "wild"  rock,  and  in  places  beds  that  are 
sparingly  cherty  at  25  feet  or  more  below  the  level  of  the  flood  plain. 

Southwestward  down  Desplaines  Valley  to  the  mouth  of  Rock  Run 
the  normal  magnesian-limestone  character  of  the  Niagara  remains 
constant,  although  exposures  below  the  south  line  of  Joliet  Town- 
ship are  fewer  because  of  the  presence  of  gravel  terraces  in  the  valley. 
In  the  vicinity  of  Rock  Run,  however,  and  extending  southeastward 
to  the  vicinity  of  Millsdale,  is  a  bed  of  shale  very  similar  to  the  Maquo- 
keta  shale  that  lies  below  the  Niagara  formation.  About  11  feet  of 
this  shale  is  exposed  at  the  pit  of  the  Millsdale  Pressed  Brick  Com- 
pany on  the  edge  of  the  valley  one-half  mile  east  of  Millsdale  station. 
To  the  southwest  of  and  stratigraphically  below  this  shale  lies  a 
coarse-grained,  roughly  weathering  fossiliferus  limestone.  It  is 
cherty  and  in  places  contains  large  numbers  of  calcite  nodules.  This 
rock  is  exposed  in  the  wagon  road  near  Desplaines  river  south  of 
Millsdale,  below  the  Atchison,  Topeka  &  Santa  Fe  Railway  culvert  one 
mile  southwest  of  Millsdale;  in  Rock  Run  just  below  the  bridge  of  the 
Chicago,  Rock  Island  &  Pacific  Railway ;  along  Dupage  river  above 
the  Rock  Island  Railway  bridge,  and  at  other  places  in  the  vicinity. 
Fossils  collected  from  the  exposure  on  Rock  Run,  where  the  relations 
of  the  limestone  to  the  shale  are  very  close,  and  from  the  Millsdale 
locality,  were  submitted  to  Dr.  Stuart  Weller  of  the  Illinois  Geological 
Survey,  and  were  pronounced  by  him  to  be  Niagara  forms.  The  shale 
did  not  yield  any  fossils  where  examined.  The  limestone  below  the 
shale  is  very  dissimilar  to  Niagara  limestone.  It  bears  some  resem- 
blance to  the  Galena  limestone,  but  unless  further  detailed  studies 
demonstrate  the  contrary,  the  rock  must  be  considered  as  belonging 
to  the  Niagara  formation,  on  the  paleontologic  evidence  furnished  by 
Doctor  Weller. 

From  an  economic  standpoint  this  limestone  below  the  shale  bed 
can  not  be  regarded  as  of  present  importance  to  the  concrete  industry 
for  the  following  reasons: (a)  Its  texture  is  not  sufficiently  uniform, 
as  it  contains  a  mixture  of  calcite,  magnesian  limestone,  and  chert; 
and  (b)  its  outcrop  area  is  too  remote  for  markets  to  enable  it  to 
compete  with  the  better  Niagara  limestone,  which  occurs  in  prac- 
tically inexhaustible  quantities  in  more  advantageous  situations. 
Therefore  the  survey  of  the  Desplaines  Valley  for  limestone  concrete 
material  available  to  the  Chicago  market  was  terminated  with 
Millsdale  as  its  southern  limit. 

The  thickness  of  the  Niagara  limestone  in  a  city  well  at  Ottawa 
street  and  Crowley  avenue,  Joliet,  was  reported  by  the  city  engineer 
to  be  220  feet.  B.elow  this  the  record  showed  a  bed  of  shale  140 
feet  thick  (Maquoketa),  and  next  below  was  225  feet  of  limestone 
(Galena).  There  is  thus  at  Joliet  no  record  of  a  thin  bed  of  shale 
toward  the  base  of  the  Niagara. 

—23  G  S 


354  YEAR  BOOK  FOR  1907.  [Bull.  No.  8 

On  Fox  river  the  Niagara  rock  was  observed  to  outcrop  at  about 
six  places,  and  inasmuch  as  no  special  search  was  made  for  outcrops 
in  the  gravel  districts  there  are  doubtless  others.  Two  of  these  out- 
crops are  on  the  east  and  west  sides  of  Fox  river  about  I  mile  north 
of  the  center  of  Batavia,  and  quarrying  in  a  small  way  for  local  use 
has  evidently  been  carried  on  here.  Another  outcrop  was  observed 
west  of  the  river,  in  the  northern  part  of  St.  Charles. 

At  South  Elgin,  on  the  west  side  of  Fox  river,  the  Niagara  lime- 
stone comes  to  the  surface  of  the  valley  bottom  and  is  being  exploited 
at  the  quarry  of  Magnus  &  Hagel.  The  rock  occurs  in  thin  beds 
with  irregular,  horizontal,  wavy  bedding  planes  usually  coated  with 
thin  seams  of  bluish-green  clay.  The  rock  breaks  with  irregular 
rough  fracture  and  is  rather  cherty.  At  20  feet  below  the  top  there 
are  3  feet  of  beds  in  which  the  chert  nodules  are  large  and  almost 
predominate  in  the  strata.  The  material  is  typically  a  "wild  rock" 
and  is  highly  magnesian.  The  top  5  to  10  feet  of  beds  are  weathered 
and  stained  to  a  buff  color.  The  rock  is  sparingly  f ossiferous  and 
in  places  contains  crystals  of  dolomite  and  pyrite. 

On  the  west  branch  of  Dupage  river,  three-fourths  of  a  mile  south- 
west of  the  railroad  station  at  Naperville,  is  a  small  area  of  Niagara 
limestone  exposed  by  this  stream.  The  rock  has  been  quarried 
extensively  here  in  former  years,  but  the  workings  are  now  aban- 
doned and  the  pits  are  filled  with  water.  The  cover  that  was  stripped 
ranged  in  thickness  from  4  to  15  feet,  principally  of  drift,  and  the  cuts 
west  from  40  to  70  feet  deep.  The  quarries  formerly  furnished  bridge 
stone,  dimension  stone,  rubble,  and  crushed  stone.  The  rock  was 
apparently  used  largely  in  the  construction  of  the  older  buildings  at 
Naperville.  Much  of  the  rock  obtained  was  massive  bedded  and 
even  grained,  and  some  was  evidently  cherty. 

CHEMICAL    COMPOSITION. 

An  important  use  to  which  the  Niagara  magnesian  limestone  is  put 
in  the  vicinity  of  Chicago  is  as  a  flux  in  iron  and  steel  making.  Vast 
quantities  of  Lake  Superior  ore  are  smelted  and  the  iron  is  converted 
into  steel  at  the  works  of  the  Illinois  Steel  Company  at  South  Chicago 
and  Joliet.  At  Indiana  Harbor,  Ind.,  the  plant  of  the  Inland  Steel 
Company  has  commenced  operations,  and  the  United  States  Steel 
Corporation  is  errecting  works  of  such  magnitude  near  the  lake  shore 
in  northwestern  Indiana  that  the  construction  of  the  new  town  ol 
Gary  has  been  begun.  As  the  Lake  ore  contains  a  very  low  percentage 
of  lime  and  magnesia,  good  fluxing  stone  is  very  much  in  demand  and 
many  working  analyses  of  the  Niagara  rock  are  available.  A  few  of 
these  are  given  below: 


BUECHARD.] 


CONCRETE  MATERIAL  AT  CHICAGO. 


355 


O 

43 

< 

Illinois  Steel  Co.,  Chicago 

U.  S.  Geol.  Survey  structural- 
materials  laboratories 

Mariner  &  Hoskins,  Chicago. . 

Featherstone  Foundry  Co., 
Chicago 

Illinois  Steel  Co.,  Chicago 

Inland  Steel  Co.,  Indiana  Har- 
bor, Ind 

Illinois  Steel  Co.,  Chicago 

J.  V.  Q.  Blaney 



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356  YEAR  BOOK  FOR  ICp?.  [Bull.  No.  8 

GENERAL    METHODS    OF    PREPARATION    OF    CRUSHED    STONE. 

As  nearly  all  the  stone  quarries  in  the  Chicago  district  are  in  the 
form  of  pits  excavated  below  the  surrounding  surface,  the  problems 
that  have  to  be  met  are  those  peculiar  to  this  type  of  quarry,  and 
therefore  the  same  fundamental  principles  are  very  generally  observed. 
Methods  vary  considerably,  however,  throughout  the  district,  accord- 
ing to  the  size  of  the  quarry,  its  stage  of  development,  the  character 
of  the  rock,  and  the  uses  for  which  it  is  intended.  In  the  initial  stage 
the  rock  must  be  stripped  of  its  overlying  cover  of  soil  and  glacial 
debris.  This  is  usually  done  by  means  of  scrapers,  but  in  the  case 
of  deposits  5  or  6  feet  thick  a  steam  shovel  may  bje  advantageouly 
employed,  particularly  where  the  same  shovel  can  be  used  for  further 
work  in  handling  the  broken  upper  courses  of  rock.  A  thickness  oi 
6  feet  of  cover  is  considered  to  be  about  the  maximum  limit  profitable 
to  strip  at  present.  Drilling  and  blasting  are  universally  employed 
to  break  up  the  rock,  but  here  again  occurs  a  wide  diversity  in  prac- 
tice. Both  steam  and  compressed  air  are  used  in  drilling,  the  lattei 
preferably  on  long  lines.  The  depth  drilled  ranges  from  3^2  feet  to 
24  feet.  The  charges  also  vary  considerably  in  number,  character, 
and  strength.  Most  quarrymen  use  dynamite,  although  a  few  prefer 
black  powder.  The  thoroughness  with  which  the  stone  is  broken  up 
in  blasting  contributes  toward  the  economical  operation  of  a  quarry. 
At  some  quarries  large  quantities  of  rock  are  shot  out  in  huge  blocks 
and  these  require  reblasting  and  also  a  great  deal  of  subsequent 
breaking  with  sledges  to  reduce  the  stone  to  a  suitable  size  for  thej 
crusher.  At  one  quarry,  operated  by  an  expert  powder  man,  holes 
are  drilled  2  feet  apart,  4  to  10  feet  from  the  face,  in  two  rows,  and  set 
"staggering."  At  times  as  many  as  100  shots  are  fired  at  once,  andi 
as  a  result  very  little  reblasting  is  found  necessary. 

At  practically  all  the  quarries  equipped  with  crushers,  the  crushers 
are  situated  at  the  surface,  above  the  quarry,  so  that  the  rock  has! 
to  be  raised  to  them  At  the  greater  number  of  quarries  the 
broken  rock  is  loaded  by  hand  and  hauled  in  automatically  dumping 
cars  up  an  incline  by  cable.  At  a  few  of  the  larger  but  shallow 
quarries  the  rock  is  loaded  by  steam  shovels.  Rock  for  lime  burning 
or  for  rubble  is  generally  selected  and  loaded  by  hand.  In  very  deep 
pits  platform  elevators  are  in  use,  so  built  that  they  carry  one  or  two' 
loaded  cars  at  a  time.  The  character  and  capacity  of  the  tram  cars 
vary  according  to  the  general  character  of  the  equipment  of  the 
quarry,  cars  of  wood  or  steel  that  hold  2  to  3  yards  of  broken  stone 
being  used.  In  crushing  the  stone  several  types  of  equipment  are 
employed,  but  each  aims  to  break  the  stone  and  to  separate  it  into 
definite  sizes  by  dry  screening.  For  concrete  purposes  the  stone 
should  be  as  free  from  dust  as  it  is  possible  to  make  it,  and  therefore 
plants  which  pay  especial  attention  to  the  screening  end  of  the 
process  produce  the  best  grade  of  concrete  material. 

One  of  the  largest   and   most   efficient  plants  in   the  district   eon 
of  two  mills,  one  equipped  With  a    No.  8  and  the  other  with  a  No  7J&; 
Gates  gyratory  crusher,  besides  two  No.  5  crushers  each.    The  capac- 
ity of  the  two  sets  of  crushers  Is  respectively  about  200  tons  and  170 


BtfBCHARD.]  CONCRETE  MATERIAL  AT  CHICAGO.  357 

tons  per  hour,  giving  an  average  daily  output  of  about  3,000  tons. 
The  rock  is  put  through  rotary  cylindrical  steel  screens,  that  give  the 
following  sizes:  "Screenings,"  less  than  one-fourth  inch;  "roofing," 
one-fourth  to  one-half  inch;  "concrete,"  one-half  to  1  inch;  fine 
medium,  1  inch  to  1^  inches;  "medium,"  iy2  to  2^2  inches;  macadam, 
23^  to  5  inches ;  and  fluxing  stone,  5  to  7  inches,  the  last  size  being 
rejected  by  the  coarsest  screen.  Crushed  stone  is  screened  dry  as 
contrasted  with  the  washing  process  to  which  gravel  is  subjected 
when  crushed  and  screened.  As  a  rule  the  broken  stone  comes  from 
the  quarry  with  little  or  no  foreign  material,  and  whenever  a  clay 
seam  or  pocket  is  encountered  it  is  cheaper  to  extract  the  material  in 
the  quarry  than  to  remove  it  by  washing  at  the  mill.  Another 
large,  newly  built  plant  is  equipped  with  one  No.  8,  two  No.  5  and 
two  No.  3  crushers  and  four  screens.  The  reported  product  of  this 
mill  at  the  start  was  1,600  to  3,00  cubic  yards  *  per  day.  One  plant, 
equipped  with  one  No.  J1/*  and  two  No.  4  McCuly  crushers,  is  re- 
ported to  average  700  to  800  cubic  yards  per  day  of  stone  in  five 
grades  ranging  from  seven-eighths  inch  to  two  inches,  besides  screen- 
ings. Still  another  system  of  crushers  in  use  is  the  Austin.  At  a 
plant  equipped  with  one  Austin  No.  7,  one  Austin  No.  4,  one  Gates 
No.  3  crusher  and  two  screens,  the  capacity  per  day  is  reported  to  be 
300  yards. 

Available  Limestone. 

The  reserves  of  Niagara  limestone  in  the  Chicago  district  suitable 
for  crushing  into  concrete  material  are  practically  inexhaustible.  The 
\  supply  in  those  city  quarries  that  are  hemmed  in  by  streets  and  build- 
ings is  of  course  limited  because  city  values  will  prevent  areal  en- 
argement  of  the  pits,  and  they  must  be  sunk  deeper  until  they  reach 
the  limit  of  depth  beyond  which  it  is  impracticable  to  raise  rock,  or 
until  they  reach  the  underlying  shale.  It  is  thought  that  the  deepest 
quarries  still  have  more  than  100  feet  of  stone  below  their  lowest 
levels,  so  that  their  continuation  is  mainly  a  question  of  costs,  and  in 
such  quarries  slightly  increased  costs  of  working  are  offset  by  central 
location  and  consequent  decrease  of  cost  of  delivery  to  consumers. 

In  the  discussion  of  the  Niagara  formation  the  distribution  of  avail- 
able material  has  been  outlined  in  connection  with  the  description  of 
working  quarries.  The  main  areas  are  shown  on  the  map  (Fig.  32). 
fThe  Desplaines  valley  will  probably  aways  continue  to  furnish  the 
greater  supply  of  crushed  stone,  although  there  is  room  for  much  more 
excavation  at  Stony  Island,  Blue  Island,  Thornton,  Lagrange,  Naper- 
ville  and  at  points  on  Fox  river. 

Sanitary  and  Ship  Canal  Spoil  Bank — The  broken  stone  along 
'ithe  rock-cut  portion  of  the  sanitary  and  ship  canal  constitutes  an  im- 
portant stock  of  material  that  is  available  without  having  to  be  quarried. 
.Tests  of  this  material  made  by  the  Chicago  city  engineering  department 
show  that  although  the  rock  tested  was  necessarily  taken  from  the  out- 
side, or  weathered  portion  of  the  spoil  bank,  the  character  still  remains 
good,  and  it  must  reasonably  be  expected  that  on  the  inside  of  the 


''The  cubic  yard  is  regarded,  as  equivalent  to  1H  short  tons. 


358  YEAR  BOOK  FOR  I907.  [Bull.  No.  8  j 

pile  also  it  should  be  sound.  (See  page  351.)  From  Willow  Springs 
to  Lockport,  a  distance  of  15  miles,  the  channel  is  cut  through  rock. 
It  is  160  feet  wide  at  the  bottom  and  162  feet  wide  at  water  line,  and 
the  depth  in  this  section  averages  35  feet.  The  grade  of  the  channel 
is  3%  inches  to  the  mile.  The  walls  in  the  rock  cut,  having  been  cut 
by  channeling  machines,  are  smooth  and  perpendicular,  with  offsets. 
The  total  amount  of  solid  rock  that  has  been  excavated 
is  estimated  by  the  engineers  of  the  sanitary  district  to  aggregate 
12,912,000  cubic  yards.  When  broken  up  by  blasting  and  piled  in 
minature  mountain  masses  along  the  borders  of  the  channel,  the  cubic 
contents  of  the  material  was  largely  increased.  After  nearly  eight 
years  of  construction  work,  water  was  turned  into  the  canal  January 
2,  1900,  and  for  several  years  afterwards  these  mountains  of  stone  piled 
along  the  right  of  way  were  regarded  simply  as  an  incumbrance.  Re- 
cently it  has  been  planned  by  the  sanitary  district  board  of  trustees 
to  turn  this  incumbrance  into  an  asset  by  selling  the  broken  rock  to 
parties  who  will  erect  crushers  and  convert  it  into  stone  for  concrete, 
paving,  etc. 

The  board  has  estimated  that  there  are  about  20,000,000  cubic 
yards  of  stone  in  these  piles — material  enough  to  construct  concrete 
docks  from  the  mouth  of  Chicago  river  throughout  the  length  of  the 
canal,  Desplaines  and  Illinois  rivers  to  St.  Louis,  following  the  course 
of  the  proposed  inland  deep  waterway,  or  else  the  material  could  be 
used  to  construct  a  chain  of  concrete  factory  buildings  and  warehouses 
from  Robey  street,  Chicago,  where  tlhe  canal  begins,  to  Joliet,  40 
miles  inland.  The  price  basis  on  which  the  rock  is  to  be  disposed  of 
by  the  sanitary  district  is  ioy2  cents  a  yard  and  a  portion  of  the  net 
profits.*  A  beginning  has  already  been  made  toward  utilizing  this 
spoil-bank  stone.  As  mentioned  on  page  351,  the  Western  Stone 
Company  is  operating  two  crushers  near  the  county  line  west  of 
Lemont,  and  east  of  Lemont  the  broken  stone  is  being  removed  from 
the  bank  by  steam  shovel  and  shipped,  without  crushing,  via  barges 
on  the  canal  to  the  lake  front  at  Lincoln  Park,  Chicago,  where  it  is 
used  for  riprap.  This  rock  compares  favorably  in  quality  with 
freshly  quarried  limestone. 

Importance  to  proposed  deep  waterway — All  the  available  rock,  both 
in  the  spoil  bank  and  in  place  in  the  Desplaines  Valley,  is  adjacent  to 
rail  and  water  transportation  facilities  and  can  be  cheaply  handled. 
These  facts,  in  connection  with  the  almost  limitless  reserves  of  high- 
quality  stone,  are  not  only  of  importance  in  assuring  Chicago  a 
plentiful  supply  of  stone  for  crushing,  but  they  have  an  important 
bearing  on  the  economical  construction  of  the  proposed  deep  waterway 
frpm  the  Lakes  to  the  Gulf.  It  must  be  remembered  that  most  of  its 
length  the  Illinois  river,  along  which  much  concrete  work  would  he 
necessary,  flows  through  the  coal  measure  area,  cutting  into  soft  shale 
and  sandstpne  and  exposing  few  limestone  beds  thick  enough  to  quarry 
until  the  area  of  Mississippian  rock  is  reached,  near  its  mouth.  There- 
fore supplies  of  crushed  stone   For  concrete  work  would  have  to  be 


♦From  ;m  industrial  pamphlet  issued  by  t  he  sanitary  disi  riot  of  Ohioago.  1901 


Bubciiabd.]  CONCRETE  MATERIAL  AT  CHICAGO.  359 

obtained  at  the  extremities  of  this  inland  waterway,  and  the  Chicago 
end  may  be  said  to  be  well  prepared  to  furnish  the  larger  share  of  the 
needed  material. 

Glacial  Sand  and  Gravel  (Outwash  and  Moraine  Materials.) 
character  and  distribution. 

Another  source  of  concrete  materials  in  the  Chicago  district  may  be 
found  in  the  sand  and  gravel  of  glacial  origin,  derived  mainly  from  the 
drift  of  Wisconsin  age.  The  deposits  here  considered  lie  mainly  within 
the  morainal  areas,  but  the  character  of  many  of  the  deposits  is  that  of 
outwash  material — that  is,  nearly  clay-free,  stratified  gravel  and  sand, 
as  distinguished  from  the  morainal  material,  which  is  composed  of  clay, 
bowlders,  and  sand  mingled  in  a  confused  mass.  While  the  moraines 
of  the  Wisconsin  drift  sheet  in  northeastern  Illinois  and  southeastern 
Wisconsin  were  being  formed,  there  were  streams  of  water  issuing  from 
the  ice  sheet  and  escaping  to  Mississippi  river  by  way  of  Rock  river 
and  the  tributaries  of  Illinois  river,  the  Fox,  Dupage,  Desplaines  and 
Kankakee.  These  streams  became  overburdened  with  sand,  gravel, 
and  silt  derived  from  the  glaciers,  and  as  a  result  filled  up  their  beds 
and  valley  bottoms  to  a  greater  or  less  extent.  In  some  places  they 
spread  out  the  detritus  in  terraces,  or  subsequently  cut  a  new  channel 
through  the  filled-up  valley,  leaving  residual  terraces  on  the  valley  sides. 

The  principal  deposits  of  this  type  wihich  are  of  economic  importance 
in  the  Chicago  district  are  situated,  as  shown  on  the  map  (fig.  32), 
along  Fox  river  between  Camp  Lake,  Wis.,  and  St.  Charles,  111. ;  on 
Desplaines  river  at  Libertyville  and  at  and  below  Joliet,  and  on  Long 
Run,  Spring  Creek,  and  Hickory  Creek,  small  eastern  tributaries  of 
Desplaines  river  near  Joliet.  Beyond  the  area  on  the  map,  in  the  valley 
of  Rock  river,  outwash  deposits  are  exploited  for  the  Chicago  market 
at  Janes ville,  Wis.,  and  in  Winnebago  county,  111.,  one  mile  south  of 
;Beloit,  Wis.  Besides  these  outwash  deposits  there  is  a  thick  deposit  of 
morainal  gravel  being  worked  at  Fontana,  at  the  west  end  of  Lake 
Geneva,  Wis. 

The  important  Fox  river  sand  and  gravel  deposits  in  Illinois  are  near 
Cary,  Algonquin,  Carpentersville,  Elgin  and  St.  Charles,  and  the  general 
characteristics  of  the  deposits  being  worked  may  be  indicated  by  de- 
scriptions of  a  few  typical  workings.  At  Cary  the  deposits  form  a 
terrace  on  the  north  side  of  the  river  both  east  and  west  of  the  Chicago 
and  Northwestern  Railway,  and  are  worked  by  the  railway  and  the 
Lake  Shore  Sand  Company.  East  of  the  railway  the  Lake  Shore  Sand 
Company  has  opened  a  face  nearly  one-half  mile  long.  The  present 
workings  are  at  the  northwest  end  of  the  face  and  disclose  a  bank 
about  40  feet  high.  The  material  ranges  from  fine  quartz  sand  to 
bowlders,  a  few  of  which  are  18  inches  in  diameter  or  larger.  The  bank 
is  reported  to  average  75  per  cent  sand  and  25  per  cent  gravel,  includ- 
ing everything  larger  than  torpedo  sand.  The  upper  25  feet  of  the 
bank  carries  more  gravel  than  that  below,  and  in  the  middle  third  is 
found  the  coarsest  gravel.  There  are  a  few  ledges  of  partly  console 
idated  gravel  conglomerate,  and  locally  near  the  base  of  the  cut  is 


360  YEAR  BOOK  FOR  I907.  [Bull.  No.  S 

4  to  6  feet  of  sand  that  has  been  indurated  by  a  dark  furruginous  ce- 
ment, forming  a  sandstone.  Such  hardened  crusts  of  sand  and  gravel 
are  termed  by  the  quarrymen  "hardpan"  and  this  material  has  to  be 
discarded,  as  the  pit  is  worked  by  steam  shovel  and  the  hardpan  ledges 
can  not  be  cut  by  the  shovel  nor  economically  broken  by  blasting. 
West  of  the  Chicago  and  Northwestern  Railway  the  Lake  Shore  Sand 
Company  is  working  a  pit  about  75  feet  deep,  below  which  water  and 
quicksand  are  encountered.  The  material  here  runs  irregularly  as  to 
its  content  of  sand  and  gravel,  but  will  probably  yield  a  higher  per- 
centage of  sand  than  the  bank  east  of  the  railway.  The  middle  third 
(vertically)  will  probably  yield  75  per  cent  of  sand,  the  upper  part  a 
little  less,  and  the  lower  part  a  great  deal  more.  The  character  of  the 
material  varies  greatly  from  place  to  place,  lenses  or  pockets  of  sand 
and  gravel  occurring  without  apparent  system.  For  instance,  on  the 
southeast  side  of  the  present  pit  there  is  a  bed  of  fine  sand,  extending 
30  to  40  feet  above  the  bottom,  whereas  on  the  opposite  side  of  the  pit 
alternate  layers  of  gravel  and  sand  extend  down  within  10  or  15  feet 
of  the  base.  At  this  cut  there  is  apparently  no  "hardpan"  present, 
a  fact  which  also  illustrates  the  variability  of  the  local  deposits. 

For  two  and  one-half  miles  north  of  Algonquin  sand  and  gravel  are 
found  on  the  sides  of  the  small  valley  through  which  the  Chicago  and 
Northwestern  Railway  passes.  Northward  toward  Crystal  Lake  the 
deposits  of  sand  and  gravel  are  reported  to  grow  thinner.  The  de- 
posits at  present  worked  form  the  shoulder  or  border  of  the  upland 
lying  between  this  small  valley  and  Fox  river  to  the  east.  At  the  bank 
of  the  Aetna  Sand  and  Gravel  Company,  about  two  miles  north 
of  Algonquin,  the  heaviest  deposit  of  sand  and  gravel  is  about 
50  feet  thick,  with  2  to  4  feet  of  soil  above  the  reddish  clay  below.  This 
clay  floor  is  about  25  feet  above  the  creek  bed.  The  banks  worked 
here  are  from  20  to  40  feet  thick,  and  they  yield  on  an  average  about 
one-third  gravel  and  two-thirds  sand.  The  gravel  runs  rather  small 
and  contains  only  a  few  bowlders,  which  are  found  at  the  base  of  the 
deposit.  At  the  top  of  the  deposit  and  following  the  contour  of  its 
surface  is  a  bed  5  to  10  feet  thick  containing  an  equal  if  not  greater 
quantity  of  gravel  than  sand.  Below  this  the  gravel  and  sand  are 
interstratified  in  layers  from  a  few  inches  to  4  to  5  feet  thick,  and  also 
are  mixed  together.  Cross-bedding  is  seen  at  many  places  in  the  sec- 
tion and  beds  having  this  structure  are  so  firmly  consolidated  by  a 
calcareous  cement  as  to  form  hard  conglomerate  or  hard  sandstone. 
In  places  this  material  has  assumed  tubular  or  "pipy"  shapes.  Such 
material  sof  cens  with  exposure  but  does  not  disintegrate  entirely.  The 
finest  sand  is  nearly  all  made  up  of  quartz  and  other  crystalline  rock, 
but  gives  some  effervescence  in  acid.  The  coarse  sand  effervesces  more 
freely,  showing  a  large  proportion  of  calcareous  material.  A  carload 
of  1 -inch  gravel  showed  nearly  20  per  cent  (roughly  estimated)  of 
crystalline  pebbles,  the  remainder  being  mainly  dolomite  with  some 
chert. 

On  the  east  side  of  Fox  river,  one  and  one-half  miles  below  Algon- 
quin, is  the  pit  of  the  Richardson  Sand  Company.    The  bank  worked 


Bukchaed.]  CONCRETE  MATERIAL  AT  CHICAGO.  -  36 1 

!   here  is  in  the  top  of  50  feet  of  the  range  of  hills  that  rise  150  feet  above 
1  Fox  river  at  this  place.    A  general  section  of  the  material  exposed  in 
the  cut  is  as  follows : 

General   Section   at  Richardson   Sand    Company's   pit   near   Algonquin. 

Feet. 

Soil,   dark  brown    1-4 

J    Gravel  and  bowlders,  very  coarse,  in  places  iy2  to  2  feet  in  diameter...   10-12 
I    Gravel,    medium   sized,    with   a   small   proportion    of    coarse    material 

partly  cemented  to  hard  conglomerate    : 9  12 

J    Gravel,  medium  sized  and  streaks  of  cross-bedded  sand   8-14 

Sand,  fine  grained  to  torpedo,  in  cross-bedded  lenses  with  pockets  of 

gravel   12-15 

!   Clay. 

This  deposit  contains  an  unusual  proportion  of  coarse  material, 
some  of  the  bowlders  being  angular  slabs  of  Niagara  dolomite  so  thick 
as  to  show  more  than  one  stratum.     Many  of  the  large  bowlders  are 

\  of  crystalline  rock.  The  above  section  can  not  be  regarded  as  per- 
sistent, however,  for  the  variation  in  the  character  of  material  from 

;  point  to  point  is  very  abrupt.  The  yield  of  sand  and  gravel  is  about 
equal  in  quantity,  although  there  is  a  larger  proportion  of  sand  than 
gravel  in  the  bank.  This  is  due  to  the  fact  that  part  of  the  sand  is 
too  fine  to  be  caught  by  present  methods  of  separation  and  is  conse- 
quently washed  away  with  clay  and  silt  to  the  settling  pond.  When 
stripped,  the  surface  of  this  gravel  is  almost  level. 

From  Carpentersville  to  Algonquin  on  the  east  side  of  Fox  river  de- 
posits of  sand  and  gravel  are  found  in  placee,  but  not  continuously. 
For  much  of  the  distance  the  clay  which  underlies  the  gravel  rises 
high  and  lies  nearly  parallel  to  the  contour  of  the  hills,  so  that  the 

*  gravel  is  too  thin  to  be  profitably  worked.     On  the  west  side  of  Fox 

II  river  valley  there  are  also  high  bluffs,  largely  of  clay,  on  top  of  which 
sand  and  gravel  occur,  but  the  deposits  have  not  yet  been  worked  be- 
cause of  lack  of  transportation  facilities  and  irregularity  in  thickness 
of  the  material,  and  because  the  present  demand  is  supplied  from  de- 
posits more  advantageously  situated. 

South  of  Elgin  there  are  sand  and  gravel  deposits  worked  on  the 
west  side  of  Fox  river  near  Coleman  and  1  mile  north  of  St.  Charles, 
and  on  the  east  side  of  the  river  at  Hammond  and  ij4  miles  east  of 
Coleman. 

Near  Coleman,  between  the  Illinois  Central  Railroad  and  Fox  river, 
gravel  deposits  are  worked  by  the  Richardson  Sand  Company.  At 
this  pit  the  working  face  is  15  to  30  feet  thick,  although  the  clay  which 
I  underlies  the  deposits  has  so  uneven  a  surface  that  the  gravels  thin  in 
places  to  6  or  8  feet.  Overlying  the  sand  and  gravel  is  4  to  5  feet  of 
fine-grained  silt.  The  material  being  worked  yields  about  three  parts 
of  sand  and  one  part  of  gravel.  The  gravel  is  mainly  small  in  size,  and 
the  sand  is  rather  coarse,  mostly  a  torpedo  grade.  The  i-inch  to  iY2- 
inch  gravel  appears  to  contain  10  to  15  per  cent  of  crystalline  ma- 
terial, and  the  finer  gravel  a  still  higher  percentage.  At  the  base  of 
the  deposit  are  many  rather  large  bowlders  of  dolomite  and  granite, 
2  to  3  feet  in  diameter.    The  sand  and  gravel  instead  of  occurring  in 

i 


362  YEAR  BOOK  FOR  1907.  [Bull.  No.  8 

separate  strata  as  in  the  region  near  Algonquin,  are  rather  uniformly 
mixed  together,  and  no  "hardpan"  or  consolidated  conglomerate  was 
•noted. 

East  of  the  river  and  south  of  the  Chicago,  Milwaukee  and  St.  Paul 
Railway  at  Hammond  is  the  pit  and  plant  of  the  Chicago  Gravel  Com- 
pany. The  sand-gravel  deposit  lies  upon  a  clay  floor  that  is  slightly 
uneven.  The  deposit  reaches  a  total  thickness  of  27  feet  in  places 
and  the  stripping  averages  about  2  feet.  A  few  bowlders  2  to  3  feet 
in  diameter  occur  at  the  base,  but  m  the  bank  the  gravel  is  unusually 
uniform  in  size,  rarely  running  into  large  cobblestones.  The  sand  is 
a  good  sharp  torpedo,  not  very  fine.  It  contains  a  small  proportion 
of  lime,  reported  to  be  about  2  per  cent.  The  proportion  of  sand  to 
gravel  in  the  bank  is  said  to  average  about  55  to  45.  No  conglom- 
erate nor  ''hardpan"  was  noted,  but  lenses  of  clay  were  found  to  occur 
in  the  bank.  One  of  these  noted  at  the  time  of  visit  was  6  feet  thick 
in  a  bank  22  feet  in  length.  Most  of  this  clay,  fine-grained  and  silt- 
like material,  can  be  kept  out  of  the  product  by  a  skillfully  manipulated 
steam  shovel,  although  some  of  it  is  certain  to  be  loaded  with  the  sand 
and  gravel  and  it  cannot  be  eliminated  entirely  in  the  washing. 

One  mile  north  of  St.  Charles,  on  the  west  side  of  Fox  river,  is  the 
pit  of  the  American  Sand  and  Gravel  Company.  The  deposits  here 
reach  a  thickness  of  35  feet.  Below  the  sand  and  gravel  water  is  en- 
countered in  quicksand,  before  the  underlying  clay  is  reached.  The 
base  of  the  deposit  is  therefore  low,  not  far  above  the  level  of  Fox 
river  and  of  the  creek  to  the  south  of  the  pit.  Gravel  anci  sand  in 
about  equal  parts  appear  to  constitute  the  bulk  of  the  material.  The 
gravel  ranges  from  small  to  course  sizes,  and  some  cobblestones  go  to 
the  crusher  in  nearly  every  yard  of  material  excavated. 

Notes  on  the  gravel  pits  along  Fox  river  would  not  be  complete 
without  mention  of  two  points  just  north  of  the  State  line  in  Kenosha 
County,  Wis.  Alt  Capp  lake  are  some  abandoned  pits  owned  by  the 
Wisconsin  Central  Railway.  The  deposits  here  are  reported  to  have 
been  thoroughly  prospected,  but  to  have  proved  not  to  be  of  promis-j 
ing  thickness  nor  cleanness.  Below  2  to  3  feet  of  soil  there  lies  about 
5  feet  of  fairly  good  gravel  in  the  higher  parts  of  the  bank.  Below 
this  there  are  alternate  seams  of  clay  and  quicksand  containing  heavj 
bowlders.  Washing  and  crushing  would  therefore  be  involved  to  too 
great  an  extent  for  practical  purposes. 

Near  Wilmot,  Wis.,  is  a  pit  the  output  from  which  is  taken  by  the; 
American  Sand  and  Gravel  Company.     The  pit  is  a  straight  cut  into 
a  terrace  of  Fx  river  and  shows  the  following  section : 


Section  of  Gravel  Pit  Nkak  Wh  mot,  Wis. 

Feel 

1.  Soil  I  - 

2.  Gravel   and   sand.     The   gravel    is  clean   and   contains  about    1  f>    per 

cent  of  crystalline  rock,  the  remainder  being  dolomite,    a.bou.1  L6 

per  cenl  of  the  gravel  runs  larger  than  l*  Inches 8-14 

3.  Quicksand   and   silt,   very   fine-grained    material   Containing  about    60 

per  cenl  of  Quartz,  the  balance  being  (day  minerals 111,") 


Buhchard.] 


CONCRETE  MATERIAL  AT  CHICAGO.  363 


4.     Gravel,  similar  to  the  upper  gravel  bed  (No.  2) ••••'.• 

5      Sand,   fine   grained,   to   quicksand.      In  the  aggregate   this   bed   is 
coarser  than  bed  No.  3,  contains  a  higher  percentage  of  silica 

and  less  clay 15 

6.     Quicksand  and  water. 

The  beds  of  quicksand  inclosed  in  the  gravel  vary  in  thickness  and 
do  not  conform  in  contour  to  the  present  surface  of  the  terrace.  In 
general  they  appear  to  dip  toward  the  northeast  and  to  pinch  out  in 
various  directions  as  if  lens-shaped.  The  material  is  reported  to  be 
composed  of  the  various  grades  in  about  the  following  proportions : 

Proportions  of  Sand  and  Gravel  in  Pit  at  Wilmot,  Wis. 

Per  cent. 
Concrete  sizes,  one-half  inch  to  1%  inches,  of  which  about  20  per  cent 

is  crushed  gravel 20 

Roofing  gravel,  one-eighth  inch  to  one-half  inch,  total 20 

Sand,  fine  grained,  with  a  small  proportion  of  torpedo  size.     It  is  mostly 
quartz  and  fairly  free  from  quicksand  and  clay 60 

100 

On  the  west  side  of  Desplaines  river  at  Libertyville  is  the  sand 
and  gravel  pit  of  the  Lake  Shore  Sand  Company.  The  deposits  seem 
to  be  mainly  west  of  the  river  in  this  vicinity  and  are  comparatively 
thin.  This  deposit  is  the  thickest  in  the  locality,  and  it  ranges  from 
5  or  6  to  25  feet  in  thickness  above  water  level.  Test  wells  are  re- 
ported by  the  oplerators  of  the  pit  to  show  20  feet  of  gravel  below 
water  level.  The  water  level  varies  1  to  2  feet  during  the  year,  and 
the  cut  is  deeper  or  shallower  accordingly.  A  section  made  at  the 
southeast  end  of  the  cut,  where  material  was  being  obtained  October 
3,  1907,  is  as  follows : 

Section  of  Sand  and  Gravel  Bank  at  Ljbertyville. 

Feet. 

Soil 1-2 

Fine  sand,  loam,  and  a  little  gravel 0-4 

Clay  lens,  saucer-shaped  in  profile 0-1 

Gravel  and  torpedo  sand  in  alternate  beds,  1%  to  2  feet  thick,  cross- 
bedding  common.  The  gravel  is  mostly  smaller  than  4  inches.  The 
proportion  of  sand  to  gravel  ranges  from  2  to  1  to  1  to  1,  but  will 

average  close  to  1.5  to  1 16-20 

Gravel,  sand,  and  water  (reported  20  feet  to  clay.) 

The  usual  sizes  of  sand  and  gravel  are  produced  here  and  an  ad- 
ditional product  worthy  of  note  is  the  unwashed  run-of-bank  sand 
and  gravel,  including  all  material  smaller  than  1%.  inches  that  is 
used  in  road  making.  It  is  stated  that  the  loam  present  exerts  a  ce- 
menting action  that  makes  the  material  of  value  as  a  bond  when  laid 
in  alternate  layers  with  crushed  stone  in  macadamizing  roads.  Unsuc- 
cessful efforts  have  been  made  to  pump  the  sand  and  gravel  that  lie 
below  water  level,  the  result  being  that  the  pumps  were  soon  choked 
by  the  gravel.    It  is  proposed  to  attempt  at  some  future  time  the  dredg- 


364  YEAR  BOOK  FOR  I907.  [Bull.  No.  8 

ing  of  these  deposits.  It  would  seem  worth  while  to  utilize  these  sub- 
merged materials,  as  the  visible  supply  of  gravel  above  water  level  is 
diminishing  rapidly  in  this  locality. 

Farther  down  the  Desplaines  valley  deposits  of  sand,  gravel  and 
bowlders  are  scattered  at  irregular  intervals  and  many  of  these  are 
worked  from  time  to  time  in  a  small  way  for  local  purposes.  One 
such  deposit  is  about  a  mile  north  of  Willow  Springs.  The  main 
deposits,  those  that  are  at  present  affording  material  sufficient  for 
the  operation  of  crushing  plants,  are  at  and  below  Joliet.  Hickory  and 
Spring  creeks  have  built  up  deposits  of  gravel  in  their  valleys  and  in 
the  Desplaines  valley  near  the  junction  of  the  two  creeks. 

On  east  Washington  street,  Joliet,  the  Chicago  Gravel  Company 
operates  a  pit  and  crusher.  The  deposit  varies  greatly  from  place  to 
place. 

The  gravel  and  sand  are  cross-bedded  in  places.  The  clay  content 
of  the  gravel  averages  about  20  per  cent.  The  gravel  consists  mostly 
of  dolomite,  with  a  few  crystalline  pebbles.  In  places  the  material 
is  hardened  by  calcareous  cement  to  a  conglomerate.  The  sand  is  fine 
to  coarse  grained  and  of  dark  color.  It  contains  comparatively  a 
high  percentage  of  limestone  and  dolomite  grains  and  of  clay,  with 
relatively  a  low  proportion  of  silica. 

The  clay  seams  thin  out  to  the  north  and  south.  Characteristic 
of  the  bank  on  the  east  side  of  the  pit  are  that  no  beds  of  fine  sand 
appear  in  the  section  and  that  the  gravels  are  more  even  bedded  than 
elsewhere  in  the  pit. 

Another  plant  of  the  Chicago  Gravel  Company  is  on  the  east  side 
of  the  valley  about  iy2  miles  above  Millsdale,  adjacent  to  the  Santa 
Fe  and  Chicago  and  Alton  railways.  The  deposit  worked  here  is  in 
the  form  of  a  terrace  or  a  bar  in  the  Desplaines  valley  and  consists  of 
material  ranging  from  sand  and  loam  to  bowlders  2  feet  in  diameter. 
The  bottom  of  the  cut  is  in  gravel,  but  reaches  ground- water  level, 
which  is  practically  at  the  level  of  the  water  in  the  river  and  fluctu- 
ates with  it.  The  deposit  is  about  10  feet  thick  on  one  side  of  the 
cut  and  20  feet  thick  on  the  other.  The  gravel  and  bowlders  are  com- 
posed principally  of  hard  dolomite,  but  about  5  per  cent  of  crystalline 
material  is  present.  The  loam  and  sand  are  highly  calcareous.  The 
sand  and  gravel  deposits  in  this  vicinity  and  southward  to  the  mouth 
of  the  Dupage  are  extensive,  and  thus  far  have  been  only  very  slight ly 
utilized. 

Certain  important  deposits  of  sand  and  gravel  which,  although  at 
considerable  distance  from  Chicago,  are  so  directly  connected  by  rail- 
roads with  the  city  that  they  are  worked  to  advantage  should  be  men- 
tioned in  these  notes.  Such  localities  are  in  southeastern  Wisconsin. 
at  Fontana,  Janesville  and  Beloit. 

At  Fontana,  at  the  west  end  of  Lake  Geneva,  the  Lake  Geneva 
Gravel  and  Sand  Company  is  exploiting  a  thick  gravel  bank.  The 
deposit  is  part  of  the  Daricn  moraine  of  the  Delavan  lobe  of  the  T  ake 
Michigan  glacier,  acording  to  Alden.*     The  maximum  thickness  of 

*Alden,  W.  Ci  Th«  Delavan  )<>i>o  of  the  T,nko  Michigan  glacier:  Prof.  Paper  U.  ■ 
Geot  Sturej   No   B4,  L905,  Pie,  tV,  x.  and  x. 


Bubchaed.]  CONCRETE  MATERIAL  AT  CHICAGO.  365 

the  cut  is  about  90  feet.  Two  or  three  feet  of  soil  is  stripped  from 
the  top  by  means  of  scrapers.  A  general  section  shown  by  the  cut 
is  as  follows: 

General  Section  of  Gravel  Pit  at  Fontana,  Wis. 

Feet. 

Soil  with  a  few  large  bowlders  at  base 2-4 

Clayey,  loamy,  fine  sand,  of  brownish  color,  containing  a  little  gravel . .  6-7 

Coarse,  cobblestone  gravel 20 

Sand,  thin  ledge 1-3 

Gravel,  rather  coarse,  with  some  sand,  mainly  concealed  by  talus  to 

bottom  of  cut. . 30-60 

The  gravel  runs  unusually  large,  as  compared  with  the  Fox  river 
and  Rock  river  deposits.  In  the  larger  gravel  there  is  fairly  large 
proportion,  perhaps  15  per  cent,  of  crystalline  rocks,  many  of  which 
are  dark  colored.  The  remainder  of  the  gravel  is  mostly  dolomite  and 
limestone,  largely  of  Niagara  age.  The  proportion  of  gravel  to  sand 
is  reported  by  the  operators  of  the  pit  to  run  about  3  to  2,  and  in 
places  a  still  higher  proportion  of  gravel  is  found.  At  the  west  end  of 
the  pit  there  is  considerable  firmly  cemented  conglomerate. 

There  are  apparently  similar  deposits  still  undeveloped  in  many  of 
the  hills  at  the  west  end  of  Lake  Geneva,  although  none  are  so  easily 
accessible  as  the  bank  just  described. 

Near  Janesville,  Wis.,  the  outwash  deposits  of  Rock  River  Valley 
and  tributary  valleys  are  worked  for  sand  and  gravel.  On  south 
Main  street,  about  1  mile  southeast  of  the  middle  of  Janesville,  a  sand 
and  gravel  bank  is  exploited  for  the  manufacture  of  sand-lime  brick, 
cement  shingles,  and  concrete  blocks  and  posts.  The  face  of  the 
bank  is  about  25  feet  in  height.  The  upper  8  to  10  feet  carries  sand 
and  gravel  in  the  proportion  of  about  5  to  3,  but  below  this  the  ratio 
increases  to  about  10  to  1.  The  gravel  is  small,  few  of  the  pebbles 
exceeding  3  or  4  inches  in  diameter.  The  material  is  very  clean,  and 
the  sand  is  rather  fine  and  composed  almost  entirely  of  quartz. 

On  the  line  of  the  Chicago,  Milwaukee  and  St.  Paul  Railway,  about 
2^2  miles  east  of  Janesville,  is  a  sand  and  gravel  bank  worked  by  the 
Knickerbocker  Ice  Company.  The  face  of  the  bank  is  50  to  70  feet 
in  height.  The  material  consists  of  small,  clean  gravel  and  clean 
quartz  sand,  much  of  which  is  of  rather  fine  grain.  The  upper  half 
of  the  bank  is  reported  to  carry  sand  and  gravel  in  about  equal  quan- 
tities, but  in  the  lower  part  sand  predominates  in  the  ratio  of  about 
5  to  2.  The  sand  occurs  in  beds  of  fine  to  torpedo  size  and  in  beds 
with  gravel ;  and  at  the  bottom  is  a  sand  bed  probably  25  feet  thick, 
only  12  feet  of  which  is  utilized,  as  the  material  is  a  little  too  fine  for 
torpedo  size.  The  normal  stripping  is  2  to  4  feet,  but  in  ravines  that 
cut  down  into  the  deposit  it  will  run  as  thick  as  10  feet.  The  gravel 
rarely  runs  larger  than  3  or  4  inches  and  yields  concrete  gravel  con- 
taining 50  per  cent  or  more  of  crushed  rock.  The  product  goes  mainly 
to  Chicago  markets. 

About  1  mile  south  of  Beloit,  Wis.,  in  Winnebago  County,  111.,  is 
situated  the  sand  and  gravel  bank  of  the  Atwood-Davis  Company. 
This  bank  is  on  the  east  side  of  Chicago  and  Northwestern  Railway 


366  YEAR  BOOK  FOR  1907.  [Bull.  No.  3 

main  line  and  is  in  the  Rock  river  valley.  The  cut  extends  about  one- 
third  of  a  mile  from  north  to  south  and  is  about  35  feet  in  height.  The 
gravel  is  overlain  by  1^  to  2  feet  of  black  soil  at  the  north,  but  to  the 
south  and  east  there  is  a  bed  of  fine  sand,  6  to  12  feet  thick  between 
the  gravel  and  the  top  soil.  This  bed  of  sand  forms  a  low  ridge  and 
also  fills  a  shallow  depression  in  the  surface  of  the  deposit.  It  is 
troublesome,  as  the  sand  is  too  fine  for  torpedo  size  and  does  not  con- 
tain sufficient  clay,  except  in  small  pockets,  to  make  a  moulding  sand. 
Below  this,  gravel  and  gravelly  sand  alternate  in  layers  2  to  3  feet 
thick.  The  gravel  ranges  in  size  from  small  to  medium,  4-inch  pebbles 
being  about  the  largest.  About  15  per  cent  of  foreign  crystalline  ma- 
terial is  present  in  the  gravel.  The  cut  is  worked  to  the  level  of  the 
underflow  in  the  valley,  but  sand  and  gravel  are  reported  to  extend  at 
least  50  feet  farther  down,  as  determined  by  a  well  point.  The  average 
run  of  the  bank,  as  reported  by  the  superintendent  of  the  pit,  is  about 
three  parts  of  sand  to  two  gravel.  About  40  per  cent  of  the  concrete 
sizes  produced  consist  of  crushed  gravel. 

Besides  the  sand  and  gravel  pits  here  noted,  there  are  many  small 
pits  scattered  here  and  there  in  the  suburbs  of  Chicago  worked  by 
pick  and  shovel,  with  wagon  haulage,  to  supply  local  needs.  Many 
of  these  pits  are  in  the  extinct  beaches  of  Lake  Michigan,  several 
miles  from  the  present  shore  line.  The  location  of  these  old  beaches 
is  shown  in  the  areal  geology  maps  of  the  Chicago  geologic  folio. 

GENERAL    METHODS    OF    PREPARATION    OF    SAND    AND    GRAVEL. 

The  preparation  of  cleaned  sand  and  gravel  begins  with  its  ex- 
cavation from  pit  or  bank,  and  involves  moving  from  pit  to  mill,  screen- 
ing to  separate  the  sand  and  smaller  gravel,  crushing  to  reduce  the  . 
small  bowlders  and  gravel  larger  than  1/2  or  2  inches  in  diameter,  and 
washing  to  free  the  material  of  silt,  clay,  organic  matter,  and  depends 
somewhat  on  local  conditions. 

On  reaching  the  crushing  plant  the  gravel  is  screened  under  a  stream    I 
of  water.     A  set  of  screens  usually  comprises  screens  having  some  or 
all  of  the  following  sizes  of  perforations:     2-inch,    15^-inch,    I-inch, 
24-inch,  ^-inch  and  %-inch.    They  are  of  both  rotating  and  stationary 
types. 

After  the  gravel  and  sand  have  been  sorted  by  screening,  crushing 
and  washing,  into  the  required  sizes,  the  material  is  stored  in  bins 
which  are  readily  emptied  through  spouts  by  gravity  into  cars  on  a 
convenient  siding.  By  discharging  two  or  more  bins  at  once  into  the 
same  car,  and  by  regulating  the  rate  of  flow  of  sand  and  differently 
sized  gravel,  a  mixture  containing  these  materials  in  almost  any  de- 
sired  proportion  can  be  obtained,  as,  for  instance,  a  mixture  that  will 
be  suitable  for  concrete  on  the  addition  of  the  required  quantity  o\' 
Portland  cement.  During  the  winter  months,  when  freezing  inter- 
feres with  washing  operations,  dry  screens  are  use,  when  needed,  at 
several  plants  in  the  district. 

Al  the  majority  of  plants  in  the  district  materials  are  separated  into 
sizes  about  as  follows:     Torpedo  sand   (grains  that  pass    ;  s  inch  sieve,) 

roofing  gravel  (passing  \  •  inch  bul  not  .;s  inch.)  and  concrete  gravel 
(passing    11  •  inch  hut   not    '  •  inch.)     There  is  some  variation   from 


Buechaed.]  CONCRETE  MATERIAL  AT  CHICAGO.  367 

these  sizes,  of  course,  and  larger  sizes  than  1 3/2-inch  are  produced. 
The  proportion  of  gravel  of  concrete  size,  which  is  sharp  and  angular 
as  a  result  of  crushing,  depends  on  the  coarseness  of  the  deposit. 
Where  the  perecentage  of  gravel  in  the  bank  is  high  and  a  large  pro- 
portion of  it  is  more  than  i>2  inches  in  diameter,  the  proportion  of 
crushed  stone  in  the  product  is  of  course  relatively  high,  and  has  been 
known  to  reach  60  per  cent. 

An  interesting  use  to  which  the  coarser  gravel  is  put  is  as  a  flux 
in  iron  melting  at  Carpentersville,  111.,  and  this  is  possible  because 
of  the  large  percentage  of  dolomite  pebbles  in  the  gravel. 

An  important  factor  in  the  sand  and  gravel  business  is  an  adequate 
supply  of  water.  Some  plants  are  situated  so  close  to  Fox  or  Des- 
plaines  river  that  they  may  obtain  water  by  pumping  directly  from 
the  stream.  Others  reach  an  underflow  at  the  base  of  the  pit,  or  the 
base  of  the  pit  may  be  determined  by  water-saturated  sand  and  gravel, 
and  in  such  places  an  abundance  of  water  may  be  obtained  by  driving 
pipes  a  few  feet  into  the  water-bearing  gravel  and  pumping  there- 
from. Less  advantageously  situated  with  respect  to  water  supply  are 
those  banks  that  are  remote  from  a  stream  or  high  on  the  valley  rims, 
but  usually  in  this  well-watered  country  sufficient  water  may  be  caught 
in  reservoirs  so  constructed  as  to  receive  the  run-off  from  some  gully 
or  wet-weather  stream,  or  such  a  reservoir  may  be  partly  supplied  by 
pumping  or  utilizing  the  flow  of  a  small  spring.  Where  conservation 
of  water  is  necessary,  settling  basins  must  be  constructed,  and  space 
must  be  provided  for  them.  Water  thus  used  over  and  over  again  can 
I  be  kept  fairly  clean,  but  is  hardly  as  desirable  as  a  copious  supply  ob- 
tained from  wells  or  from  a  clear,  flowing  stream  such  as  Fox  river. 

AVAILABLE  SAND  AND  GRAVEL. 

In  the  foregoing  portion  of  the  text  suggestions  have  been  given  as 
to  possible  extensions  of  workings  along  Fox  and  Desplaines  rivers.  In 
review  it  may  be  said  that  in  the  valley  of  Fox  river,  from  the  south- 
ern part  of  Kenosha  county,  W^is.,  to  Geneva,  111.,  and  perhaps  farther 
south,  there  are  many  unworked  deposits  of  sand  and  gravel.  A  large 
part  of  the  moraines  and  outwash  deposits  left  by  the  melting  of  the 
glaciers  in  southeastern  Wisconsin  is  made  up  of  sand  and  gravel. 
The  character  of  these  extensive  deposits  has  been  discussed  in  detail 
by  William  C.  Alden.*  Their  distribution  is  shown  on  the  maps  ac- 
companying his  report.  There  are  vast  amounts  of  sand  and  gravel 
yet  to  be  utilized  in  the  tracts  indicated.  These  deposits,  especiallv 
the  moraines,  vary  greatly  in  character,  however,  from  point  to  point, 
and  much  of  the  material  is  not  now  readily  accessible  for  transportation. 
In  the  Desplaines  valley  the  best  deposits  are  found  between  foliet  and 
the  mouth  of  the  Desplaines  river.  Proved  but  undeveloped  deposits 
occur  in  the  areas  shown  on  the  map  forming  figure  32,  but 
owing  to  its  necessarily  small  scale  it  has  been  impossible  to  show  loca- 
tions in  the  desired  detail.     On  account  of  the  irregularities  in  deposi- 


*The  Delavan  lobe  of  the  Lake  Michigan  glacier  :    Prof.   Paper  U.   S    Geol.   Survey 
No.  34,   1905. 


368  YEAR  BOOK  FOR  I9O/.  [Bull.  No.  8 

tion  which  are  common  to  glacial  material,  more  particularly  to  mor- 
ainal  deposits  than  to  outwash  gravels,  although  somewhat  character- 
istic of  the  latter,  it  is  essential  that  thorough  prospecting  be  done  be- 
fore arrangements  are  begun  to  work  a  pit  or  bank  on  a  large  scale. 
A  common  method  of  prospecting  a  tract  is  to  sink  a  number  of  test 
wells  3  to  5  feet  in  diameter  and  as  deep  as  desired  in  order  to  deter- 
mine the  thickness  of  cover,  proportion  of  gravel  to  sand,  size  and 
character  of  gravel,  whether  or  not  any  clay  or  "hardpan"  is  present, 
whether  or  not  the  materials  are  mixed  or  stratified,  at  what  depth 
water  is  encountered,  total  thickness  of  deposit,  and  all  such  factors  as 
have  a  bearing  on  the  economical  development  of  the  deposit.  In 
many  places  such  test  wells  have  to  be  curbed  by  planks  to  prevent  the 
loose  wall  material  from  caving  in,  and  often  it  is  impossible  to  re- 
move the  planks  from  the  well,  so  strong  is  the  compression  exerted  by 
the  deposit. 

Lake  Shore  Deposits, 
available  material. 

Fine-grained  sand  occurs  in  inexhaustible  quantity  on  the  present 
beach  of  Lake  Michigan,  and  in  places  there  is  more  or  less  coarse  sand 
and  gravel  mixed  with  it.  As  a  source  of  supply  for  concrete  material, 
however,  these  deposits  are  not  now  of  great  importance,  for  the  follow- 
ing reasons :  The  sand  is  mostly  of  finer  grain  than  torpedo  sand, 
which  is  most  desirable ;  the  material  requires  special  methods  for  the 
separation  of  sand  and  gravel;  the  deposits  are  constantly  shifting 
with  shore  currents ;  and  the  occupancy  of  the  lake  front  by  docks, 
railroads,  parks,  boulevards  and  private  grounds  has  made  much  of 
the  beach  unavailable  or  too  valuable  to  be  exploited  for  sand  and 
gravel. 

At  the  south  end  of  the  lake,  in  Indiana,  sand  dunes  have  furnished 
much  of  the  filling  used  in  track  elevation,  and  this  area,  together  with 
a  few  others  temporarily  worked  south  and  north  of  Chicago,  is  still 
furnishing  supplies  of  sand  for  local  use,  chiefly  for  lime  mortars  and 
plaster. 

METHOD  OF  OBTAINING  AND  PREPARATION. 

At  Waukegan  sand  and  gravel  are  obtained  in  a  unique  manner 
from  the  beach  deposit.  The  Waukegan  Sand  and  Gravel  Company 
was  operating  in  August,  1907,  a  sand  pump  or  "sand  sucker"  in  a 
shallow  lagoon  between  the  Ludington  Salt  Company's  docks  and  a 
spit  occupied  by  the  Elgin,  Joliet  and  Eastern  Railroad.  The  outfit 
consists  of  a  centrifugal  pump  having  a  6-inch  intake  and  a  7-inch 
outlet  pipe.  The  pump  is  driven  by  a  20-horsepower  engine,  and  the 
whole  apparatus  is  floated  on  a  covered  barge.  Water,  sand,  and 
gravel  as  large  as  33^-inch  arc  together  pumped  from  the  bottom  of 
the  lagoon,  and  are  discharged  through  a  pipe  of  variable  length  into 
screen^  and  thence  into  cars.  Tt  is  possible  1«>  pump  material  fron 
great  a  depth  as  20  feet,  and  to  carry  the  delivery  pipe  \o  ears  at  least 


Bubchakd.J  CONCRETE  MATERIALS  IN  CHICAGO.  369 

600  feet  distant,  provided  a  slight  fall  is  given  the  pipe.  Gravel  larger 
than  3 y2 -inch  is  excluded  by  a  screen  over  the  mouth  of  the  intake. 
Ocassionally  the  gravel  that  passes  into  the  pump  clogs  it  and  makes 
trouble.  It  is  reported  that  the  capacity  of  such  a  plant  is  about  10 
to  35  yards  per  day  of  ten  hours. 

The  character  of  the  deposits  worked  near  Waukegan  varies  from 
place  to  place  and  also  from  season  to  season.  Some  deposits  have 
been  found  to  yield  only  2  to  4  per  cent  of  gravel,  whereas  others  have 
yielded  33^  per  cent.  The  material  being  raised  at  Waukegan  was 
clean  and  of  good  quality.  The  gravel  was  composed  principally  of 
dolomite,  granite,  dark  crystalline  pebbles,  quartz  and  chert.  This 
material  is  used  locally  for  the  most  part,  although  it  is  occasionally 
bought  by  Chicago  dealers  when  an  extra-clean  gravel  is  required. 

TESTS  OF  MATERIALS. 

>It  is  expected  to  publish  later  the  results  of  official  tests  made  on  the 
oncrete  materials  produced  in  the  Chicago  district  at  the  structural 
laterials  laboratories  of  the  survey  at  St.  Louis. 
For  the  present  paper,  however,  there  are  available  an  instructive  set 
of  results  of  tests  mostly  of  Niagara  limestone,  made  by  the  Testing 
Division  of  the  Bureau  of  Engineering  of  the  city  of  Chicago.  These 
tests,  while  not  made  on  exactly  the  same  basis  as  similar  tests  made 
at  the  survey  laboratories,  are  nevertheless  made  on  a  uniform  basis, 
and  afford  valuable  data  (a)  for  comparison  of  the  various  samples 
of  rock  with  each  other ;  (b)  for  comparison  of  broken  stone  from  the 
spoil  bank  of  the  sanitary  and  ship  canal  with  freshly  quarried  ma- 
terial ;  (c)  for  comparison  of  gravel  concrete  with  concrete  contain- 
ing crushed  stone;  and  (d)  for  general  information  as  to  the  strength 
and  wearing  power  of  the  limestone. 

The  sampling  and  testing  of  the  materials  were  carried  on  under  the 
immediate  supervision  of  Mr.  P.  C.  McArdle,  city  engineer  of  tests, 
and  the  following  notes  in  regard  to  the  work  are  adapted  from  the  re- 
port of  Mr.  McArdle  to  Mr.  John  Ericson,  city  engineer  of  Chicago, 
under  date  of  July  30,  1907. 

In  order  that  comparative  tests  for  strength  in  concrete,  for  strength 
of  material  itself,  and  for  wearing  should  be  made,  samples  were  taken 
from  thirty-one  localities,  of  which  fourteen  were  taken  from  the  spoil 
bank  of  the  Chicago  drainage  channel,  between  Willow  Springs  and 
Lockport,  and  the  remainder  were  from  the  various  quarries  deliver- 
ing or  about  to  deliver  crushed  stone  to  the  market. 

Preparation  of  Samiples — The  samples  for  concrete  were  taken  di- 
rectly from  the  chutes  at  the  crusher,  of  the  same  size  as  it  is  used  in 
street  paving  and  were  used  in  that  form.  The  samples  for  compres- 
sion were  1  inch  square  by  1  Yi  inches  long,  and  were  made  by  rubbing 
down  larger  blocks  on  an  ordinary  power  rubbing  board  by  an  ex- 
perienced stone  cutter.  The  samples  for  abrasion  were  for  the  most 
part  the  size  of  paving  blocks,  9x4x3^  inches  formed  by  the  same 
rubbing  process  as  the  smaller  pieces,  and  by  the  same  operator. 

— 24  G  S 


370  YEAR  BOOK  FOR  I907.  [Bull.  No.  8 

Throughout  the  tests  all  samples  were  known  by  number  only,  and 
every  safeguard  was  placed  around  the  tests  so  that  they  might  be  made 
accurately  and  impartially. 

Concrete  Compression  Test — The  cubes  used  in  this  test  were  6 
inches  on  an  edge  and  were  formed  in  wooden  moulds.  The  mixture 
used  was  the  same  throughout,  viz.,  one  part  Whitehall  Portland  ce- 
ment, three  parts  torpedo  sand  and  six  parts  crushed  stone.  The 
same  amount  of  water,  8  per  cent  by  weight  of  all  material,  was  used 
in  each  block,  and  material  for  each  block  was  weighed  out,  mixed  and 
placed  separately.  All  blocks  were  made  by  the  same  man,  and  in  as 
nearly  as  possible  the  same  way.  The  test  pieces  were  crushed  under 
the  direction  of  Professor  Mosely,  of  the  Lewis  institute,  in  the  pres- 
ence of  Mr.  McArdle,  using  an  Olsen  200,000  pound  testing  machine. 
The  results  of  these  tests  are  shown  in  the  summary.  The  observa- 
tions were  made,  first,  when  the  first  definite  sign  of  failure  occurred, 
and,  second,  when  ultimate  strength  was  reached.  All  pieces  were 
broken  at  14  days  old,  48  hours  of  which  samples  set  in  air  in  molds. 

These  test  pieces  were  made  as  nearly  as  possible  in  the  same  manner 
and  of  the  same  proportions  in  which  the  material  is  used  for  concrete 
foundations  under  asphalt,  granite  block,  or  brick  street  pavements. 

Compression  Tests  on  Limestone — These  tests  were  all  made  by  Mr. 
McArdle  on  a  Rhiele  hand  power  crushing  machine  of  20,000  pounds 
capacity,  in  the  laboratory  of  the  Bureau  of  Engineering  at  the  Chicago 
avenue  pumping  station.  Results  as  in  former  cases  are  shown  in  the 
summary.  The  blocks  were  1  inch  square  by  iy2  inches  long  generally. 
In  this  series  of  tests  also  two  observations  were  made,  one  at  first  sign 
of  failure,  and,  second,  when  ultimate  strength  was  reached. 

The  Abrasion  Test — This  test  was  made  on  an  ordinary  brick  rat- 
tling machine,  30  inches  in  diameter,  28  inches  long,  and  in  approxi- 
mately the  same  manner  as  paving  brick  are  treated.  The  charge  con- 
sisted of  fifty  pounds  of  cast-iron  blocks,  i^xi^xi^  inches.  The 
weight  of  stone  used  in  nearly  every  case  was  40  to  50  pounds.  In 
those  cases  in  which  a  loss  weight  had  to  be  taken,  paving  brick  were 
added  to  make  up  the  weight.  This  test,  while  not  to  be  considered 
as  accurate  as  as  the  others,  yields  good  general  information,  showing 
that  in  many  cases  limestone  blocks  stand  up  under  the  test  as  well 
as  vitrified  paving  brick.  It  was  impossible  to  get  the  stone  all  the 
same  size  or  weight.  The  test  consisted  of  revolving  the  stone  blocks 
along  with  the  cast  iron  blocks  a  known  number  of  revolutions  and  at 
uniform  speed.  Tn  this  case  t,200  revolutions  was  aimed  at  and  a  speed  j 
of  37  revolutions  per  minute. 


BUKCHAKD.] 


CONCRETE  MATERIALS  IN   CHICAGO. 


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372  YEAR  BOOK  FOR  I907.  [Bull.  No.  8 

Analyzing  the  results  as. shown  in  these  tests  the  average  compres- 
sive strength  on  6-inch  concrete  cubes  of  the  three  spoil  bank  sam- 
ples, viz.,  Nos.  1,  29  and  30  yields  66,444  pounds  (1,846  pounds  per 
square  inch)  while  the  average  strength  of  the  remaining  seventeen 
quarry  samples  is  64,684  (1763  pounds  per  square  inch)  nearly  the 
same  result.  In  the  limestone  compressive  test  the  average  of  fourteen 
drainage  channel  spoil  bank  samples  shows,  11,834  pounds  while  that 
from  the  seventeen  quarry  samples  shows  12,397  pounds,  a  very  slight 
difference. 

Similarly,  in  abrasion  test  the  average  per  cent  loss  of  weight  in  the 
test  of  the  fourteen  drainage  channel  spoil  bank  samples  is  21,00, 
while  that  of  the  other  seventeen  samples  is  19.57  per  cent.  Elimina- 
ting, however,  No.  15  the  average  of  the  thirteen  remaining  would  be 
19.36  per  cent  loss.  The  opinion  of  the  city  engineer  of  tests  based 
upon  these  results  is  that  the  rock  taken  from  the  spoil  banks  is  in 
genera]  as  good  as  that  taken  from  any  of  the  quarries  of  the  district. 
Rotten  stone,  however,  may  be  found  in  almost  any  of  these  quarries, 
as  well  as  in  the  spoil  banks,  and  this  is  particularly  true  of  the  quar- 
ries in  the  Lemont  district,  and  in  the  spoil  bank  along  sections  12  and 
13,  and  this  rotten  stone  may  be  readily  detected  by  the  observer. 

There  are  submitted  also  tests  on  two  samples  of  crushed  gravel 
concrete,  numbered  ig  and  2g.  The  former  was  of  large  size, 
the  latter  of  small  size.  It  will  be  noted  that  No.  ig  result  is  among 
the  highest  of  all  the  tests  made,  while  2g  shows  a  good  average 
result. 

In  conclusion  Mr.  McArdle  adds  that  for  three  years  he  traversed 
the  drainage  canal  while  it  was  under  construction  at  every  depth  from 
the  surface  to  a  depth  of  thirty-five  feet,  from  Lemont  to  Lockport,  a 
distance  of  eight  miles,  and  he  unreservedly  states  that,  with  the  ex- 
ception of  a  small  part  of  section  12  and  at  places  in  section  13,  the 
rock  while  being  excavated  was  of  an  exceptionally  sound  character;] 
and  the  tests  show  that  although  the  rock  taken  for  test  was  necessarily 
taken  from  the  outside,  or  weathered  portion,  the  character  still  re- 
mains good,  and  it  must  reasonably  be  expected  that  on  the  inside  of 
the  pile  also  it  should  be  sound. 

LITERATURE. 

There  is  a  long  list  of  papers  dealing  with  subjects  mainly  of  purely 
scientific  interest  in  connection  with  this  area,  but  few  of  them  bavei 
practical  value  in  relation  to  the  subject  of  concrete  materials.  In 
the  following  papers  will  be  found  useful  data  regarding  the  character 
and  distribution  of  the  limestone,  sand,  and  gravel  in  the  vicinity  of 
Chicago : 

Alden,  William  C.     Description  of  the  Chicago  district:   Geologic  Atlas  IT.  S., 

folio  81,  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey.  1902. 
The  Delavan  lobe  of  the  Lake  Michigan  glacier;   Prof.  Paper  U.  S.  Geol. 

Survey  No.  34,  1905. 
Lkvkkktt.    Kkank.     The  water  resources  of   Illinois:    Seventeenth   Ann.   Ropt. 

U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  pt.  2,  1896,  pp.  695-849. 

The   Pleistocene  features  and   deposits  of  the  Chicago  area:    Hull    Ghi 


cago  Acad.  Bel,  No.  -.  <:<'<>i  and  Na1    Hist.  Surrey,  L897. 
-> —     The  Illinois  glacial  lobe;  Mon.  u.  s.  Geol  Survey,  vol.  88,  L899. 


THE  MINERAL  INDUSTRY  OF  ILLINOIS. 

(By  H.  Foster  Bain.) 


Statistics  of  mineral  production  showing  the  output  of  the  State 
for  1906  were  collected  as  heretofore  in  cooperation  with  the  U.  S. 
Geological  Survey  and  a  summary  was  published  in  July  last*  A 
later  summary  statement  was  published  at  Washington,  f  The  latter 
statement,  since  it  includes  revised  figures,  is  reproduced  below  to- 
gether with  estimates  for  1907  wherever  the  latter  are  available.  De- 
tailed figures  are  not  yet  (May  1,  1908)  made  up.  Where  no  estimate 
is  given  it  may  be  safely  assumed  that  in  1907  the  production  was  as 
large  or  larger  than  for  1906  since  the  intense  activity  of  the  first  half 
of  the  year  more  than  offset  the  depression  of  the  latter  half. 

These  figures  are  not  all  strictly  comparable  and  equally  accurate. 
They  will,  however,  indicate  the  great  variety  and  value  of  the  mineral 
output  of  the  State.  In  the  main  they  represent  the  value  of  the  raw 
material  at  the  mines.  The  metals,  however,  except  as  indicated  are 
figured  on  the  basis  of  furnace  product;  the  lead  and  zinc  being  the 
ore  or  metal  produced  from  Illinois  ore.  The  pig  iron  was  all  produced 
from  ores  shipped  in  from  other  states.  Illinois,  however,  contributed 
the  flux  and  much  of  the  fuel.  In  accord  with  custom  the  figures  are 
given  here.  The  coke  and  by-products  were  only  in  small  part  pro- 
duced from  local  materials.  If,  however,  all  material  shipped  in  and 
here  reduced  were  eliminated  there  would  still  be  a  gross  value  of 
$92,000,000,  approximately  to  be  credited  to  the  mines  and  quarries 
of  the  State.  A  detailed  statement  will  be  published  in  Circular  4  of  the 
State  Geological  Survey. 


*The  Mineral  Production  of  Illinois  in  1906,  by  F.  B.  Van  Horn,  State  Geological 
Survey,  Circular  No.  2,  11  pages. 

t  Summary  of  the  Mineral  Production  of  the  United  States  in  1906.  W.  Taylor 
Thorn,  Advance  Chapter  from  the  Mineral  Resources  of  the  United  States,  Calendar 
year,  1906,  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  p.  41. 


373 


374  YEAR  BOOK  FOR  IQ07.  [Bcjll.  No.  8 

Mineral  Production  of  Illinois  in  1906  and  190?. 


Measure. 

1906. 

1907. 

Material. 

Quantity. 

Value. 

Quantity. 

Value. 

Cement,  natural  

Cement.  Portland 

Clay 

Barrels 

..do. 

Short  tons 

356, 843 

1,  858,  403 

139, 704 

$    118,221 

2, 461,  494 

131, 272 

12, 634, 181 

44, 763, 062 

*3,  926, 103 

160,  623 

156.684 

*47,128,000 

65,208 

534, 118 

77,287 

87, 211 

3, 274, 818 

886,357 

2, 961,  456 

34, 404 

1375, 190 
2.036,093 

1 

$      174. 282 
2,  632,  576 

13, 351,  362 

Clay  products 

f 
51,317.146 

Coal 

Short  tons 

41, 480, 104 

54, 687,  382 

Coke  and  by-products 

Fluorspar 

Short  tons 

..do 

28,268 

238, 178 

2, 156, 866 

572 

121,546 

574,  453 

25,128 

141,971 

Glass  sand 

152, 619 

Iron,  pig 

Long  tons 

Short  tons 

..do 

52,228.000 

Lead 

r45, 760 

Lime 

Mineral  waters 

Gallons 

91.760 

Natural  gas 

Barrels 

Short  tons 

4, 397, 050 
2,419,381 

24.540,024 

16,  687. 216 

Sand  and  gravel 

1, 184. 020 

§4. 348,  647 

Zinc,  metal 

Short  tons 

..do 

282 

*6, 614, 608 

3.517 
2.000 

57,885 

Pyrites 

5.700 

tl.  787, 807 

Totals 

$121,188,306 



♦Estimated. 

tlncludes  alum   aluminum,  sulphate,  slatrcent,  sand-lime  brick,  pigments. 

^Includes  slag  cement. 

§  Includes  lime. 

IfEstimates  of  metal   reduced  from  local   ore. 


375 


INDEX. 


Abbott,   W.    L.,    cited 207 

Abrams,    Samuel,    work    of 13 

Abrasion  tests  on  limestone 371 

Absorption    of    Silica-lime    brick    148 

Abstracts  of  reports  issued  in  1907 29 

Accidents    in    mines     17 

Acme   Harvester   deep   well    317 

"Actual  coal"   154 

Adams  county  clay  output    154 

Salem    limestone    in     90 

Administrative    report   for    1907 11 

Aetna   Sand   and   Gravel   Company,    pits 360 

Alden,   W.   C,   cited    348,    367,    368,  3  72 

Alexander  county  clay  output   135 

Galena-Trenton  n    109 

Silurian  in    vvj 

Alexandrian  formation  in  Alexander  county 110 

Algonquin,   sand  pits    361 

Alluvial  fans    77 

Alterations   of   the   Composition   of   Coal   during   Ordinary   Laboratory   Storage,   by 

S.   W.   Parr  and  W.   F.  Wheeler    167 

Alton,    exposures    near     91 

sections    near 87 

American  Journal  of  Science,  cited   103 

Sand   and   Gravel   Company    362 

Analyses  of   clays   at  LaSalle 133 

Analyses  of  coals 157,  161,  162,  163,  164,  166,  171,  172,  173,  179. 

[181,  183,  188,  288,  245,  252 

Analyses  of  natural  cement  rocks 130 

Niagara   limestone    355 

Peoria,  waters    331 

Petroleum 278,   279,  280 

Portland  cement  materials    133 

Silica-lime    brick    149 

Analytical   methods   for  coal   analysis 180 

Work   on   coals    vf 

An  Initial   Coal   Substance  having  a  Constant  Thermal  Vale,   by   S.   W.   Parr  and 

W.   F.   Wheeler    • 154 

Anna,   rocks  near 97 

Anthracite,   decomposition  of    194 

Anthracizing  coal    176 

Anticline  at  Belleville    249 

Cottage    Grove    217 

LaSalle 128,  130 

Valmeyer    95 

in  oil  fileds    283 

in  Pike  county 303 

in   St.   Clair   county    94 

near    Renault    '. 96 

near    Thebes    110 

Anvil  rock  sandstone    213 

Appropriations  for  the   Survey 27 

of  overflow  of  lands    61 

Archimedes  limestone   88 

Ardle,  P.  C,  work  of,  cited 369 

Area  of  swamp  lands 55,   59 

Army    engineers,    cited     i 59 

Artesian  wells  in  Peoria  and  vicinity,  by  J.  A.  TJdden ,. : 313 

near  East   St.    Louis 36 

Artificial  Modification  of  the  Composition  of  Coal,  by  S.  W.  Parr  and  C.  K.  Francis  17.6 

Ash  in  Coal  and  Its  Influence  on  the  Value  of  Fuel,  by  A.  Bement 205 


376 

Index — Continued. 

Ashley,    G.    H.,    acknowledgement    to 212 

Athens    marble    351 

valley   69 

Atkinson,   S.   K.   work  of 13,   23 

Atwood-Davis  Company,  gravel  pits  of 365 

Atwood,  W.  W.,  cited 21 

Atwood,    W.    W.    and    J.    W.    Goldthwait,    Physical    Geography    of    the    Evanston- 

Waukegan  Region    48 

Augustana  College,  acknowledgment  to 12 

Aux    Vases    sandstone 303 

Available  sand  and  gravel  at  Chicago 367 

limestone  of  Chicago  district    357 

Aviston,    drilling    at 250 

B. 

Babbitt,  B.  K.  work  of 23 

Bailey's  well 318 

Bain,  H.  F.,  administrative  report  for  1907 11 

cited    336 

Contributions  to  the   Study  of  Coal 152 

Letter  of  Transmittal    9 

Mineral  Industry  of  Illinois 373 

Petroleum    Fields    of    Illinois 273 

Steam  Improvement  and  Land  Reclamation  Problems  in  Illinois 53 

Bake   oven    104 

Baker,  I.  O.,  work  by   IS 

Barker,    Perry,    work    of ^ 13 

"Barren'   measures 213 

Barrows,  H.  EL,  Middle  Portion  of  the  Illinois  Valley 17 

work  of 13,  21 

Bartonville   deep   well    • 315 

Bartow,   E.    W.,   work  of 13,    21,    26 

Bedford  stone  in  Illinois   20,   81 

near  Renault    96 

Beech,  J.  W.  cited   83 

Belleville  coal,  analyses   166 

at    Belleville    247 

in   Williamson    county    243 

weathering  of 203 

Belleville   quadrangle,    coal   in    246 

work   in 16 

Bement,  A.,  acknowledgment  to 12,  17.  153 

Ash  in  Coal  and  its  Influence  on  the  Value  of  Fuel 205 

cited    155 

Bench  marks  in  Galatia  quadrangle 239 

Billiography,  need  of   22 

Big  Muddy,  overflow  lands  along 59 

river    surveys    24 

Blarney,  J.  V.  Q.,  analysis  by 355 

Blatchley.  Raymond,  cited 209 

W.   S.,   cited    287.   273.   299.   305 

Bleininger,   A.    V.,   work   of 13,    18,    19 

Blue    Grass    Crusher    Company    quarries 93 

Bond  county,  clay  output   135 

Shoal   Creek   limestone   in 122 

Bonds  of  drainage  districts    59 

Bone  coal    207 

Boone  county,  clay  output 135 

Bottom  lands    58 

mapping  of 64 

Boulder  county    (Colo.)    coals,  analyses    165 

Bowman,   Isaiah,  and  C.   A.  Reeds,   Water  Resources  of  the  East   St.   Louis   District 

(Abstract)    84 

Bownocker,  J.  A.,  cited    304 

Boyd,    .7.,    work   of    23 

Branson,  E.  B.,  cited   88 

Breese  quadrangle,   coal   in 246 

work    in    16 

Brick-    Mlllsdale   Pressed   Brick   Company    858 

ralue  of  output   185 

Bridgeport,  oil  Holds  near   20 

oil   pool    806 

and 805 

Brlacoe  leave   28] 

Broadhead,  G.  (\.  cited   w.i 

Broman,  I.  J.,  work  of 18.   16 

Brown   county,  clay  out  put    

Salem    limestone    in    OO 

Buchanan    sand    ."»<»."> 


Z77- 
Index — Continued. 

Bucher,   Henry,   work   of 13,    23 

Building  brick  producers  lll  138 

material  of  Chicago 18 

stone '. 81 

output  of 374 

Burchard,    E.    F.,    cited 336 

Concrete  Materials  Produced  in  the  Chicago  District. 345 

work   of 13,    18,    19.    1 

Bureau  county,   clay  output 135 

Drainage  in 58,   59 

Bureau   of  Engineering,   Chicago,    cited 345 

information 21 

Bureau,   gravel    near 80 

Burlington  limestone 44 

Burns,    Dean,    cited    , 177 

work  of 13 


Cache  river  survey   60 

Cady,  G.  H.,  Cement  Making  Materials  in  the  Vicinity  of  LaSalle 127 

work  of 13,   16,  19 

Cahokia  creek    32 

Calhoun  county,   clay  output 135 

Devonian 114 

Salem    limestone    in     90 

Calorific  power  of  petroleum 279 

value  of  "actual  coal" 166 

Camden  cherts 113 

Cap  au  Gres  fault 91 

Cape  Girardeau  limestone   110 

"Carbo"    177 

Carboniferous  oil  horizons 287 

Carlinville  limestone   18,  213 

Carlyle    quadrangle,    survey    of 23 

quarries  near   124 

Carman,  J.  C,  work  of 13,  21 

Carpentersville,  gravel  used  for  flux 367 

Carroll  county,  clay  output  135 

Carters   well    323 

Carthage  limestone 118,  213,  231 

Casey  oil  pool 287 

sand 305 

Caseyville   conglomerate 216 

Cass  county,   clay  output    135 

Cement  Making  Materials  in  the  Vicinity  of  LaSalle,  by  G.  H.  Cady 127 

Cement,  materials,  studies  of 19 

output  of  Illinois , 374 

Rock  in  St.  Clair  county 94 

Central  Park  well t 321 

Chalfln  bridge,  exposures  near 95 

Chamberlain,  T.  C,  cited 82 

Champaign,  gas  near    286 

Champaign   county,   clay   output 135 

oil  in 311 

Chatanooga  shale '. . 115 

Chester  formations  near  Grand  Tower 97 

Chester  group   44,  285,  286,  287,  299,  303 

Chester  sands 299 

Chicago  Bureau  of  Engineering,  cited 345 

district,    concrete    materials    of 345 

Chicago  Gravel  Company  pits    362,  364 

Chicago  Gravel  pits 345 

Chicago,   oil    seepage   at 281 

Portland  Cement  Company    132,    133.  134 

quarries 345 

sand  pits 345 

work    near 18 

Chillicothe,   flood    plain    near '.  .  78 

gravel    at 80 

Christian   county,   clay  output 135 

coals,   analyses  of 163,  164 

coals,    weathering   of 198 

|  Cincinnatian 284,  285,  286 

at   Peoria    325 

formation     42 

Clapp,  F.  G.,  cited 120 

Clark   county,    clay   output 135 

oil   in 275,    277,  305 

oil   pools    305 


378 
Index — Continued. 

Clarke,  F.  W.,  cited 278  | 

Clay    county,    clay    output 135 

oil    in    311 

Clay  industries,  directory  of,  Illinois 135 

output  of  Illinois 374 1 

Products,    value   of   output 1351 

veins     267 ! 

work   on    18 

Clays    used   in    cement    making 133 

Clear   creek   cherts    113 

Clifton    Terrace    exposures    92 

Clifton  county,  clay  output 135 

coal    output    250 

Shoal  creek,   limestone  in 122 

surveys    in    64 

Clinton  county  coals,  analyses 163.  254 

Clinton  formation   in   Southwestern   Illinois Ill 

Coal,   contributions  to  the  study  of 151 ! 

Coal   Investigations   in  the   Saline-Gallatin   Field,   Illinois,   and   the  adjoining  area. 

by  F.   W.   DeWolf .211 

Coal  Investigations  in  Saline  and  Williamson  counties,  Illinois,  by  F.  W.  DeWolf.  .  230 

Coal    measure    oil    sands 297 

Coal  measures,   (see  Pennsylvanian) 45,  231.  2S4.  2S5.  286 

at   Peoria    256.  328 

correlation   of    20S 

near    LaSalle    30 

of    Belleville-Breese    area 246 

Coal    "No.    5"    at   Peoria    255 

In    Saline-Gallatin   area    214.  225  j 

In  Saline  and  Williamson  counties    233 

Coal   "No.   7"   in   Saline — Gallatin   area 214.  224 

In  Saline  and  Williamson  counties 233 

Coal    output    of    Illinois    '.74 

Resources   of    Belleville-Breese   area 250 

Resources  of  Saline  and  Williamson  counties 241 

Work    on 16 

Coalite     176 

Coke  output  of  Illinois i74 

Colchester,   fire   clay    IS,  268 

Gas    near    286 

Colean  factory  well    323 

Coles   county,   clay  output    135 

Oil  in    277 

Collinsville    coals,    analyses    166 

Collinsville,  dip  at   249 

Colorado  coals,  analyses    165 

Commercial    Stone   Company,   quarries 351 

Composite  section   of   pre-Mississippian 105 

Composition   of  ash    205 

Niagara    limestone    354 

Petroleum    278 

Compression   tests   on   concrete    370 

Limestones     370 

Concrete  Materials  Produced  in  the  Chicago  District,  by  E.  F.  Burchard 345 

Conglomerate    measures     297 

Containers   for   coal    108 

Contents     I 

Contributions  to  the  Study  of  Coal   151. 

Cook   county,    clay  output    61,  78 

Cornplanter  Oil  Company    271 

Correlation    of    coals    208 

Coals  in  Williamson  county 243  ] 

Coal  measures    213 

Oil   sands    200 

Oil  and  gas  sands 9fl 

Cost    of    reclamation    58 1 

Cox,  cited   llj 

Craft,  A.  J.,  quarry 122  ) 

Crawford  county,   clay  output 135 

Oil    iri    277 

Oil    pools    3fl 

Cretaceous     286 1 

Formations     ■ 

Crltp,  F.  W..  work  of L8,  M 

Crushed   stone,    preparation   of •'»•»" 

Crushing  strength  of  silica-  lime  brick 1481 

Cumberland   county,    clay   output    1311 

Oil     In     277,  M 

Cumings,  D,  EL,  cited  83 1 


379 

Index — Continued. 

D. 

Day,  D.  T.,  analyses  by    280 

Decomposition  of  bituminous   coal 191,  192 

Deep  water  way,  rock  available  for 368 

Deep  wells  at  Peoria    313 

Deer   park,   exposures  near i 130 

Defects  in  Coal  Number  Five  at  Peoria,  by  J.  A.  Udden 255 

DeKalb  county,   clay  output .  135 

Delafield  diamond  drill   core    287,  292 

Depth  of  wells  near  Wheaton 72 

DesPlaines,   overflow   lands   along 59 

Valley,    work    in 21 

Deterioration  of  coal    167 

Devonian brd,  285 

At  Peoria    325 

Black    shale    115 

Formations     43 

In  southwestern  Illinois   105,  112 

In  Union  county   , 97 

Near    Grand    Tower    97 

DeWitt    county,    clay    output 135 

DeWolf.   F.    W.,    acknowledgment   to 153 

Cited     307 

Coal  investigations  in  Saline-Gallatin  field,   Illinois,  and  the  adjoining  area..  211 

Coal  investigations  in   Saline   and  Williamson   counties,   Illinois 230 

DeWolf,  F.  W.,  J.  A.  Udden,  and,  Notes  on  the  Belleville  Breese  area 246 

Work   of    13,    15,    16,    19  .298 

Directory  of  Clay  Industries  of   Illinois 135 

Workers     137 

Distribution   of   reports 26 

Dixon,    cement  rock   at 129 

Trenton    limestone    at 129 

Dobbin    mine    section 226 

Dolese  and  Shepard  quarries    348 

Dolomite   as    an   oil    sand 281 

Drain   tile    producers 138 

Value    of    output 136 

Drainage    about    Springfield    68 

Districts,   formation  of    56 

Investigations,   U.    S.   Department  of  Agriculture 25 

Of  river  bottoms    53,  55 

In    Saline-Gallatin    field 212 

In  Saline  and  Williamson  counties 231 

Surveys     23,  24 

Organization    of    14 

Drift  at  Peoria 378 

Drill    hole    at    Tolono 312 

In  Lawrence  county   295 

Wabash   county    296 

Near   Casey 288 

Near    Delafield    292 

Drill  holes  in  Randolph  county   312 

In    Saline-Gallatin    coal    field 217 

In  Saline  and  Williamson  counties   :  .  241 

Dry  holes  in  oil  fields 2  IS 

Duncanville    oil    pool     .-% 306 

Duquoin   coals,   analyses    166 

E, 

Early   swamps   in   Illinois 56 

Earthenware    producers 145 

East  St.  Louis  District,  Water  Resources  of .  .' 30 

Work    near    16,    20,  21 

Eckel,  E.  C,  cited   130,  133 

Economic  Geology  quoted    196 

Edgar  county,   clay  output 135 

Oil    in     277,  311 

Educational   bulletins , 21,   26,   68,   72  77 

Eldorado,    coal    near    215 

Quadrangle,   coal   in    211 

Work   near 16 

Elliott,    C.    G.,    surveys   under 25,  63 

Ellis,   A.   J.,   acknowledgment   to 230 

Work    of    13,  16 

Ellis,   J.    R.,    work   of 13,  23 

Elmhurst,   quarries  near    72 

Embarrass,    overflow    lands    along 59 

River    surveys    • 24 

Emmons,    W.    R.,    work   of    23 


38o 
Index — Continued. 

Englernann.    Henry,    cited     88  119 

Engineering  Experiment   Station,   Cooperation  with .......      12     17    ^0    167  196 

Equality    coal     '                •'          '  2'?4 

Coal  near    ...!........!!...!.. 215 

Section    at    091 

Ericson,    John,    cited .............[.'..['.'.'.  369 

Ernest.  T.  R..  Experiments  on  the  Amophous  Silica  of  Southern  Illinois '. '.  .  147 

Work   of    19 

Evanston-Waukegan     region .21.  48 

Everson    Oil    Company,    acknowledgment    to 1  287 

Expenditures  for  topographic  work   '.'..*'  24 

Of    the    Survey    .....•..!!.!!  27 

Experiments  on  the  Amorphous  Silica  of  Southern  Illinois,  bv  T.  R.   Ernest.  .  .    .  147 

Explanation   of   structural   map ' 341 

Extent  of  coal  deposits   in   Saline-Gallatin   field 341 

Extent  of  coal  deposits  in  Saline-Gallatin  field 222 

La    Salle    limestone    134 

F. 

Fault  near  Balk  Rock 113 

The    Renault   grant 96 

Faulting    near    Equality < 215 

In  Coal  at  Peoria   '  .  .  255 

In  Saline  and  Williamson  counties   240 

Faults    at    Glen    Carbon 249 

New    Baden    249 

West   Trenton    249 

Union    county    97 

Fauna  of  the  Salem  limestone 81 

Fayette    county,    clay   output 135 

Drainage   in    58 

Federal    Stone    Company    quarries 348 

Fenneman,   N.   M.,   work  of , 13.16.  21 

Ferruginous    sandstone     297 

Field  trips  along  North  Shore 51 

Work  of  1907  by  David  White 268 

Fire   brick    producers    145 

Clay    in    western    Illinois 18 

Fire  proofing  producers 1 44 

Value   of  output    137 

Fletcher,  John,  work  of 14 

Fletcher,    P.    E.,    work    of 14.  24 

In   Wayne  county    r>7 

Floods   along  Kaskaskia  river    64 

Flow   of   water    at   Peoria    .' 331 

Fluorspar   output   of   Illinois 374 

Fluxing    material    near    Chicago 345 

Fontana,  Wis.,  gravel  pit 365 

Ford  county,   clay  output   135 

Francis,  C.  K.,  S.  W.  Parr.,  and,  Artificial  Modification  of  the  composition  of  coal  176 

Acknowledgment  to    132 

Work  of    13 

Franklin  county  coals,  analyses   158,  159.  162.   171,  173 

Freeport,  Trenton  limestone  at   128 

Freight   traffic    for   rivers r 62 

Fuel  Engineering  Company,  acknowledgment  to 12,  16.   17 

Fuller,    M.,    cited 120 

Fulton    county,    clay 135 


Galatia  quadrangle,  bench   marks  in 239 

Coal    studies    in 230 

Work     in 16 

Gale,    exposure    near 1 09 

Galena    dolomite 

Trenton    284,    285,  288 

A  t     Pooria 325 

Formation     . 42 

In    Alexander    county 109 

Oil    seepage 801 

Galena    zinc   nnd    load   district    338 

Gallatin    Goal    Company,    acknowledgment    to 221 

Gallatin     count  v,     Hay 188 

Coal      In 211 

Coals,     analyses 161,  2M 

Gary,      Illinois,     quarry     near 

■(ins   RTOlved    from   coal L8€ 

Fields,    study    of H 

In      Illinois." 2lf 


381 

Index-*—  Continued. 

ielbach,   W.   A.,   work  of 13,  23 

General  Sections  of  oil  rocks 284 

Peoria    wells . .  .  . o^-> 

Geological   formations   in    Illinois . 41 

Geological  map  of  the  State 15,  41 

Use     of 343 

Section,    organization   of •      15 

reology  of  Belleville-Breese  area 246 

East    St.    Louis    District 32 

Saline-Gallatin    coal    field 212 

Saline  and   Williamson   counties 231 

Zinc    and    lead    district ........ 337 

German-American  Portland  Cement  Company 133,   134 

German   Coal   Company,    mine 257 

Germantown,    dip    at 249 

Gibson  county,  Indiana,  oil  in .277,   299 

Tfllespie    well 306 

Record 288.    296 

Hacial   deposits   about    Springfield 70 

Near    Evanston 49 

Near    Wheaton . .  . . . 72 

Fractures   in   coal 257 

>utwash   at   Chicago 359 

Uass  sand  output  of  Illinois ...... 374 

Jlen   Oak   Park   well 320 

lenn,    L.    C,    cited .  .      46 

Gold     Hill 215 

Goldthwait,    J.    W.,    Atwood,    W.    W.,   and,    Physical    Geography    of    the    Evanston- 

Waukegan     Region . 48 

Cited     21 

Work    of 13,    21 

Goodman    lease 30E 

Grand  Tower,   exposures  near 97 

Onandaga    rocks    at 114 

Grant,   U.    S.,    cited 336 

Work    of 13,    19 

and  M.   J.   Perdue,  Milbrig   Sheet  of  the  Lead  and  Zinc  District  of   Northern 

Illinois 335 

Gravel    at    Chillicothe . .      80 

Near    Chicago 345 

Output    of    Illinois 374 

Great  West,   quoted 55 

Green   River   special   Drainage   District 58 

Green    county,    clay 135 

Salem    limestone    in ; ........      90 

Griswold,   W.    T.,   cited 282 

Gross,  G.  D.  work  of .13,  23,  25 

Grout,  F.  F.,   cited...... ....280,    281 

Grundy   county,    clay 135 

Guarantee  Trust  Company,  acknowledgment  to 230 

H. 

Hain,  E.  L.,   work  of 13,   23 

Hall,   James,    cited 82 

W.    Carvel,    estimates    by 5& 

Hamilton,  N.  D.,   acknowledgment  to 152 

S.  W.  Parr,  and,  The  Weathering  of  coal 196 

Work    of 13,    19 

Hamilton    county,    clay . 135 

Coal     in ( 211 

Drill   hole   in 292 

Hamilton  formations   of   Southwestern  Illinois. 114 

Hammer,   R.    F.,   work   of . 13 

Hancock    county,    limestone    in 83 

Salem    limestone    in 90 

Hardinville   quadrangle,    survey   of 23 

Harrisburg     coal 223 

Harrisburg  Coal   Company,   acknowledgment  to 230 

Harrison,  W.  L.,  work  of 13,    23 

Hawkins,  R.   H.,   work  of . 23 

Head   of  Artesian   water   at  Peoria 332 

Heating  power   of   petroleum j 279 

Relderbergian    in    Southwestern    Illinois 112 

Hendley,  A.  J.,  work  of ...;..... 13,  23 

Hennepin,    gravel    near , 80 

Henry,    gravel    near . ........'.'     80 

Henry   eounty,    clay 135 

Drainage   in .  58,    59 

Herrin   quadrangle,    survey   of . ,. 23 

Herron,  W.   H,   administrative  report .      23 

work  of 12,  13,  14,  23,  24 


3§2 
Index — Continued. 

Heyworth,    gas    near 286 

Hidinger.    L.,    surveys   by 25 

Highland,    drilling    at 250 

Highway   materials  near   Chicago 345 

Hoblitzel,  J.  J 275.  306 

Hoffman,  G.   R.,   work  of 13.  23 

Hollow    block    producers 138 

Honey  Creek  oil  pool   306 

Hopkins,    T.    C,    cited 82 

Hopp    Hollow    exposures 93 

Hunt.    T.    S.,    cited 281 

Hydrographic  features  of  East  St.   Louis   District 31 

I. 

Igneous  rocks  at  Eldorado 216 

Harrisburg     241 

In     Illinois 46 

Illinois,    Hydraulic    Cement    Manufacturing    Company 129 

Overflow    lands    along 60 

Steel    Company,    Analyses    by 355 

Valley,  middle  portion  of 77 

Illustrations,    list    of 7 

Improvement    of   rivers 60 

Influence  of  a»h  on  value  of  fuel 205 

Inquiries    regarding    resources 21 

Internal  Improvement  Commission,  co-operation  with I'1..   24 

work  of .61.   63 

Inverted  blocks  of  coal  measures 263 

Iola,    oil    at 311 

Iowa    Geological    Survey,    cooperation    with 21 

Iroquois    county,    clay    1 35 

J. 

Jackson    county,    clay 135 

Devonian    in 112.  114 

Paleozoic   rocks   in 104 

Salem    limestone    in 97 

Jasper   county,    drilling   in 311 

Jersey    county.    Devonian 114 

Salem   limestone    in 90 

Jo  Daviess  county,  zinc  and  lead   in 336 

Johnson    township   pool : 306 

Joint  resolution  regarding  river  improvement 60 

Joliet,    quarries   near 351 

Jones.  J.  C.  Drainage  about  Springfield   68 

'  work   of 13,    1  «'>.    '-'! 

Jonesboro,    rocks   near 97 

K. 

Kankakee    county,    clay 135 

Kankakee     marsh 66 

Kaskaskia   bottom    lands 64 

Drainage    along 58 

Overflow    lands    along 59 

River    surveys 

Kent,     cited 155 

Keokuk     limestone 44 

Keyes,    C.    R.,    cited ^7 

Kimmel,  Percy,   work  of 28 

Kinderhook    285 

At     Peoria 826 

Group      44 

Kirkwood    sand 305,  307 

Kitch,    J.    B.,    acknowledgment   to 227 

Knickerbocker   Ice  Company,  gravel  pits 365 

L. 

Laboratory,    deterioration    of    coal i»'T 

I j\ (; range,    quarry    near 

Stone    Company.    i|ii;inios 348 

Ijiikf   county,   clay   output 135 

i.akc  Geneva   Gravel  and  Sand  Company 864 

T^ikc    Peoria "s 

Lake  Shore  Band  Company  pita 860,  868 

Lake   Shore   land   deposits 

Lamarst    I  Jreek    fractures 268 


3«3 
Index — Continued . 

Land    values 57 

LaSalle,    anticline 129,  283 

Cement  materials   near 127 

County,    clay 135 

Coals,    analyses 157,  171 

Dredging  in    59 

Limestone    near 119 

Ordovician    rocks    at 128 

Las  Animas  county,    (Colo.)   coals  analyses 165 

Lawrence  county,  drill  hole » 295 

Oil    in 277 

Oil    pools 306 

Lead   and   zinc   near   Milbrig 335 

Lemont,    quarries    near 350 

Lesquereux,   L.,   cited 119 

Leverett,    Frank,    cited 372 

Lewis,  A.   W.,  work   of 22 

Liberty ville,   gravel   pits 363 

Life  of  Sparta  gas  wells 308 

Lighting  jars  for  coal 168 

Lihme,   C.   B.,   analysis  by 130 

Lime   burned  in   Illinois 374 

Limestone  near   Chicago 345 

LaSalle 127 

Lindgren,  J.  M.,  analyses  by 331 

acknowledgment  to 230 

work    of 13,  19 

Lines,  E.  P.,  Statistics  and  Directory  of  Clay  Industries  of  Illinois 135 

Work  of 13,   18,   19 

Litchfield  oil  pool 307.  309 

Literature  on  Chicago  district 372 

Lithographic     limestone 89 

Little   Eock   Island,   exposures   near 109 

Little  Wabash,   overflow  lands  along 59 

Riffle    in 218 

River    surveys 25 

Lloyd,  W.  J.,  work  of 13.  23.   25 

Lord  and   Haas,    cited : 154 

Lowell,  J.  W.,  work  of 13,  23 

Lower   coal   measures 213.  231 

Top     of 118 

Lower     Magnesian 284 

Limestone .  41 

Lower  magnesian  limestone  at  LaSalle 128 

Lower  Palezoic  stratigraphy  of  Southwestern  Illinois,  by  T.   E.   Savage 103 

M. 

Mackinaw,  overflow  lands  along 59 

Macon   county,    clay    output 135 

Macoupin  county,  clay  output 135 

coals,    analyses 163,  171 

Shoal   Creek  limestone   in 120 

Madison  county,   clay   output 135 

Coal    output 250 

coals,  analyses 163,   166,   173,  254 

Salem  limestone  in 89,  91 

Shoal  Creek  Mmestone   in 12° 

Maeys,    William 96 

Magnuson,  J.  P.,  acknowledgment  to 331 

Mansfield     sandstone 45,  297 

near  Grand  Tower 97 

Maquoketa  in  outhwestern  Illinois 110 

shale    .' 42.  339 

Marcellus    shale 115 

Mariner  and  Hoskins,  analyses  by 855 

Marion  county,   clay   output 135 

coals,    analyses   of 171 

Markets   for    coal 17 

Marquette  Portland  Cement  Company 133,  134 

Marshall   county,    clay   output 136 

Martinsville,    oil    near ' 306 

Mascoutah   deep  boring 246 

Mason  county,   drainage  in .'  58 

Massac  county,  clay   output 136 

Matheney,  R.  C.  O.,  work  of 13.  28 

Mazon   Creek   flora 271 

McBeth.  J.  F.,  work  of 13,   23,  25 

McClure   and   Barker  cited 178 


3*4 
Index — Continued. 

McCrary,  E.  W.,  topographic  mapping  of  bottom  lands 64 

work  of 12,  13,  23,  24,  63 

McCreery,  Mack,  work  of 23 

McCrook,   quarry   near 349 

McDonald.   H.   L.,  work   of... 13.  23 

McDonougn  county,   clay  output 13§ 

Salem  limestone  in 90 

McHenry    county,    clay    output 136 

McLean,   C.   M.,   work  of 23 

McLean  county,   clay  output 136 

McNair,   C.   B.,  work  of .'...., 23 

McNeil     weil 323 

McWilliams,   G.   A.,   dredging  by 59 

Menard  county,  clay  output 136 

drainage   in OS 

Meramec   group 90 

Meramec  highlands,  section  at S5 

Mercer   county,,  clay   output 136 

Merkles,     William 25 

Middle   portion   of   the   Illinis  valley 77 

Milbrig  Sheet  of  the  Lead  and  Zinc  district  of  Northern   Illinois,  by  U.   S.   Gram 

and  M.  J.  Purdue 335 

Millsdale  Pressed  Brick  Company 353 

Millstone    grit 207 

Mineral  Industry  of  Illinois  by  H.  F.  Bain •».'.; 

statistics     21 

water  output  of   Illinois 374 

Mines  of  Belleville-Breese  area 250 

Saline-Gallatin    area 229 

Saline    and    Williamson    counties 

Mining  conditions   in    Saline-Gallatin   field 225 

Saline  and   Williamson  counties 243 

Mining  methods  in  Saline  county 245 

Saline-Gallatin    area 229 

Mississippi,    overflow    lands    along 60 

Valley  at  St.   Louis 31 

Mississippian    series 43,    SI,    285,  2S6 

at    Peoria 327 

in  Union  county    07 

south  of  Equality 215 

Weller's   studies   of 15 

Monroe  county,  clay  output 136 

Salem  limestone  in 94 

stone    in 20 

Montgomery   county,    clay    output 136 

oil    in 275.    307.  309 

Moore,  J.  K.,  work  of 13 

Sidney,    work   of 23 

Moranic  materials  at  Chicago 359 

Morgan    county,    clay    output 136 

Morrison,    Lee,   work   of 13.  23 

Moses,  Tom,   work   of 13.  252 

Moultrie    county,    clay    output 136 

Murphysboro   coal,   correlations   of 270 

quadrangle,   survey   of 23 

Murray,  Hugh,  acknowledgment   22  7 

N. 

Naperville,    quarry    near 74 

rock    surface    near 72 

National    Coal    Company,    acknowledgment    to 227 

Natural   cement   rock  at   LaSalle 128 

Natural   gas   in    Illinois 273 

output    in    Illinois : "74 

Navigation    improvements   of    riyers ■ 

Problems    in    Illinois 55 

New  Albany  black  shale Ill 

New    Athens   quadrangle,   survey    of m 

New  Baden,   dip  at 249 

New  Haven  quadrangle,  conl   in 211 

New  i [a \ en,  section  at  

Newsam,  Richard,  acknolwedgmenl   to   251 

New    Scotland    formations    in    Southwestern    Illinois 112 

Niagara     limestone    at     Chicago 

quarries    In 

Niagara,   oil    seepage 

petroleum    In 

Niagara    284,    28C 

dolomite      : 43 


3»5 

Index — Continued. 

Nickles,    J.    M.,    cited 302,  307 

Norris  City  Coal  Company,  mine  section   226 

coal     near 215 

Northwestern   University,    acknowledgement   to 12 

Notes  on  the  Belleville-Breese  area 246 

Shoal  Creek  limestone,  by  Jon  A.  Udden 117 

"No.    1"    coal,   correlation   of 268 

"No.    2"    coal,    correlation   of 268 

"No.  6"   coal,  age  of 271 

at    Belleville 247 

in   Williamson    county 243 

O. 

Oblong   oil   pool .' * 306 

O'Brian    well 323 

Occurrence   of   petroleum 281 

O'Falion,   dip   at 249 

O'Gara  Coal  Company,  acknowledgment  to 227,  230 

mine  No.   12,  section 226 

mines 216 

Ogle  county,   clay   output 136 

Ohio,  black   shale 115 

Oil  and  gas  sands 304 

Oil    company 275 

Overflow    lands    along 60 

Oil  and  gas  in  Illinois 273 

Oil  City  Derrick,  acknowledgment  to 276 

Oil  fields,  study  of 20 

Oil  pools  in   southern   Illinois 305 

Oil     sands .  297 

Okaw  river,  see  Kaskaskia. 

Okawville   quadrangle,    survey    of 23 

Onandaga  formations  of  southwestern  Illinois 113 

Ordovician     41,  284,  285 

At     Peoria 325 

In  southwestern  Illinois 108 

In  zinc  and  lead  district 337 

Rocks   at   LaSalle 128 

Ore   deposits   near    Galena 340 

Oregon,   Trenton  limestone   at 129 

Organization  of   Geological   Survey 12,   14 

Origin  of  fractures   at  Peoria 264 

Oriskanian  beds   in  southwestern  Illinois 113 

Orton,    E.,    cited 281 

Output   of   cement  plants 134 

Minerals   in   Illinois 373 

Overflow    lands 53 

Area     of 59 

Surveys     of 23 

Owen,   D.   D.,   cited 118,  213 

Oxidation  of  coal  in  laboratory 18x 

Pyrite    in    coal 169 

P. 

Paleobotanic    collections 268 

Palezoic  of  southwestern  Illinois   103 

Parker    township    pool 305 

Parr,  S.  W.,  acknowledgment  to 147,  152,  230 

Analyses     by 227 

Cited 170 

Work  of 13,   16,   19 

Francis,  C.  K.,  and,  Artificial  Modification  of  the  Composition  of  Coal 176 

Hamilton,  N.   D.,  and,   The  Weathering  of  Coal 196 

•     Wheeler,  W.  F.,  and,  Alterations  of  the  Composition  of  Coal  Daring  Ordinary 

Laboratory     Storage 167 

An  Initial  Coal  Substance  having  a  Constant  Thermal  Value 154 

Paving    brick,     producers 145 

Report    18,    26 

Value   of   output 137 

Peabody  Coal  Company,  acknowledgment  to   230 

Pecatonica,    overflow   lands   along 59 

Pekin,    bottom    land   near 80 

City,     well 324 

Gravel    near 80 

Penitentiary     quarry 35° 


-25  G 


386 

Index — Continued. 

Pennsylvania  series,  also  see  Coal  Measures 4* 

Peoria,   artesian   wells  at 313 

County,    clay    output 136 

Coal     at 255 

Flood    plain    near 78 

Mineral    Company    well 322 

Work    near 10,    21 

Perdue.  M.  J.,  U.   S.   Grant,  and,   Milbrig  Sheet  of  the  Lead  and  Zinc  District  of 

Northern     Illinois 335 

Permian     formations 46 

Perry   county,   clay   output 136 

Coals,    analyses 15,    18,    162,    160,  172 

Coal,   weathering   of 201,  202 

Personnell  of   Survey    1.;,    14 

Peru,   Portland  Cement  Materials  near 131 

Petroleum  Fields  of  Illinois  in  1907,  by  H.  F.  Bain 273 

Output    of    Illinois 374 

Physical  character  of  petroleum 279 

Physical  Geography  of  the  Evanston-Waukegan  Region  Abstract 48 

Physiography    of   Illinois   Valley 77 

Saline-Gallatin     field 212 

Saline  and   Williamson   counties 231 

Springfield     area 68 

Wheaton     area 72 

Piasa    Creek    exposures 91 

Piatt    county,    clay    output 136 

Pig  iron    made   in   Illinois 374 

Pike   county,    clay   output 136 

Gas    field 310 

Gas     in 304 

Salem   limestone   in 90 

Pipe    line    runs 275 

Pittsburg   coal,    decomposition   of 193 

Pittsfield,    gas    near 310 

Platteville    limestone 337 

Pleistocene  deposits,  gas  in 28* 

Gravels     4" 

Plications  in  coal  measures 262 

Portage     beds II1" 

Portland  cement  materials  at  Dixon 12x 

LaSalle     130 

In    Illinois 19 

Potsdam   sandstone 41.  284 

Pottery     producers 146 

Value    of   output 135 

Pottstown     mine 25" 

Pottsville  formation,    studies   of 16 

Oil     sands 297 

Sandstones 45,    285,   286.  287 

Sediments     268 

Power  developments  on  rivers 61 

Prairie  du  Pont  creek 32 

Pre-Carboniferous   oil   sands 303 

Pre-Chester,     sands 303 

Preglacial    erosion   at   Peoria 256 

Topography    at    Springfield 68 

Near     Wheaton 72 

Pre-Mississippian,    composite    section 10° 

Preparation  of   sand  and  gravel 366 

Princeton,  gas  near 286 

Printing    of    reports 27 

Production  of  clays  in  Illinois 137 

Coal   in  BeKeville-Breese   area 250 

Snline-Gallatin     field 211 

Saline  and   Williamson    counties 230 

Concrete    materials   at   Chicago :U7 

Minerals   in    Illinois "7.°* 

Petroleum  in  1007 •-'74 

Sparta   gns-   wells 8fl 

Productive    coal     measures 213 

Properties    Of    petroleum 278 

Pr08pectlng  for  zinc  and   load 340 

Prosser.  C.  B.,  cited S2 

Publications    of    the    Survey 25 

Pulankl    county,    clay    output 136 

Pulstfer    well 323 

Pumping    sand 368 

Purdy,  R.  C,  work  of 18,  18 


&7 
Index — Continued. 

Pure     coal 154 

Pure  Oil  Company,  drill  hole 306 

Pyrites,   output  of  Illinois 374 

Q. 

Quantity  of  deep  water  at  Peoria 331 

Quarries    near    Chicago 345 

Elmhurst     72 

Naperville     74 

Quarry  creek   limestone 283,  306 

Quarry    products 19 

Queen     lease ' 306 

R. 

Randolph    county,    clay    output 136 

Drill   holes   in 302 

Gas  and  oil  in 302,  307 

Ravine    development 50 

Raw    clay    producers 138 

Reclamation  of  overflow   lands 53 

Redwood,   Boverton,    cited 278,  280 

Reids,   C.   A.,   Bowman,   I.,  and,   Water  Resources   of   the   East    St.    Louis   District 

(Abstract)      30 

Reiss,  E   P.,  work  of 2C 

Renault,    stone    near 20 

Report  on  field  work  done  in  1907,  by  David  White 268 

Reservoir  sites  near  East  St.  Louis 31 

Richardson    Sand   Company   pits 360 

Richland   county,   clay   output 136 

Richmond  in  southwestern  Illinois 110 

Riehl's   station   exposures 92 

River  changes  near  Springfield 68 

Road   materials   near    Chicago 345 

Robinson,   drill   hole 287,  294 

Oil   Refining  Company 276 

Sand    305 

Rock    bed    near    Wheaton 72 

Rock  Island  county,  clay  output 136 

Devonian     114 

Work     near 21 

Rock,   overflow   lands   along r 59 

Rock  surface  at  Springfield 68 

Rockwood,    sandstone 301 

Rohrer,  J.   S.,  work  of 13,   23,   25 

Rolfe,  C.  W.,  work  of 13,  18 

Round   Pond,   section   at 219 

Running    of   rivers 57 

S. 

St.  Clair  county,  clay  output 136 

Coal    output 250 

Coals,  analyses 163.   166.   1 71,   173,   254 

Salem  limestone  in 89,   93 

Surveys    in 64 

St.  Louis  fire  clay .  18,  268 

Group     83 

Limestone     44.  285 

Limestone,  relations  to  Salem 88 

St.  Louis,  Iron  Mountain  &  Southern  Railway,  stone  near 20 

St.  Peters  at  Peoria 325 

St.  Peters  sandstone 41 .   284,   285 

In  northern  Illinois 129 

Salem    limestone 28" 

By   Stuart  Weller 81 

Saline    county,    clay    output. 136 

Coai     in 211,  230 

Coals,  analvses 161,   162.    172.   228.  245 

Coal,    weathering    of 203 

Gas    in 311 

Saline,   overflow   lands  along 59 

Salisbury.   R.  D.,  work  of 18,   21 

Salt  creek  special  drainage  district 58 

Salt,   in  southern   Illinois 21 

Samples  of  Saline  county   coal 245 

Sampling    coal 17 

Methods  of 225,    25° 

Sand   lime  brick 147 

Sand    near    Chicago 345 

Sand  output  of  Illinois 374 


388 

Index — Continued. 

Sandusky   Portland   Cement   Company 129 

Sangamon  county,   clay 136 

Coal,    weathering    of 198,  200 

Coals,  analyses  of 157.  101,  163,  171,  173 

Sangamon,   overflow  lands  along    59 

River    surveys 2" 

Sanitary    District    Spoil    bank 357 

Savage,  T.  E.,  cited 284,  303,  310 

Savage,  T.  E.,  Lower  Palezoic  Stratigraphy  of  Southwestern  Illinois   10| 

Work  of 13,  15,  19,  287 

Savanna,    work    near 21 

Scattered  occurrences  of  gas  and  oil 311 

Schlicter,   C    S.,   cited 35 

Schuchert,    Chas.    acknowledgment    to !.">.   104 

Cited     Ill 

Schulze,   Chas.,    work   of 23 

Schuyler   county,    clay    output 136 

Salem    limestone'  in 90 

Scott  county,  clay  output 136 

Screening   crushed   stone 356 

Seepage    of    oil 303 

Sewer   pipe    producers 145 

Value   of   output 135 

Shales   at   Millsdale 353 

Shallow    sand 305 

Shawneetown,    rocks    near 119 

Shelby    county    clay 136 

Shoal    Creek    limestone 117 

Shore  lines  of  Lake  Michigan 49 

Shumard,   B.   F.,   cited 88 

Siebenthal,  C.  E.,  cited *2.  26 

Siggins     pool 283 

Silica,   deposits  of   the  Oriskany 113 

Experiments     on 147 

Studies    of 19 

Silurian 284 

At     Peoria 325 

Formations     43 

In   Southwestern   Illinois 108.    110 

Sizing    sand    and    gravel 366 

Smith,  E.  A.,  cited 83 

W.    S.   Tangier,    cited 82 

Smokeless     coal 176 

Snyder,    W.    EL,    work   of 13.    23 

Sny   Is-and   Levee   Drainage   District 58 

Somerville    limestone 118 

Southwestern    Illinois    Stratigraphy 103 

Soarta,  Chester  group  at 302 

Gas    at 302.    307 

Oil     at 30" 

Sand      305 

Specific  gravity  of  petroleum 280 

Spergen   ITi'l  fauna si.   83.   93 

Spergen     limestone 81 

Spoon,  overflow  lands  along   ~>*> 

Springfield,  coai,  analyses  of,  see  Sangamon  county — 

Drainage     about 6| 

Work   near 16,    21 

Spring    Hill    well 323 

Spring  Lake   District    59 

Stark,   R.   W..   analyses  by 331 

Stark   county,   clav   output 136 

State  Board  of  Health,  work  of 56 

State  Committee  on  Waterways  Reclamation 24.  63 

State   Highway   Commission,  cooperation  with 13     19 

State    Interest    In    reclamation 00.    66 

Stale    Mine    Inspectors,    cooperation   with 18 

State   Water   Survey,   analyses  by 331 

Cooperation    with 12,    M 

Work    of ~>"> 

Statistics  and   Directory  of  Clay  Industries  of  Illinois,   by   E.   V    Lines 138 

Statistics  of  mineral  production 121 

Sle  Genevieve   limestone it 

Stephens.. u  county,   clay   output 186 

Stock  Jfards  (Peoria)   well 323 

Btoltz,  James,   work   of 28 

Stone  oear  Chicago 345 

Output    of    Illinois 87i 

Stoneware    producers 146 

Straight,    II.    R,    work    of 13 

Stratigraphy,    work    on i  f\ 


3§9 

Index — Continued. 

Stream   Improvement   and   Land   Reclamation    Problems   in    Illinois,    by    H.    Foster 

Bain 53 

Strength   of  Niagara   limestone 372 

Structure  of   Saline  and  Williamson   counties 234 

Submerged  coal,  weathering  of 196 

Sullivan    county,    (Ind.)    coals,    analyses 157 

Sulphur  water  House  Bathing  Company   well 317 

Sun  Oil  Company 276 

Swallow,   G.    C,   cited 88 

Swamp    land   reclamation 54 

Swan  creek,  limestone  on 97 

T. 

Talbot,  A.  N.,  work  by 18 

Tallula  quadrangle,  survey  of 23 

"Tame"    stone 351 

Taylor,   James,    acknowledgment   to 13.   255 

Tazewell    county,    clay   output 1 36 

Coal    in 250 

Temperature  of   deep   water   at  Peoria 334 

Terra    Cotta   producers 146 

Value   of   output ...  137 

Terraces    along    Illinois    river 79 

Near    Springfield 7o 

Tertiary    46,  286 

In    Southwestern    Illinois 104 

Testing  Division,  Bureau  of  Engineering,  Chicago,  cited 345 

Tests  of  Chicago  Concrete  materials 369 

Thebes,   exposures  near 1 09 

Sandstone     110 

Thickness  of  coal  in  Saline  and  Williamson  counties 243 

"Third   vein,"    correlation   of .  . 269 

Tichenor,  J.  E.,  work  of 14,   25 

Tile,    value    of    output 137 

Timmerman    quarry 1 23 

Tolona,  drilling  at 311 

Topographic  features  of  East   St.   Louis  District 31 

Mapping  of  Bottom  Lands,  by  E.  W.  McCrary 64 

Maps,    distribution    of 26 

Use    of 341 

Section,    work    of 23 

Topography    near    Galena 341 

Torpedo   sand 362,  366 

Transmittal,   letter   of 9 

Trenton-Galena  at  Peoria   325 

Formations     42 

Trenton  limestone  in  Northern  Illinois 1 28 

Oil    seepage 303 

Trowbridge,  Arthur  C,  Rock  bed  near  Wheaton 72 

Work    of .  . 13,    21 

U. 

!  TJdden,  J.  A.,  acknowledgment  to 153 

Artesian  wells  in  Peoria  and   Vicinity 313 

Cited     307 

Defects  in  Coal  Number  Five  at  Peoria 255 

DeWolf,  F.  W.,  and,  notes  on  the  Belleville-Breese  area 246 

Work  of 13,  15,  16,  19 

'■  Udden,  Jon  A.,  notes  on  the   Shoal  Creek  Limestone 117 

Work  of 13,  15,   16,  287,   292 

I  TJlrich,   E.   O.,    cited 82,    90 

Underlying  rocks  at  Peoria 324 

Underground   water   near    Evanston 50 

Underground  waters  at  Peoria 329 

Near  East  St.  Louis   35 

Report    on 26 

Union  county,   clay  output *  36 

Devonian  in 105,    112 

Salem    limestone   in 97 

Unit    coal 154 

United   States  Army   Engineers,   cited 59 

Crushed   Stone   Company,   quarries 349 

Departemnt  of  Agriculture,   cooperation  with 12,   24 

Work    of 0^- 


39° 
Index — Continued. 

United  States  Geological   Survey,  analyses  by 355 

Cited    19,  309 

Coai   analyses  by 171,    173,  174 

Cooperation  witb 12,  13,  16,  18,  19,  20,  21,  24,  26,  27,  04,  00,  135, 

153.    230.    240,    20S,  345 

Quoted     211 

Work     of 330 

University  of  Chicago,   acknowledgment  to 12 

Illinois,   acknowledgment  to    12 

Upper  Coal  Measures 213,  231 

Base    of 118 

Limestone    127 

Upper  Mississippi  Valley  lead  and  zinc  district 336 

Use  of  Artesian  water  at  Peoria 333 

Utica,  cement  rock  near 129 

Hydraulic    Cement    Company 129 


Valmeyer,    exposures    near 05 

Value  of  clay  and  clay  products 135 

Concrete   materials   at   Chicago 347 

Overflow    lands 57 

Van  Horn,  F.  B.,  cited 19,  135 

Resignation     of 13 

Work    of 21,    22 

Van  Horn,   Sadie  A.,  resignation  of 13 

Vermilion    county,    clay   output 136 

Coal,   weathering  of 197,    203 

Coals,    analyses    of 172 

Vickery     mine 261 

Vigo  county,    (Ind.)    coals,  analyses   of 157 

Voris    deep    well .    318 

W. 

Wabash   county,    clay   output Ida 

Drill   hole 2S7,    296 

Drilling    in 311 

River    surveys 24 

Wantling,    Isaac,   acknowledgment   to    257 

Wapella,    gas   near 286 

Warren  county,  clay  output 136 

Warsaw  formation  on  Piassa  creek 9J 

Relation   to    Salem   limestone 83. . 

Warsaw    group . 4 

Section    at S3,    84 

"Wash"    at   Peoria 256 

Washington    county,    clay    output 1 36 

Shoal   Creek   limestone  in 125 

Waste  in  coal   mining 17 

Water-bearing   rocks   at    Peoria 321 

Water    power    of   streams 61 

Water  resources  of  the   East   St.    Louis   district 30 

Studies    of 20 

Water   supply,  at   Peoria .'Si 3 

Problems    in    Illinois 55 

Waukegan,    Physical    Geography    of 4S 

Sand  and  Gravel  Company 80S 

Wayne   county,   clay   output 136 

Overflow    lands    in 57 

Weathering  of  Coal,  by  S.  W.  Parr  and  N.  D.  Hamilton 196 

Weller,   Stuart,  acknowledgment  to    21  j 

Cited 104.   109,  283,  284,  300,  825 

The  Geological  Map  of  Illinois  (Abstract  > 41 

The    Salem    lamest  one 81 

Work  of L3,    15,    L0,   ■ 

Western   Illinois  Oil  Development    807 

Western   Stone  Companv,   quarries 850.    352 

WestOeld,  oil  pool 277,   28u 

West  Frankfort  quadrangle,   work   in 10,    23 

Wheaton,    Rock    bed    near 

Work     near 1 

Wheeler,  \v.  v..  acknowledgment  131 

Analyses     by 225 

Cited     

Wheeler,  w.  F.,   Parr,  s.  \\\,  and,  Alterations  of  the  Composition  of  Coal   During 

Ordinary    Laboratory   Storage    167 

I'arr,  8.  w.,  and,  an  initial  coal  Substance  having  a  constanl  thermal  value 

Work    of 13.     in     230,     '  I 


391 

Index — Concluded. 

White,  David,   acknowledgment  to    153,  212 

Cited 284,  297,  30a 

Report  on  field  work  done  in  1907 268 

Work    of 13,    16 

White    county,    clay    output 136 

Coal     in 211 

Whiteside    county,    clay    output 136 

Whitfield,    B.    P.,    cited 82 

Wild     rock 351 

Wilhelm,   work  of 13,    23 

Will   county,   clay   output 136 

Williams,    H.    S.,    cited 87 

Williamson  county,  clay  output 136 

Coal     in 230 

Coals,  analyses 157,  158,  159,  161,  162,  171,  172,  173,  179,  181,  183,  188 

Coal,   weathering  of    204 

Gas    in 311 

Wilmot,    (Wisconsin)    gravel    pit 362 

Wilson,   J.   W.,   work   of 23 

Winnebago   county,    clay    output 136 

Wood,  A.  C,  work  of 13,  23 

G.   M.,  work  of 13 

Woodford   county,    clay   output 136 

Wood    river 31 

Worthen,  A.  H.,  cited 84,  88,  90,  97,   119,  213,  297,  319 

Quoted     104 


Young    Stone    Company,    quarries .' 350 


Zinc  and  lead  near  Milbrig 335 

Zinc  blend  in  igneous  dikes 241 

Zinc  in  deep  well  at  Peoria 326 

Zinc  output  of  Illinois '  '  374 


LIBRARY  CATALOGUE  SLIPS. 


[Mount  each  slip  upon  a  separate  card,  placing  the  subject  at  the  top  of.'the  second  slip.  The 
name  of  the  series  should  not  be  repeated  on  the  series  card,  but  the  additional  numbers 
should  be  added,  as  received,  to  the  first  entry.] 


Bain,  H.  F.,  (Director.) 

author.  Year-Book  for   1907.         (Numerous    short    papers. 

Urbana.  University  of  Illinois,  1908. 

(31  fig.  24  pi.  390  pp.)    State  Geological  Survey.    Bulletin  No.  8. 

Bain,  H.  F.,  (Director.) 

subject.  Year-Book   for   1907.         (Numerous    short  papers.) 

Urbana,  University  of  Illinois,  1908. 

(31  fig.  24  pi.  390  pp.)    State  Geological  Survey.    Bulletin  No.  8. 


State  Geological  Survey. 

sbries  Bulletins. 

No.  8.     Bain,  H.  F., (Director.)     Year-Book  for  1907. 


I 


